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Estephan LE, Kumar G, Stewart M, Banoub R, Linnenbach A, Harshyne LA, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Mahoney MG, Curry JM, Johnson J, South AP, Luginbuhl AJ. Altered extracellular matrix correlates with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and disease progression in younger adults with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1412212. [PMID: 38957320 PMCID: PMC11217481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurs most frequently in patients >60 years old with a history of tobacco and alcohol use. Epidemiological studies describe increased incidence of OSCC in younger adults (<45 years). Despite its poor prognosis, knowledge of OSCC tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics in younger adults is scarce and could help inform possible resistance to emerging treatment options. Methods Patients with OSCC were evaluated using TCGA-HNSC (n=121) and a stage and subsite-matched institutional cohort (n=8) to identify differential gene expression focusing on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes in younger (≤45 years) vs. older adults (≥60 years). NanoString nCounter analysis was performed using isolated total RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Stained tumor slides from young and old OSCC patients were evaluated for CD8+ T-cell counts using immunohistochemistry. Results Younger OSCC patients demonstrated significantly increased expression of ECM remodeling and EMT process genes, as well as TME immunosuppression. Gene set enrichment analyses demonstrated increased ECM pathways and concurrent decreased immune pathways in young relative to old patients. Transcripts per million of genetic markers involved in ECM remodeling including LAMB3, VCAN, S100A9, COL5A1, and ITGB2 were significantly increased in tumors of younger vs. older patients (adjusted p-value < 0.10). Young patient TMEs demonstrated a 2.5-fold reduction in CD8+ T-cells as compared to older patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion Differential gene expression impacting ECM remodeling and TME immunosuppression may contribute to disease progression in younger adult OSCC and has implications on response to evolving treatment modalities, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard E. Estephan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Raphael Banoub
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alban Linnenbach
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larry A. Harshyne
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outschoorn
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - My G. Mahoney
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph M. Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew P. South
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam J. Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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The Migration and Invasion of Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells: Matrix, Growth Factor and Signalling Involvement. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112633. [PMID: 34071963 PMCID: PMC8198562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between the migration of cancer cells and the spread of cancers has been established for many years [...].
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Ohnishi Y, Sakamoto T, Zhengguang L, Yasui H, Hamada H, Kubo H, Nakajima M. Curcumin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral cancer cells via c-Met blockade. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:4177-4182. [PMID: 32391111 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. OSCC cells are highly invasive, a characteristic that involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); the conversion of immotile epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells. EMT is involved in the progression of various types of cancer by promoting tumour cell scattering and conferring to these cells cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics, such as self-renewal. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signalling plays an important role in EMT induction and, therefore, contributes to cell invasion and metastasis in cancer. Due to its potential chemopreventative and anti-tumour activities, curcumin has attracted much interest and has been shown to act as a potent EMT inhibitor in various types of cancer. However, at present, the potential effects of curcumin on HGF-induced EMT in OSCC have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that HGF signalling could induce EMT in the HSC4 and Ca9-22 OSCC cell lines via the HGF receptor c-Met and downstream activation of the pro-survival ERK pathway. Notably, curcumin inhibited HGF-induced EMT and cell motility in HSC-4 and Ca9-22 cells via c-Met blockade. Therefore, these findings establish curcumin as a candidate drug for OSCC treatment. Furthermore, curcumin was able to effectively inhibit the HGF-induced increase in the levels of vimentin by downregulating the expression of phosphorylated c-Met, an ERK. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that curcumin was able to reverse HGF-induced EMT, possibly by inhibiting c-Met expression in oral cancer cells, providing a strong basis for the development of novel approaches for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohnishi
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakamoto
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Li Zhengguang
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hamada
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kubo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
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Liu X, Qing S, Che K, Li L, Liao X. Androgen receptor promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell migration by increasing EGFR phosphorylation. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4245-4252. [PMID: 31239703 PMCID: PMC6557262 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study is aimed to investigate the role of androgen receptor (AR) in regulating oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells migration. Materials and methods: Tumors from 23 patients with OSCC and five OSCC cell lines were used for analyzing AR expression. The effects of AR agonist and antagonist were used to examine the role of AR in regulating the migration of OSCC cells. Results: Ten of 23 tumors from patients with OSCC were AR positive. There was no significant difference in total EGFR (tEGFR) expression between AR-positive tumors and AR-negative tumors. However, the expression of phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) in AR-positive tumors was significantly higher than that in AR-negative tumors (p<0.01). Stimulation of AR by dihydrotestosterone in SCC9 (AR-positive OSCC cell) caused an increase in pEGFR and pAKT expression and promoted cell migration without changed tEGFR expression, whereas treatment with bicalutamide led to a decrement in pEGFR expression and pAKT and inhibited cell migration. No effects were found in SCC25 cell line (AR-negative) either treated by dihydrotestosterone or bicalutamide. Furthermore, SCC9 cell line treated by EGF or cetuximab (EGFR inhibitor) significantly promoted or inhibited cell migration. Conclusion: Our data indicate that OSSC tumors and OSCC cell lines express AR which is critical for promoting cell migration by increasing EGFR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of General Dentistry, Chongqing Savaid Stomatology Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanglan Qing
- Department of Stomatology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Che
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- Department of Stomatology, Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing 400060, People's Republic of China
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Yasui H, Ohnishi Y, Nakajima M, Nozaki M. Migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells are induced by HGF/c-Met signalling via lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3674-3680. [PMID: 28440510 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) results in cellular effects including cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion; RTKs also play an important role in tumourigenesis. It has been reported that EGFR signalling controls the migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) SAS and HSC3 cells but not of HSC4 cells, although the proliferation of HSC4 cells is regulated by EGF/EGFR. In the present study, we investigated the roles of EGFR and the c-Met signalling pathway in cell migration via filopodia and lamellipodia formation, which may be prerequisites for migration. To explore the role of c-Met in cell migration, we inhibited c-Met RTK activity using the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 and activated c-Met using hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in three OSCC cell lines HSC4, SAS and Ca9-22 and investigated migration potency using a wound healing assay. We showed that inhibition of c-Met significantly suppressed, and activation of c-Met significantly promoted, the migration of OSCC cells. Additionally, the migration of SAS and Ca9-22 cells was inhibited by the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and cetuximab and promoted by EGF treatment. Moreover, migration potency was correlated with lamellipodia formation. Furthermore, western blot analyses demonstrated that SU11274 decreased and HGF increased lamellipodin protein levels as well as phosphorylated c-Met levels. Collectively, we demonstrated that c-Met signalling induced lamellipodia formation by upregulating lamellipodin, thereby promoting the migration of OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ohnishi Y, Yasui H, Kakudo K, Nozaki M. Regulation of cell migration via the EGFR signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:930-936. [PMID: 28356980 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration potency is essential in cancer metastasis and is often regulated by extracellular stimuli. Oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines include those that are sensitive, as well as resistant, to the effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor cetuximab on cell migration. In the present study, the molecular differences in the EGFR response to cell migration between the SAS cetuximab-sensitive and HSC4 cetuximab-resistant cell lines was examined. Treatment with the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and cetuximab reduced the migration potency of SAS cells, but not HSC4 cells. The migration of the two cell lines was inhibited under serum-free culture conditions, and the addition of EGF to the serum-free medium promoted the migration of SAS cells, but not HSC4 cells. In addition, SAS cell migration was reduced by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitors PD98059 and MK2206, whereas HSC4 cell migration was only inhibited by MK2206. EGF induced an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation levels in HSC4 cells, and stimulated Akt phosphorylation levels in SAS cells. Furthermore, the staining of actin filaments with phalloidin was significantly increased by the inhibition of EGFR in SAS cells, but was not observed as altered in HSC4 cells. Conversely, the addition of EGF to the culture medium decreased the accumulation of actin filaments in SAS cells. The results suggest that the EGF-EGFR signaling pathway has an important role in SAS cell migration via the modulation of actin dynamics, and that HSC4 cell migration is regulated by a serum component other than EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yasui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Kenji Kakudo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Jimenez L, Jayakar SK, Ow TJ, Segall JE. Mechanisms of Invasion in Head and Neck Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1334-48. [PMID: 26046491 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0498-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The highly invasive properties demonstrated by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are often associated with locoregional recurrence and lymph node metastasis in patients and is a key factor leading to an expected 5-year survival rate of approximately 50% for patients with advanced disease. It is important to understand the features and mediators of HNSCC invasion so that new treatment approaches can be developed. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the characteristics, mediators, and mechanisms of HNSCC invasion. DATA SOURCES A literature review of peer-reviewed articles in PubMed on HNSCC invasion. CONCLUSIONS Histologic features of HNSCC tumors can help predict prognosis and influence clinical treatment decisions. Cell surface receptors, signaling pathways, proteases, invadopodia function, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, microRNAs, and tumor microenvironment are all involved in the regulation of the invasive behavior of HNSCC cells. Identifying effective HNSCC invasion inhibitors has the potential to improve outcomes for patients by reducing the rate of spread and increasing responsiveness to chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey E Segall
- From the Departments of Pathology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Drs Ow and Segall) and Anatomy and Structural Biology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Dr Segall), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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CIAPIN1 targets Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 1 to mediate MDA-MB-231 cells' metastasis through regulation of MMPs via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:60-72. [PMID: 25724898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced antiapoptotic inhibitor 1 (CIAPIN1) was recently identified as an essential downstream effector of the Ras signaling pathway and has been confirmed to be closely associated with various malignant tumors. However, its potential role in regulating breast cancer metastasis remains unclear. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a broad family of zinc-biding endopeptidases that participate in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation that accompanies cancer cell invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. In this study, we found up-regulation of CIAPIN1 by lentiviral expression vector inhibited the migration, invasion and MMPs expression of MDA-MB-231 cells. Further, CIAPIN1 over-expression decreased NHE1 (Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1) expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Importantly, treating CIAPIN1 over-expressed MDA-MB-231 cells with the NHE1 specific inhibitor, Cariporide, further inhibited the metastatic capacity, MMPs expression and phosphorylated ERK1/2. Treatment with the MEK1 specific inhibitor, PD98059, induced nearly the same suppression of CIAPIN1 over-expression-dependent migration, invasion and MMPs expression as was observed with Cariporide. Further, Cariporide and PD98059 synergistically suppressed migration, invasion and MMPs expression of CIAPIN1 over-expressed MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, our results revealed the mechanism by which CIAPIN1 targeted NHE1 to mediate migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells through regulation of MMPs via ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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CD147 and Ki-67 overexpression confers poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue: a tissue microarray study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 119:553-65. [PMID: 25747176 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT) exhibits high risk for recurrence and regional metastasis even after surgical resection. We assessed the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of a group of functionally related biomarkers. STUDY DESIGN We used a tissue microarray consisting of SCCOT from 32 patients for this study. These patients were treated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1995 to 2008. Biomarker expression levels were examined by immunohistochemistry and graded semiquantitatively to determine their prognostic significance. RESULTS CD147 and Tp63 expressions were significantly associated with a higher T stage and Ki-67 labeling index, as well as a shorter overall survival (OS) rate. Expression of Tp63 associated positively with poorly differentiated histology. There was significant association of Tp63 with the expression levels of CD147 and Glut-1. Glut-1 overexpression was marginally associated with a higher T stage. There was no prognostic significance of CD44 v6 expression in SCCOT. CONCLUSION SCCOT with CD147 overexpression in combination with high Ki-67 labeling index had poor OS. CD147 and Ki-67 overexpression is associated with aggressive disease with poor prognosis in SCCOT.
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Prgomet Z, Axelsson L, Lindberg P, Andersson T. Migration and invasion of oral squamous carcinoma cells is promoted by WNT5A, a regulator of cancer progression. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:776-84. [PMID: 25459554 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes 90% of all cancers in the oral cavity, and the prognosis for patients diagnosed with OSCC is still poor. The identification of novel therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for OSCC is therefore essential. Previous studies of OSCC revealed an increased expression of WNT5A in the tumor tissue. However, no functional studies of WNT5A-induced effects in OSCC have been performed. METHODS Two different OSCC cell lines were used for analysis of WNT5A expression by Western blot, whereas WNT5A-induced responses were analyzed by measuring calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling, PKC activation, migration and invasion. RESULTS Despite the lack of WNT5A expression, both cell lines responded to recombinant WNT5A (rWNT5A) with activation of the non-canonical WNT/Ca²⁺ /PKC pathway. This effect was ascertained to be mediated by WNT5A by use of the WNT5A antagonist, Box5. To investigate how WNT5A affects tumor progression, rWNT5A-induced alterations in BrdU absorbance (reflecting the number of tumor cells) were analyzed. rWNT5A had no effect on BrdU absorbance but instead promoted tumor cell migration and invasion. These results were confirmed by the use of the WNT5A-mimicking peptide Foxy5, while the rWNT5A-induced migration was blocked by secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), protein kinase C inhibitors or the intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator, MAPT. CONCLUSIONS These novel data clearly show that WNT5A activates the non-canonical WNT/Ca²⁺ /PKC pathway and increases migration and invasion of OSCC cells. This may indicate how an increased WNT5A expression in the tumor tissue is likely to promote progression of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Prgomet
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Axelsson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Longmate WM, DiPersio CM. Integrin Regulation of Epidermal Functions in Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:229-246. [PMID: 24669359 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Integrins are bidirectional signaling receptors for extracellular matrix that regulate both inside-out signaling that controls keratinocyte-mediated changes to the wound microenvironment and outside-in signaling that controls keratinocyte responses to microenvironmental changes. As such, integrins represent attractive therapeutic targets for treatment of chronic wounds or general promotion of wound healing. Advances in wound management are particularly important as the elderly and diabetic populations within the United States continue to grow. Recent Advances: Although integrins are best known for mediating cell adhesion and migration, integrins in wound epidermis also control cell survival, proliferation, matrix remodeling, and paracrine crosstalk to other cellular compartments of the wound. Importantly, the concept of targeting integrins in the clinic has been established for treatment of certain cancers and other diseases, laying the groundwork for similar exploitation of integrins as targets to treat chronic wounds. Critical Issues: Despite their attractiveness as therapeutic targets, integrins have complex roles in wound healing that are impacted by both their own expression and a highly dynamic wound microenvironment that determines ligand availability. Therefore, identifying relevant integrin ligands in the wound and understanding both distinct and overlapping functions that different integrins play in the epidermis will be critical to determine their precise roles in wound healing. Future Directions: Future research should focus on gaining a thorough understanding of the highly coordinated functions of different integrins in wound epidermis, and on determining which of these functions go awry in pathological wounds. This focus should facilitate development of integrin-targeting therapeutics for treating chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M. Longmate
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - C. Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Chang G, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Xu H, Zhang H, Lin Y, Ma L, Li Q, Pang T. CD44 targets Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 to mediate MDA-MB-231 cells' metastasis via the regulation of ERK1/2. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:916-27. [PMID: 24434427 PMCID: PMC3929887 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in a variety of cells and tissues, has been implicated in tumour metastasis. But the molecular mechanisms of CD44-mediated tumour cell metastasis remain to be elucidated. Methods: The downregulation of CD44 was determined by immunofluorescence. Moreover, the motility of breast cancer cells was detected by wound-healing and transwell experiments. Then the spontaneous metastasis of CD44-silenced MDA-MB-231 cells was tested by histology with BALB/c nude mice. Results: A positive correlation between CD44 and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) was found in two breast cancer cells. CD44 downregulation could inhibit the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells and the expressions of Na+/H+ exchanger 1. Moreover, CD44 overexpression upregulated the metastasis of MCF-7 cells, but the elevated metastatic ability was then inhibited by Cariporide. Interestingly, during these processes only the p-ERK1/2 was suppressed by CD44 downregulation and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and metastatic capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells were greatly inhibited by the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, which even had a synergistic effect with Cariporide. Furthermore, CD44 downregulation inhibits breast tumour outgrowth and spontaneous lung metastasis. Conclusions: Taken together, this work indicates that CD44 regulates the metastasis of breast cancer cells through regulating NHE1 expression, which could be used as a novel strategy for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chang
- 1] State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China [2] Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - J Wang
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - H Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Y Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - C Wang
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - H Xu
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - H Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Y Lin
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - L Ma
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Q Li
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - T Pang
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, China
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13
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Therapeutic efficacy of plasmonic photothermal nanoparticles in hamster buccal pouch carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:743-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bourguignon LYW. Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction promotes microRNA signaling and RhoGTPase activation leading to tumor progression. Small GTPases 2013; 3:53-9. [PMID: 22714418 PMCID: PMC3398919 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.19110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of all solid tumor malignancies is the ability to invade the surrounding tissue and/or metastasize to distant sites. Tumors cells have altered signaling pathways which that to cytoskeleton activation and migration. Myriad studies have attempted to identify specific adhesion molecule(s) expressed in solid tumor cells that correlate with tumor cell migrative and invasive behaviors. Among such candidate molecules is hyaluronan (HA), the major glycosaminoglycan component of extracellular matrix (ECM). HA serves not only as a primary constituent of connective tissue extracellular matrices but also functions as a bio-regulatory molecule. Pertinently, HA is enriched in many types of tumors. HA is capable of binding to CD44 which is a ubiquitous, abundant and functionally important receptor expressed on the surface of many normal cells and tumor cells. Several lines of evidence indicate that CD44 selects its unique downstream effectors and coordinates downstream, intracellular signaling pathways that influence multiple cellular functions. Certain microRNAs [(miRNAs), small RNA molecules with ~20–25 nucleotides] have been shown to play roles in regulating tumor cell migration, invasion, survival and chemotherapy resistance. In this article, a special focus is placed on the role of HA-mediated CD44 interaction with unique signaling molecules in activating intracellular miRNA-signaling and RhoGTPase functions leading to the concomitant onset of tumor cell activities (e.g., tumor cell migration, invasion, survival and chemoresistance) and tumor progression. This new knowledge could serve as groundwork for the future development of new drug targets to inhibit HA/CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Y W Bourguignon
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, and Endocrine Unit (111N2), VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA.
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15
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Matayoshi S, Chiba S, Lin Y, Arakaki K, Matsumoto H, Nakanishi T, Suzuki M, Kato S. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 signaling potentially modulates malignant behavior in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1560-8. [PMID: 23467751 PMCID: PMC3661186 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common non-skin cancer worldwide. Despite improvement in therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of advanced HNSCC remains poor. The extacellular lipid mediators known as lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) have been implicated in tumorigenesis of HNSCC. LPAs activate G-protein-coupled receptors not only in the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) family (LPA1, LPA2, LPA3) but also in the phylogenetically distant non-Edg family (LPA4, LPA5, LPA6). The distinct roles of these receptor isoforms in HNSCC tumorigenesis have not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ectopic expression of LPA4 in SQ-20B, an HNSCC cell line, expressing a trivial level of endogenous LPA4. LPA (18:1) stimulated proliferation of SQ-20B cells, but did not affect proliferation of HEp-2, an SCC cell line expressing higher levels of LPA4, comparable to those of with LPA1. LPA-stimulated proliferation of SQ-20B cells was attenuated by Ki16425 and Rac1 inhibitor, but not by Y-27632. Infection with doxycycline-regulatable adenovirus vector expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged LPA4 (AdvLPA4G) abolished LPA-stimulated proliferation in SQ-20B cells with the accumulation of G2/M-phasic cells. Ectopic LPA4 induction further downregulated proliferation of Ki16425-treated SQ-20B cells, of which downregulation was partially recovered by LPA. Ectopic LPA4 induction also downregulated proliferation of Rac1 inhibitor-treated SQ-20B cells, however, LPA no longer recovered it. Finally, LPA-induced cell motility was suppressed by ectopic LPA4 expression as well as by Ki16425, Rac1 inhibitor or Y-27632. Our data suggest that LPA4 signaling potentially modulates malignant behavior of SQ-20B cells. LPA signaling, which is mediated by both Edg and non-Edg receptors, may be a determinant of malignant behavior of HNSCC and could therefore be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Matayoshi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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16
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Mikami T, Hada T, Chosa N, Ishisaki A, Mizuki H, Takeda Y. Expression of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:133-9. [PMID: 22672247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The product of the Wilms' tumor gene, WT1 protein, is a tumor antigen for various kinds of cancer, and WT1 peptide-based cancer immunotherapy is widely anticipated as a new possibility for cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of WT1 from quantitative and morphological perspectives in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most widespread malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. METHODS Six OSCC cell lines and tissue sections from 29 OSCC patients were analyzed. To detect WT1 expression, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, Western blots, and immunofluorescence flow cytometry for WT1 were performed on the cell lines, and immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed on the tissue sections. RESULTS WT1 mRNA was found overexpressed in one of the six OSCC cell lines, with expression levels higher than that seen in human leukemia cell line (K562). Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections showed overexpression of WT1 protein in two patients, concentrated mainly in the cytoplasm of the outer one to three cell layers of the cancer nests. This was consistent with the expression of WT1 mRNA observed by FISH. Meanwhile, WT1 was not detected on normal oral epithelium. WT1 protein was detected on actively proliferating cancer nests and even on elongated epithelial ridge where new droplet-cancer-nests were being formed and starting infiltration toward subepithelial layer. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that WT1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of some types of OSCC, particularly in proliferation of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinari Mikami
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan.
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17
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Hwang YS, Park KK, Chung WY. Invadopodia formation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:335-43. [PMID: 21920495 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Invadopodia are actin-rich structures that are formed on the ventral membrane of the cell and degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) by accumulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Consequently, understanding how invadopodia form and function should facilitate the identification of new therapeutic target for anti-invadopodia therapy. The present study was designed to investigate invadopodia formation associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling on invadopodia formation and ECM degradation activity. DESIGN Immunofluorescence analysis of invadopodia formation and ECM degradation was performed using confocal microscope. To understand the role of EGFR signalling, cells were treated with AG1478 or PD153035 (EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and assessed using zymography and an ECM degradation assay. RESULTS Invadopodia containing dot-shaped F-actin were observed in stress fibres of HSC-3 OSCC along with evidence of ECM degradation activity. GM6001, a broad range of MMP inhibitor impaired matrix degradation and gelatinolytic activity of active MMP-2. AG1478 and PD153035 inhibited invadopodia formation and ECM degradation activity, as well as gelatinolytic activity of proMMP-9 and proMMP-2. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that HSC-3 OSCC has a tendency to adopt invadopodia for invasion and accompanying MMP-dependent proteolytic ECM degradation and EGFR signalling is necessary for invadopodia formation and associated ECM degradation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Hwang
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 134, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lai MT, Hua CH, Tsai MH, Wan L, Lin YJ, Chen CM, Chiu IW, Chan C, Tsai FJ, Jinn-Chyuan Sheu J. Talin-1 overexpression defines high risk for aggressive oral squamous cell carcinoma and promotes cancer metastasis. J Pathol 2011; 224:367-76. [PMID: 21547905 DOI: 10.1002/path.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is highly invasive and is associated with frequent tumour recurrences and lymph node metastases. Identification of genes involved in the aggressiveness of OSCC may provide new targets for clinical intervention. A genome-wide study based on the Sty1 250K SNP array indicated the involvement of the Talin-1 (TLN1) gene in the 9p13.3 amplicon, which was further validated by dual colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Comparative analyses revealed that TLN1 was the most highly expressed integrin-cytoskeleton cross-linker that can trigger integrin activation. IHC analyses and mouse study also revealed an association between TLN1 overexpression and advanced OSCC with invasion to adjacent tissues. Survival analyses indicated a significant association between TLN1 genetic gain/overexpression and a reduced overall survival in patients. Functional knockdown by a dominant negative TLN1 fragment reduced cell growth and invasiveness in TLN1-overexpressing cells via inactivation of downstream oncogenic signalling. The present study suggests an important role for TLN1 in oral cancer development. TLN1 overexpression could serve as a diagnostic marker for aggressive phenotypes and a potential target for treating OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Lai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Jun R, Gui-he Z, Xing-xing S, Hui Z, Li-xian X. Isoflurane enhances malignancy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines: a preliminary study in vitro. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:329-33. [PMID: 21441066 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the influence of isoflurane on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines in vitro. MTT test was used to detect the cell proliferation. It was performed 72h after exposure to isoflurane to make sure that a time for normal cell cycle progression was allowed. The cell apoptosis of Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines were detected by flow cytometry. We used transwell chamber to detect the cell invasion of Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines. There was a statistically significant increase of cell proliferation in Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines after exposure to 2% isoflurane for 3 and 6h. The difference between 3 and 6h group is statistically significant in Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines. Flow cytometry showed that there was a decrease of cell apoptosis in Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines after exposure to 2% isoflurane for 3 and 6h. Transwell test showed there was a statistically significant increase of cell invasion in Tca8113 and HSC2 cell lines after exposure to 2% isoflurane for 3 and 6h, and it showed a significant difference between 3h group and 6h group of Tca8113 cell line. Our results demonstrated that isoflurane increased malignancy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Isoflurane might enhance tumor development and promote metastasis of tumor cells in HNSCC patients. It is suggested that it might be more suitable to choose total intravenous anesthesia for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jun
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
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20
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Wu MH, Hong HC, Hong TM, Chiang WF, Jin YT, Chen YL. Targeting galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1306-16. [PMID: 21385934 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma play an important role in tumor progression and have been associated with a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, how CAFs influence OSCC malignancy and whether normalizing CAFs inhibits cancer progression remain unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The relationship between the expression of Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a CAF marker) in OSCC patient samples and primary cultured CAFs was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. To examine the effect of Gal-1 on CAF activation and CAF-mediated tumor invasion and migration in vitro, Gal-1 expression was knocked down by small hairpin RNA. Finally, cancer cells and CAFs were coimplanted into SCID mice to evaluate the effect of Gal-1 on CAF-modulated tumor progression in vivo. RESULTS Gal-1 expression is positively associated with α-SMA in the stroma of OSCC specimens. Gal-1 knockdown decreases activated CAF characteristics, resulting in a decrease in α-SMA expression and extracellular matrix protein production. Notably, blocking Gal-1 expression significantly inhibits CAF-conditioned medium-induced tumor cell migration and invasion, possibly by reducing the production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). MCP-1 induces the migration of OSCC cells by binding to the receptor CCR2; adding an MCP-1 antibody to CAF-conditioned medium that inhibits the interaction between MCP-1 and CCR2 abolishes migration. Finally, we found that Gal-1 knockdown in CAFs significantly reduces CAF-augmented tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that Gal-1 regulates CAF activation and indicate that targeting Gal-1 in CAFs inhibits OSCC metastasis by modulating MCP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Heng Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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21
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Masuda E, Kommers G, Martins T, Barros C, Piazer J. Morphological Factors as Indicators of Malignancy of Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cattle Exposed Naturally to Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum). J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Fabricius EM, Wildner GP, Kruse-Boitschenko U, Hoffmeister B, Goodman SL, Raguse JD. Immunohistochemical analysis of integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1, and their ligands, fibrinogen, fibronectin, osteopontin and vitronectin, in frozen sections of human oral head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Exp Ther Med 2010; 2:9-19. [PMID: 22977464 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix and are believed to be involved in tumor cell survival and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis. We used immunohistochemistry of fresh-frozen human tumor tissues to analyze the presence of integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1, which are believed to be involved in tumor growth and migration, together with integrin ligands, vitronectin, osteopontin, fibronectin and fibrinogen, in human oral squamous cell carcinomas. Samples of squamous cell carcinomas and control tissues from patients without cancer undergoing oral or maxillofacial surgery were frozen in liquid nitrogen within 30 min of removal. Frozen sections were prepared, and the presence of integrins or ligands was visualized using standard immunohistochemistry (APAAP) with a blinded evaluation. Comparison of samples from the 40 oral cancer patients and the 20 controls revealed increased staining in tumors compared with the controls, and staining was demonstrated for αvβ3 in endothelia. αvβ5 staining was increased in the tumor samples, but this was associated with increased expression in stroma rather than in endothelia. Modestly increased expression of α5β1 was observed in the tumor samples, and this was associated with tumor cells, endothelia and stroma. Expression of ligands for the integrins varied between tissue types, with increased fibrinogen and fibronectin expression in tumor endothelia. Confirmation of the presence of these integrins and their association with tumor cells, endothelia or stroma suggests their potential for these integrins in human oral tumors. Overall, the increased expression of integrins within tumors, particularly expression associated with endothelial cells, supports the principle of selective integrin blockade as a novel anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Fabricius
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Virchow Hospital Charité-Universitätsmedizin
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23
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Can common adhesion molecules and microtopography affect cellular elasticity? A combined atomic force microscopy and optical study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:1043-53. [PMID: 20623199 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon that cells respond to chemical and topographic cues in their surroundings has been widely examined and exploited in many fields ranging from basic life science research to biomedical therapeutics. Adhesion promoting molecules such as poly-L-lysine (PLL) and fibronectin (Fn) are commonly used for in vitro cell assays to promote cell spreading/proliferation on tissue culture plastic and to enhance the biocompatibility of biomedical devices. Likewise, engineered topography is often used to guide cell growth and differentiation. Little is known about how these cues affect the biomechanical properties of cells and subsequent cell function. In this study we have applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate these biomechanical properties. In the first stage of the study we formulated a rigorous approach to quantify cellular elasticity using AFM. Operational factors, including indentation depth and speed, and mathematical models for data fitting have been systematically evaluated. We then quantified how PLL, Fn and microtopography affected cellular elasticity and the organization of the cytoskeleton. Cellular elasticity after 1 day in culture was greater on a Fn-coated surface as compared to PLL or glass. These statistically significant differences disappeared after two more days in culture. In contrast, the significantly higher elasticity associated with cells grown on micrometric grooves remained for at least 3 days. This work sheds light on the apparently simple but debatable questions: "Are engineered chemical cues eventually masked by a cell's own matrix proteins and so only exert short-term influence? Does engineered topography as well as engineered chemistry affect cell elasticity?"
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Abstract
Head and neck cancer arises from a series of molecular alterations progressive from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ, and finally invasive carcinoma. Risk factors associated with head and neck cancer include tobacco, alcohol and viral infection. There are genetic alterations in pre-cancerous cells that contribute to transformation. The accumulation of these alterations facilitates tumor development. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment enables tumor progression. The cooperative effect of molecular alterations in the tumor cells and compensatory microenvironment changes enable tumors to invade and metastasize. This review focuses on the genes and molecules altered during the progression of head and neck cancer with an emphasis on the genetic, molecular and phenotypic changes during the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer. Therapeutic strategies that target key changes in the tumor cells and/or stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah D. Klein
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Eye and Ear Institute Building; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Eye and Ear Institute Building; Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Eye and Ear Institute Building; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Ishikawa T, Kramer RH. Sdc1 negatively modulates carcinoma cell motility and invasion. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:951-65. [PMID: 20036233 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During cancer progression, tumor cells eventually invade the surrounding collagen-rich extracellular matrix. Here we show that squamous cell carcinoma cells strongly adhere to Type I collagen substrates but display limited motility and invasion on collagen barriers. Further analysis revealed that in addition to the alpha2beta1 integrin, a second collagen receptor was identified as Syndecan-1 (Sdc1), a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan. We demonstrate that siRNA-mediated depletion of Sdc1 reduced adhesion efficiency to collagen I, whereas knockdown of Sdc4 was without effect. Importantly, silencing Sdc1 expression caused reduced focal adhesion plaque formation and enhanced cell spreading and motility on collagen I substrates, but did not alter cell motility on other ECM substrates. Sdc1 depletion ablated adhesion-induced RhoA activation. In contrast, Rac1 was strongly activated following Sdc1 knockdown, suggesting that Sdc1 may mediate the link between integrin-induced actin remodeling and motility. Taken together, these data substantiate the existence of a co-adhesion receptor system in tumor cells, whereby Sdc1 functions as a key regulator of cell motility and cell invasion by modulating RhoA and Rac activity. Downregulation of Sdc1 expression during carcinoma progression may represent a mechanism by which tumor cells become more invasive and metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ishikawa
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, Room C-640, San Francisco, CA 94143-0640, USA
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Todorović V, Desai BV, Eigenheer RA, Yin T, Amargo EV, Mrksich M, Green KJ, Patterson MJS. Detection of differentially expressed basal cell proteins by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:351-61. [PMID: 19955077 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900358-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to modulate interactions with each other and the substrate is essential for epithelial tissue remodeling during processes such as wound healing and tumor progression. However, despite strides made in the field of proteomics, proteins involved in adhesion have been difficult to study. Here, we report a method for the enrichment and analysis of proteins associated with the basal surface of the cell and its underlying matrix. The enrichment involves deroofing the cells with 20 mM ammonium hydroxide and the removal of cytosolic and organellar proteins by stringent water wash. Proteomic profiling was achieved by LC-FTMS, which allowed comparison of differentially expressed or shared proteins under different cell states. First, we analyzed and compared the basal cell components of mouse keratinocytes lacking the cell-cell junction molecule plakoglobin with their control counterparts. Changes in the molecules involved in motility and invasion were detected in plakoglobin-deficient cells, including decreased detection of fibronectin, integrin beta(4), and FAT tumor suppressor. Second, we assessed the differences in basal cell components between two human oral squamous cell carcinoma lines originating from different sites in the oral cavity (CAL33 and UM-SCC-1). The data show differences between the two lines in the type and abundance of proteins specific to cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis. Therefore, the method described here has the potential to serve as a platform to assess proteomic changes in basal cell components including extracellular and adhesion-specific proteins involved in wound healing, cancer, and chronic and acquired adhesion-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Todorović
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Differences in the nemosis response of normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6879. [PMID: 19721715 PMCID: PMC2730537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-stroma reaction is associated with activation of fibroblasts. Nemosis is a novel type of fibroblast activation. It leads to an increased production of growth factors and proinflammatory and proteolytic proteins, while at the same time cytoskeletal proteins are degraded. Here we used paired normal skin fibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and primary and recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells to study the nemosis response. Principal Findings Fibroblast nemosis was analyzed by protein and gene expression and the paracrine regulation with colony formation assay. One of the normal fibroblast strains, FB-43, upregulated COX-2 in nemosis, but FB-74 cells did not. In contrast, CAF-74 spheroids expressed COX-2 but CAF-43 cells did not. Alpha-SMA protein was expressed in both CAF strains and in FB-74 cells, but not in FB-43 fibroblasts. Its mRNA levels were downregulated in nemosis, but the CAFs started to regain the expression. FSP1 mRNA was downregulated in normal fibroblasts and CAF-74 cells, but not in CAF-43 fibroblasts. Serine protease FAP was upregulated in all fibroblasts, more so in nemotic CAFs. VEGF, HGF/SF and FGF7 mRNA levels were upregulated to variable degree in nemosis. CAFs increased the colony formation of primary tumor cell lines UT-SCC-43A and UT-SCC-74A, but normal fibroblasts inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of recurrent UT-SCC-43B and UT-SCC-74B cells. Conclusions Nemosis response, as observed by COX-2 and growth factor induction, and expression of CAF markers α-SMA, FSP1 and FAP, varies between fibroblast populations. The expression of CAF markers differs between normal fibroblasts and CAFs in nemosis. These results emphasize the heterogeneity of fibroblasts and the evolving tumor-promoting properties of CAFs.
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28
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Ammer AG, Kelley LC, Hayes KE, Evans JV, Lopez-Skinner LA, Martin KH, Frederick B, Rothschild BL, Raben D, Elvin P, Green TP, Weed SA. Saracatinib Impairs Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasion by Disrupting Invadopodia Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:52-61. [PMID: 20505783 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated Src kinase activity is linked to the progression of solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Src regulates HNSCC proliferation and tumor invasion, with the Src-targeted small molecule inhibitor saracatinib displaying potent anti-invasive effects in preclinical studies. However, the pro-invasive cellular mechanism(s) perturbed by saracatinib are unclear. The anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of saracatinib on HNSCC cell lines were therefore investigated in pre-clinical cell and mouse model systems. Saracatinib treatment inhibited growth, cell cycle progression and transwell Matrigel invasion in HNSCC cell lines. Dose-dependent decreases in Src activation and phosphorylation of the invasion-associated substrates focal adhesion kinase, p130 CAS and cortactin were also observed. While saracatinib did not significantly impact HNSCC tumor growth in a mouse orthotopic model of tongue squamous cell carcinoma, impaired perineural invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis was observed. Accordingly, saracatinib treatment displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on invadopodia formation, extracellular matrix degradation and matrix metalloprotease 9 activation. These results suggest that inhibition of Src kinase by saracatinib impairs the pro-invasive activity of HNSCC by inhibiting Src substrate phosphorylation important for invadopodia formation and associated matrix metalloprotease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gatesman Ammer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9300
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Croce MV, Rabassa ME, Pereyra A, Segal-Eiras A. Differential expression of MUC1 and carbohydrate antigens in primary and secondary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2008; 30:647-57. [PMID: 18302268 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), tumor markers may be helpful to evaluate prognosis accurately as well as to improve therapy selection. Detection of human MUC1 has been widely employed for the evaluation of carcinoma patients. This article aims to study MUC1, Tn, sTn, and Lewis antigenic expression in primary HNSCC, lymph node metastasis, and local recurrences. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, tissue homogenization and differential centrifugation, isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot. RESULTS In primary tumors, MUC1 was detected in 80.0% of the samples; sLewis x in 23.2%, Lewis x in 45.6%, and Lewis y in 40.8%. Tn and sTn were found in 4.0% and 6.4% of samples, respectively. In metastatic lymph nodes, MUC1 showed a similar positive reaction as in primary tumors. Lewis y was detected in 20% lymph nodes whereas Lewis x, sLewis x, Tn, and sTn did not show differences. Some recurrences expressed MUC1 and only a few Lewis antigens, whereas Tn and sTn were not detected. CONCLUSION In primary HNSCC and metastatic nodes, a high expression of MUC1 and Lewis antigens was detected that diminished in local recurrences. We also found that differentiated tumors mainly expressed a linear pattern of MUC1CT and Lewis x.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Croce
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre of Basic and Applied Immunological Research (CINIBA),UNLP, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Klessner JL, Desai BV, Amargo EV, Getsios S, Green KJ. EGFR and ADAMs cooperate to regulate shedding and endocytic trafficking of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:328-37. [PMID: 18987342 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-04-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of classic cadherins plays a critical role in tissue remodeling during development and cancer; however, less attention has been paid to the importance of desmosomal cadherins. We previously showed that EGFR inhibition results in accumulation of the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), at cell-cell interfaces accompanied by inhibition of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-dependent shedding of the Dsg2 ectodomain and tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain. Here, we show that EGFR inhibition stabilizes Dsg2 at intercellular junctions by interfering with its accumulation in an internalized cytoplasmic pool. Furthermore, MMP inhibition and ADAM17 RNAi, blocked shedding and depleted internalized Dsg2, but less so E-cadherin, in highly invasive SCC68 cells. ADAM9 and 15 silencing also impaired Dsg2 processing, supporting the idea that this desmosomal cadherin can be regulated by multiple ADAM family members. In contrast, ADAM10 siRNA enhanced accumulation of a 100-kDa Dsg2 cleavage product and internalized pool of Dsg2. Although both MMP and EGFR inhibition increased intercellular adhesive strength in control cells, the response to MMP-inhibition was Dsg2-dependent. These data support a role for endocytic trafficking in regulating desmosomal cadherin turnover and function and raise the possibility that internalization and regulation of desmosomal and classic cadherin function can be uncoupled mechanistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Klessner
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, and the R. H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Bourguignon LYW. Hyaluronan-mediated CD44 activation of RhoGTPase signaling and cytoskeleton function promotes tumor progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:251-9. [PMID: 18450475 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), is enriched in many types of tumors. In cancer patients HA concentrations are usually higher in malignant tumors than in corresponding benign or normal tissues, and in some tumor types the level of HA is predictive of malignancy. HA is often bound to CD44 isoforms which are ubiquitous, abundant, and functionally important cell surface receptors. This article reviews the current evidence for HA/CD44-mediated activation of the ankyrin-based cytoskeleton and RhoGTPase signaling during tumor progression. A special focus is placed on the role of HA-mediated CD44 interaction with unique downstream effectors (e.g., the cytoskeletal protein, ankyrin and/or various GTPases (e.g., RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42)) in coordinating intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., Ca(2+) mobilization, Rho signaling, PI3 kinase-AKT activation, NHE1-mediated cellular acidification, transcriptional upregulation and cytoskeletal function) and generating the concomitant onset of tumor cell activities (e.g., tumor cell adhesion, growth, survival, migration and invasion) and tumor progression. I believe this information will provide valuable new insights into poorly understood aspects of solid tumor malignancy. Furthermore, the new knowledge concerning HA/CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling events will have potentially important clinical utility, and could establish CD44 and its associated signaling molecules as important tumor markers for the early detection and evaluation of oncogenic potential. It could also serve as ground work for the future development of new drug targets to inhibit HA/CD44-mediated tumor metastasis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Y W Bourguignon
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco & Endocrine Unit (111N), VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Actin cytoskeletal mediators of motility and invasion amplified and overexpressed in head and neck cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:289-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nelson K, Helmstaedter V, Moreau C, Lage H. Estradiol, tamoxifen and ICI 182,780 alter alpha3 and beta1 integrin expression and laminin-1 adhesion in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell cultures. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:94-9. [PMID: 17418616 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules such as integrins and extracellular matrix proteins like laminins have been identified to play an important role in cell proliferation, migration and invasion by regulating cell-extracellular matrix interaction in various cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, the effect of estradiol (E2), and the E2 antagonists tamoxifen (TAM) and ICI 182,780 (ICI) on the expression of integrins and adhesion to laminin-1 in different OSCC in vitro models was analyzed. TAM and ICI inhibited growth in all OSCC cell lines. Dependent on estrogen receptor (ER) status E2 displayed a significant influence on growth after long-term administration. ICI reduced laminin-1 adhesion in all cell lines. beta1 Integrin transcription is reduced with TAM and E2 and alpha3 cell surface expression with TAM. This study shows that OSCC is estrogen and SERM sensitive and that these compounds can modulate cell-matrix interaction in part by modulating integrin expression and translation. The investigation also confirms that growth is significantly influenced by these adjuvant therapeutics. These data suggest that a greater understanding of basic biology and mechanisms of the ER and its ligands in oral squamous cells is needed to elucidate the use of specific pharmacological agents as therapeutics of anti-tumorigenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nelson
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Navigation and Robotics, Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Calmon MF, Colombo J, Carvalho F, Souza FP, Filho JFG, Fukuyama EE, Camargo AA, Caballero OLS, Tajara EH, Cordeiro JA, Rahal P. Methylation profile of genes CDKN2A (p14 and p16), DAPK1, CDH1, and ADAM23 in head and neck cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 173:31-7. [PMID: 17284367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethylation in the promoter region has been associated with a loss of gene function that may give a selective advantage to neoplastic cells. In this study, the methylation pattern of genes CDKN2A (alias p14, p14(ARF), p16, p16(INK4a)), DAPK1, CDH1, and ADAM23 was analyzed in 43 samples of head and neck tumors using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. In the oropharynx, there was a statistically significant association between hypermethylation of the DAPK1 gene and the occurrence of lymph node metastases, and in the larynx there was statistically significant evidence of an association between hypermethylation of the ADAM23 gene and advanced stages of the tumors. Thus, a correlation was observed between hypermethylation of the promoter region of genes DAPK1 and ADAM23 and the progression of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia F Calmon
- Department of Biology, UNESP-IBILCE, Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP: 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Ji RC. Lymphatic endothelial cells, tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis: New insights into intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatics. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 25:677-94. [PMID: 17160713 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-9026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells represents a series of extremely complex and sequential processes that include dissemination and invasion into surrounding stromal tissues from primary tumors, penetration into lymphatic walls and implantation in regional lymph nodes, and extravasation or proliferation in parenchyma of target organs. Recent developments in lymphatic biology and research, especially the application of unique molecular markers specific for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), LYVE-1, Prox-1 and podoplanin have provided exciting new insights into the tumor microenvironment and LEC-tumor cell interface. To date, established factors for determining the behavior and prognosis of primary tumors have been emphasized morphologically and physiologically, i.e., lymphatic impairment and vessel density, dysfunction of lymphatic valves, interstitial fluid pressure, as well as a series of lymphangiogenic growth factors including VEGF-C/-D, and other cytokines and chemokines. Increasing knowledge of the tumor biological significance in lymphatics within the tumors (intratumoral lymphatics, ITLs) and at the tumor periphery (peritumoral lymphatics, PTLs) has greatly promoted understanding of tumor access into the lymphatic system by inducing lymphangiogenesis or by co-opting preexisting lymphatics. Therefore, the targeting PTLs and ITLs, which have been proposed as an important route for antimetastatic approach, are deemed worthy of further study in various animal tumor models and human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Zhang X, Su L, Pirani AA, Wu H, Zhang H, Shin DM, Gernert KM, Chen ZG. Understanding metastatic SCCHN cells from unique genotypes to phenotypes with the aid of an animal model and DNA microarray analysis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:209-22. [PMID: 17028921 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is a significant health-care problem worldwide. The 5-year survival rate is less than 50% for patients with lymph node metastases. Understanding the molecular basis of SCCHN metastasis would facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to the disease. To identify proteins that mediate SCCHN metastasis, we established a SCCHN xenograft mouse model and performed in vivo selection from a SCCHN cell line using the model. In the fourth round of in vivo selection, significant incidences of metastases in lymph nodes (7/10) and lungs (6/10) were achieved from a derived SCCHN cell line as compared with its parental cells, 1/5 in lymph nodes and 0/5 in lungs. Metastatic cell lines from lymph node metastases and parental cell lines from non-metastatic xenograft tumors were subjected to DNA microarray analysis using an Affymetrix gene chip HG-U133A, followed by data mining studies. The identified metastasis-related genes were further evaluated for their encoding protein products and the metastatic cells were examined by biological analyses. DNA microarray analysis highlighted molecular features of the metastatic SCCHN cells, including alteration of expression of cell-cell adhesion proteins, epithelial cell markers, apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory molecules. Further biological analyses of phenotypic alterations revealed that the metastatic cells gained epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) features and were more resistant to anoikis, which are two of the important phenotypes for metastatic SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd, NE, Building C, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Takkunen M, Grenman R, Hukkanen M, Korhonen M, García de Herreros A, Virtanen I. Snail-dependent and -independent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1263-75. [PMID: 16899764 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a6958.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disappearance of E-cadherin is a milestone for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), found both in carcinomas and in some fibrotic diseases. We have studied the mechanisms of EMT in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells isolated from primary tumor (43A) and its recurrent tumor (43B). Whereas the cells from primary carcinoma displayed a typical phenotype of squamous epithelial cells including E-cadherin and laminin-332 (laminin-5), cells from recurrent tumor expressed characteristics of dedifferentiated, EMT-experienced tumors. 43B cells expressed E-cadherin repressors ZEB-1/δEF1 and especially ZEB-2/SIP1, which therefore appear as candidates for endogenous EMT in these cells. Differences between endogenous and exogenous EMT were assessed by transfecting 43A cells with SNAIL cDNA. SNAIL-transfected cells showed complete EMT phenotype with fibroblastoid appearance, vimentin filaments, E-cadherin/N-cadherin switch, lack of hemidesmosomes and, as a new feature of EMT, lack of laminin-332 synthesis. Upregulation of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2 was evident in these cells, suggesting that SNAIL can regulate these E-cadherin repressors. New monoclonal antibodies against SNAIL showed nuclear immunoreactivity not only in the SNAIL-transfected cells but also in carcinoma cells lacking production of Lm-332 and showing signs of EMT. These results suggest that changes in the epithelial cell differentiation program and EMT in SCC cells can result from the interplay among several E-cadherin repressors; however, SNAIL alone is able to accomplish a complete EMT. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:1263-1275, 2006)
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Takkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Arai M, Yokosuka O, Hirasawa Y, Fukai K, Chiba T, Imazeki F, Kanda T, Yatomi M, Takiguchi Y, Seki N, Saisho H, Ochiai T. Sequential gene expression changes in cancer cell lines after treatment with the demethylation agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Cancer 2006; 106:2514-25. [PMID: 16649225 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzaC) is known well for its demethylation effect and is a promising anticancer agent. However, to the authors' knowledge, serial changes in gene expression over time after 5-AzaC treatment have not been studied to date. To clarify the categories of genes that are up-regulated or down-regulated after 5-AzaC treatment, the authors surveyed the genes that had expression levels changed by 5-AzaC treatment in 6 hepatoma cell lines (Hep3B, HLE, Huh7, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5, and Huh6). METHODS Cell lines were grown in medium that contained 1 microM of 5-AzaC. Changes in messenger RNA levels were monitored from 24 hours up to 120 hours after 5-AzaC treatment using an in-house microarray that consisted of 4608 combinational DNAs. Using clustering analysis to identify the genes that had gradually changed expression levels and to exclude the substantial experimental noise by microarray analysis, the authors focused on 206 up-regulated genes and 248 down-regulated genes. RESULTS According to their functional characterization, genes that were involved in the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix were enriched significantly in the up-regulated genes. Conversely, genes that were involved in metabolism were enriched significantly in the down-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS The current results demonstrated that 5-AzaC can regulate the expression of groups of genes with characteristic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Arai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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