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Huang W, Mei J, Liu YJ, Li JP, Zou X, Qian XP, Zhang Y. An Analysis Regarding the Association Between Proteasome (PSM) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:497-515. [PMID: 37020465 PMCID: PMC10069642 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s404396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Proteasome (PSM) is a large multi-catalytic protease complex consisting of a 20S core particle and a 19S regulatory particle whose main function is to accept and degrade ubiquitinated substrates, are now considered as one of the potential regulators of tumor proliferation, and stemness maintenance. However, to date, studies on the relationship between PSM and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited. Methods This study used a bioinformatics approach combining validation experiments to investigate the biological mechanisms that may be related with PSM. A series of experiments in vivo and in vitro were performed to explore the function of the 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 (PSMD13) in HCC. Results HCC patients can be divided into two clusters. Cluster 1 (C1) patients having a significantly worse prognosis than Cluster (C2). Two subtypes had significant differences in proliferation-related signaling. In particular, the frequency of TP53 mutation was significantly higher in C1 than in C2. In addition, PSM-associated genes were highly consistent with the expression of DNA repair-related signatures, suggesting a potential link between PSM and genomic instability. We also found that downregulation of PSMD13 expression significantly inhibited stemness of tumor cells and impaired the Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Finally, the correlation between the PSMD13 and Ki67 was found to be strong. Conclusion PSM is a valid predictor of prognosis and therapeutic response in patients with HCC disease. Furthermore, PSMD13 may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People’s Republic of China
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Mei
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People’s Republic of China
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Pin Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People’s Republic of China
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People’s Republic of China
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, 215600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Zou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Qian
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yu Zhang; Xiao-ping Qian, Email ;
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Karpov DS, Spasskaya DS, Tutyaeva VV, Karpov VL. Rpn4p without the DNA-Binding Domain Provides Saccharomyces cerevisiae Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Cycloheximide. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Khademi NS, Farivar S, Bazrgar M, Hassani SN, Masoudi NS, Haghparast N, Rezaei Larijani M. Aneuploidy Rate and Stemness in Low-Level Mosaic Human Embryonic Stem Cells in the Presence/Absence of Bortezomib, Paclitaxel, and Lapatinib. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:17-23. [PMID: 35901725 DOI: 10.1159/000526199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are predisposed to aneuploidy through continual passages. Some reports indicate more sensitivity of aneuploid hESCs cells to anticancer drugs. The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity of three anticancer drugs (including bortezomib, paclitaxel, and lapatinib) and their effect on aneuploidy rate in hESCs. To create a low-level mosaic cell line, normal hESCs (80%) and trisomic hESCs for chromosomes 12 and 17 (20%) were mixed. The effect of the 3 mentioned anticancer drugs on the chromosomal status was assessed by metaphase spread analysis after selection of the nontoxic conditions. Expression of pluripotency genes was analyzed, and an alkaline phosphatase test was performed to assess pluripotency preservation. Our data showed that treatment with bortezomib, paclitaxel, and lapatinib was nontoxic at 0.01, 0.01, and 0.2 μM concentrations, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase and pluripotency gene expression analyses revealed maintenance of pluripotency following treatment with above-noted nontoxic concentrations. Aneuploid cells were dominant in treated and control groups with a minimum abundance of 70%, with no significant differences between groups. Drug treatments had no negative effect on pluripotency. Insensitivity of aneuploid cells in treatment groups could be related to the specific characteristics of each cell line in response to the drug and the proliferative superiority of cells with trisomies 12 and 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Sadat Khademi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Farivar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Bazrgar
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sadat Masoudi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Newsha Haghparast
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Proteostasis regulators modulate proteasomal activity and gene expression to attenuate multiple phenotypes in Fabry disease. Biochem J 2020; 477:359-380. [PMID: 31899485 PMCID: PMC6993862 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal storage disorder Fabry disease is characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-Galactosidase A. The observation that missense variants in the encoding GLA gene often lead to structural destabilization, endoplasmic reticulum retention and proteasomal degradation of the misfolded, but otherwise catalytically functional enzyme has resulted in the exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches. In this context, we have investigated proteostasis regulators (PRs) for their potential to increase cellular enzyme activity, and to reduce the disease-specific accumulation of the biomarker globotriaosylsphingosine in patient-derived cell culture. The PRs also acted synergistically with the clinically approved 1-deoxygalactonojirimycine, demonstrating the potential of combination treatment in a therapeutic application. Extensive characterization of the effective PRs revealed inhibition of the proteasome and elevation of GLA gene expression as paramount effects. Further analysis of transcriptional patterns of the PRs exposed a variety of genes involved in proteostasis as potential modulators. We propose that addressing proteostasis is an effective approach to discover new therapeutic targets for diseases involving folding and trafficking-deficient protein mutants.
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Yan W, Dong ZC, Wang JJ, Zhang YL, Wang HX, Zhang B, Li HH. Deficiency of the Immunoproteasome LMP10 Subunit Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophic Remodeling via Autophagic Degradation of gp130 and IGF1R. Front Physiol 2020; 11:625. [PMID: 32581853 PMCID: PMC7296172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy is the leading cause of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. We recently demonstrated that the immunoproteasome, an inducible form of the constitutive proteasome, plays a critical role in regulating cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of the immunoproteasome LMP10 (β2i) catalytic subunit in the regulation of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophic remodeling remains unclear. Methods Wild-type (WT) and LMP10 knockout (KO) mice were infused with Ang II 1,000 ng/kg/min for 2 weeks. Blood pressure was measured using a tail-cuff system. Cardiac function and hypertrophic remodeling were examined by echocardiography and histological staining. The expression levels of genes and proteins were examined with quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting analysis, respectively. Results LMP10 mRNA and protein expression was significantly increased in Ang II-stimulated hearts and primary cardiomyocytes. Moreover, Ang II infusion for 2 weeks increased systolic blood pressure, abnormal cardiac function, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in WT mice, which were significantly reversed in KO mice. Moreover, a marked reduction in the protein levels of insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), glycoprotein 130 (gp130), and phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, STAT3, and ERK1/2 and an increase in the LC3II/I ratio were also observed in LMP10 KO mice compared with WT mice after Ang II infusion. In vitro culture experiments confirmed that LMP10 knockdown activated autophagy and increased IGF1R and gp130 degradation, leading to the inhibition of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine reversed this effect. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that LMP10 KO attenuates Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophic remodeling via the autophagy-dependent degradation of IGF1R and gp130, and suggests that LMP10 may be a novel therapeutic target for hypertrophic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Overexpression of NRF1-742 or NRF1-772 Reduces Arsenic-Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062014. [PMID: 32188015 PMCID: PMC7139366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that human exposure to inorganic arsenic causes cutaneous diseases and skin cancers. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1 (NRF1) belongs to the cap “n” collar (CNC) basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family and regulates antioxidant response element (ARE) genes. The human NRF1 gene is transcribed into multiple isoforms, which contain 584, 616, 742, 761, or 772 amino acids. We previously demonstrated that the long isoforms of NRF1 (i.e., NRF1-742, NRF1-761 and NRF1-772) are involved in the protection of human keratinocytes from acute arsenic cytotoxicity by enhancing the cellular antioxidant response. The aim of the current study was to investigate the roles of NRF1-742 and NRF1-772 in the arsenic-induced antioxidant response and cytotoxicity. We found that overexpression of NRF1-742 or NRF1-772 in human HaCaT keratinocytes decreased susceptibility to arsenic-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity. In addition, we characterized the different protein bands observed for NRF1-742 and NRF1-772 by western blotting. The posttranslational modifications and nuclear translocation of these isoforms differed and were partially affected by arsenic exposure. Antioxidant protein levels were increased in the NRF1-742 and NRF1-772-overexpressing cell lines. The upregulation of antioxidant protein levels was partly due to the translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NRF2) and its increased nuclear transport. Overall, overexpression of NRF1-742 and NRF1-772 protected HaCaT cells from arsenic-induced cytotoxicity, mainly through translational modifications and the promotion of antioxidant gene expression.
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Karpov DS, Spasskaya DS, Nadolinskaia NI, Tutyaeva VV, Lysov YP, Karpov VL. Deregulation of the 19S proteasome complex increases yeast resistance to 4-NQO and oxidative stress via upregulation of Rpn4- and proteasome-dependent stress responsive genes. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5281435. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Karpov
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Laboratory of Medicinal Proteomics, Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya str. 10, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Daria S Spasskaya
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nonna I Nadolinskaia
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vera V Tutyaeva
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuriy P Lysov
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim L Karpov
- Department of Intracellular proteolysis regulation, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Guo X. Proteasome dysregulation in human cancer: implications for clinical therapies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:703-716. [PMID: 29039081 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells show heightened dependency on the proteasome for their survival, growth, and spread. Proteasome dysregulation is therefore commonly selected in favor of the development of many types of cancer. The vast abnormalities in a cancer cell, on top of the complexity of the proteasome itself, have enabled a plethora of mechanisms gearing the proteasome to the oncogenic process. Here, we use selected examples to highlight some general mechanisms underlying proteasome dysregulation in cancer, including copy number variations, transcriptional control, epigenetic regulation, and post-translational modifications. Research in this field has greatly advanced our understanding of proteasome regulation and will shed new light on proteasome-based combination therapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chen
- Life Sciences Institute of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Life Sciences Institute of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Voutsadakis IA. Proteasome expression and activity in cancer and cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:101042831769224. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is a multi-protein organelle that participates in cellular proteostasis by destroying damaged or short-lived proteins in an organized manner guided by the ubiquitination signal. By being in a central place in the cellular protein complement homeostasis, proteasome is involved in virtually all cell processes including decisions on cell survival or death, cell cycle, and differentiation. These processes are important also in cancer, and thus, the proteasome is an important regulator of carcinogenesis. Cancers include a variety of cells which, according to the cancer stem cell theory, descend from a small percentage of cancer stem cells, alternatively termed tumor-initiating cells. These cells constitute the subsets that have the ability to propagate the whole variety of cancer and repopulate tumors after cytostatic therapies. Proteasome plays a role in cellular processes in cancer stem cells, but it has been found to have a decreased function in them compared to the rest of cancer cells. This article will discuss the transcriptional regulation of proteasome sub-unit proteins in cancer and in particular cancer stem cells and the relationship of the proteasome with the pluripotency that is the defining characteristic of stem cells. Therapeutic opportunities that present from the understanding of the proteasome role will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Colonic Lamina Propria Inflammatory Cells from Patients with IBD Induce the Nuclear Factor-E2 Related Factor-2 Thereby Leading to Greater Proteasome Activity and Apoptosis Protection in Human Colonocytes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2593-2606. [PMID: 27661668 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 confers broad cytoprotection and has a dual role in tumorigenesis. Enhancing proteasome activity is one mechanism by which Nrf2 can promote cancer development, e.g., colorectal cancer. This study investigated whether this potential oncogenic effect of Nrf2 emerges already from the epithelial adaptation to persistent oxidative stress during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing inflammatory myeloid cells (IMCs) from colon tissue of patients with IBD were cocultured with human NCM460 colonocytes. ARE-luciferase-, c-H2DCF-DA-assays, Western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed for assessing Nrf2-activity, intracellular ROS-level, and Nrf2-target gene expression. Proteasome activity was quantified by Suc-LLVY-amido-4-methylcumarin-assay, and apoptosis by caspase-3/-7 assay and PARP1-Western blots. Nrf2, proteasome proteins, and IMCs were analyzed in IBD-tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IMC-coculture caused a temporary increase of ROS in NCM460, followed by Nrf2 activation and elevated expression of ROS-protecting enzymes (NQO1, GCLC). This was accompanied by Nrf2-dependent expression of proteasome proteins (PSMD4, PSMA5) and an enhanced proteasome activity in IMC-cocultured NCM460. Nrf2-siRNA or the ROS-scavenger Tiron blocked these alterations. Depending on Nrf2-induced proteasome activity, IMC-cocultured NCM460 or Colo320 cancer cells were less sensitive to apoptosis (TRAIL-/etoposide induced). Immunostaining of IBD-tissues confirmed Nrf2 activation in the colonic epithelium within inflamed areas, along with greater proteasome protein expression. CONCLUSIONS IMC/NCM460-coculture experiments and immunohistochemistry of colonic tissues from patients with IBD reveal a Nrf2-dependent adaptation of colon epithelial cells to oxidative stress caused by inflammatory cells. This involves increased proteasome activity and apoptosis resistance that protect from tissue damage due to colitis on one hand, but on the other hand, may favor carcinogenesis.
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Kirilenko BM, Grineva EN, Karpov DS, Karpov VL. Inhibition of the expression of proteasomal genes Saccharomyces cerevisiae by artificial transcriptional repressor. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim HM, Han JW, Chan JY. Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Like 1 (NFE2L1): Structure, function and regulation. Gene 2016; 584:17-25. [PMID: 26947393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nrf1 (also referred to as NFE2L1) is a member of the CNC-bZIP family of transcription factors that are characterized by a highly conserved CNC-domain, and a basic-leucine zipper domain required for dimerization and DNA binding. Nrf1 is ubiquitously expressed across tissue and cell types as various isoforms, and is induced by stress signals from a broad spectrum of stimuli. Evidence indicates that Nrf1 plays an important role in regulating a range of cellular functions including oxidative stress response, differentiation, inflammatory response, metabolism, and maintaining proteostasis. Thus, Nrf1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disease processes including cancer development, and degenerative and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current understanding of Nrf1 and the molecular mechanism underlying its regulation and action in different cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Ju D, Xie Y. Dyclonine enhances the cytotoxic effect of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2609-12. [PMID: 25174315 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome has become an important target for cancer therapy with the approval of bortezomib for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). However, numerous patients with MM do not respond to bortezomib and those responding initially often acquire resistance. Recent clinical studies have also demonstrated that bortezomib is also inefficacious in the treatment of other types of cancer. Therefore, it is imperative to develop novel approaches and agents for proteasome-targeting cancer therapy. In the present study, it was revealed that dyclonine, a major component of the cough droplets Sucrets, markedly enhances the cytotoxic effects of bortezomib and minimizes drug resistance in MM cells. It was demonstrated that a combination of bortezomib and dyclonine markedly induced apoptosis of MM cells. The present study suggests a novel therapeutic use of an over‑the‑counter medicine for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Ju
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Youming Xie
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Vangala JR, Dudem S, Jain N, Kalivendi SV. Regulation of PSMB5 protein and β subunits of mammalian proteasome by constitutively activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3): potential role in bortezomib-mediated anticancer therapy. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12612-22. [PMID: 24627483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system facilitates the degradation of ubiquitin-tagged proteins and performs a regulatory role in cells. Elevated proteasome activity and subunit expression are found in several cancers. However, the inherent molecular mechanisms responsible for increased proteasome function in cancers remain unclear despite the well investigated and defined role of the mammalian proteasome. This study was initiated to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of β subunits of the mammalian proteasome. Suppression of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation coordinately decreased the mRNA and protein levels of the β subunits of the 20 S core complex in DU145 cells. Notably, PSMB5, a molecular target of bortezomib, was shown to be a target of STAT3. Knockdown of STAT3 decreased PSMB5 protein. Inhibition of phospho-STAT3 substantially reduced PSMB5 protein levels in cells expressing constitutively active-STAT3. Accumulation of activated STAT3 resulted in the induction of PSMB5 promoter and protein levels. In addition, a direct correlation was observed between the endogenous levels of PSMB5 and constitutively active STAT3. PSMB5 and STAT3 protein levels remained unaltered following the inhibition of proteasome activity. The EGF-induced concerted increase of β subunits was blocked by inhibition of the EGF receptor or STAT3 but not by the PI3K/AKT or MEK/ERK pathways. Decreased proteasome activities were due to reduced protein levels of catalytic subunits of the proteasome in STAT3-inhibited cells. Combined treatments with bortezomib and inhibitor of STAT3 abrogated proteasome activity and enhanced cellular apoptosis. Overall, we demonstrate that aberrant activation of STAT3 regulates the expression of β subunits, in particular PSMB5, and the catalytic activity of the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janakiram Reddy Vangala
- From the Centre for Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500-607, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Inhibition of the Nrf2 transcription factor by the alkaloid trigonelline renders pancreatic cancer cells more susceptible to apoptosis through decreased proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity. Oncogene 2012; 32:4825-35. [PMID: 23108405 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence accumulates that the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has an essential role in cancer development and chemoresistance, thus pointing to its potential as an anticancer target and undermining its suitability in chemoprevention. Through the induction of cytoprotective and proteasomal genes, Nrf2 confers apoptosis protection in tumor cells, and inhibiting Nrf2 would therefore be an efficient strategy in anticancer therapy. In the present study, pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (Panc1, Colo357 and MiaPaca2) and H6c7 pancreatic duct cells were analyzed for the Nrf2-inhibitory effect of the coffee alkaloid trigonelline (trig), as well as for its impact on Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity and resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Chemoresistant Panc1 and Colo357 cells exhibit high constitutive Nrf2 activity, whereas chemosensitive MiaPaca2 and H6c7 cells display little basal but strong tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ)-inducible Nrf2 activity and drug resistance. Trig efficiently decreased basal and tBHQ-induced Nrf2 activity in all cell lines, an effect relying on a reduced nuclear accumulation of the Nrf2 protein. Along with Nrf2 inhibition, trig blocked the Nrf2-dependent expression of proteasomal genes (for example, s5a/psmd4 and α5/psma5) and reduced proteasome activity in all cell lines tested. These blocking effects were absent after treatment with Nrf2 siRNA, a condition in which proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity were already decreased, whereas siRNA against the related transcription factor Nrf1 did not affect proteasome activity and the inhibitory effect of trig. Depending on both Nrf2 and proteasomal gene expression, the sensitivity of all cell lines to anticancer drugs and TRAIL-induced apoptosis was enhanced by trig. Moreover, greater antitumor responses toward anticancer drug treatment were observed in tumor-bearing mice when receiving trig. In conclusion, representing an efficient Nrf2 inhibitor capable of blocking Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity and thereby apoptosis protection in pancreatic cancer cells, trig might be beneficial in improving anticancer therapy.
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Targeting the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway with inorganic compounds to fight cancer: a challenge for the future. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:525-43. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are large multicatalytic complexes endowed with proteinase activity, located both in the cytosol and in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is responsible for selective degradation of most intracellular proteins and therefore plays an essential regulatory role in many critical cellular processes. The proteasomal activity can also contribute to the pathological states of many diseases, including inflammation, neurodegeneration and cancer, through a disregulation in the level of regulatory proteins. These diseases may be targeted by modulating components of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, using small molecules as inhibitors. Bortezomib (Velcade®), used for the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma, is the first and, up to now, the only proteasome inhibitor approved by the US FDA. Nowadays, the discovery that some metal-based complexes exert their antiproliferative action by affecting proteasomal activities provides the possibility of developing new opportunities in cancer therapy.
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Xu H, Fu J, Ha SW, Ju D, Zheng J, Li L, Xie Y. The CCAAT box-binding transcription factor NF-Y regulates basal expression of human proteasome genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:818-25. [PMID: 22285817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein degradation by the proteasome plays an important role in all major cellular pathways. Aberrant proteasome activity is associated with numerous human diseases including cancer and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanism is virtually unclear. At least part of the reason for this is due to lack of understanding of the regulation of human proteasome genes. In this study, we found that a large set of human proteasome genes carry the CCAAT box in their promoters. We further demonstrated that the basal expression of these CCAAT box-containing proteasome genes is regulated by the transcription factor NF-Y. Knockdown of NF-YA, an essential subunit of NF-Y, reduced proteasome gene expression and compromised the cellular proteasome activity. In addition, we showed that knockdown of NF-YA sensitized breast cancer cells to the proteasome inhibitor MG132. This study unveils a new role for NF-Y in the regulation of human proteasome genes and suggests that NF-Y may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Xu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
Proteasome is a highly organized protease complex comprising a catalytic 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory particles (RP), which together form the 26S structure. The 26S proteasome is responsible for the degradation of most ubiquitylated proteins through a multistep process involving recognition of the polyubiquitin chain, unfolding of the substrate, and translocation of the substrate into the active site in the cavity of the CP. Recent studies have shed light on various aspects of the complex functions of the 26S proteasome. In addition, the recent identification of various proteasome-dedicated chaperones indicates that the assembly pathways of the RP and CP are multistep processes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the proteasome structure, function, and assembly.
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Sebens S, Bauer I, Geismann C, Grage-Griebenow E, Ehlers S, Kruse ML, Arlt A, Schäfer H. Inflammatory macrophages induce Nrf2 transcription factor-dependent proteasome activity in colonic NCM460 cells and thereby confer anti-apoptotic protection. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40911-21. [PMID: 21990354 PMCID: PMC3220482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of epithelial cells to persistent oxidative stress plays an important role in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. This adaptation process involves activation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2), which has been recently shown to contribute to carcinogenesis through the induction of proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity. To verify this possible link between inflammation, oxidative stress, and Nrf2-dependent proteasome activation, we explored the impact of inflammatory (M1) macrophages on the human colon epithelial cell line NCM460. Transwell cocultures with macrophages differentiated from granulocyte monocyte-colony-stimulating factor-treated monocytes led to an increased activity of Nrf2 in NCM460 cells along with an elevated proteasome activity. This higher proteasome activity resulted from Nrf2-dependent induction of proteasomal gene expression, as shown for the 19 and 20 S subunit proteins S5a and α5, respectively. These effects of macrophage coculture were preceded by an increase of reactive oxygen species in cocultured NCM460 cells and could be blocked by catalase or by the reactive oxygen species scavenger Tiron, whereas transient treatment of NCM460 cells with H(2)O(2) similarly led to Nrf2-dependent proteasome activation. Through the Nrf2-dependent increase of proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity, the sensitivity of NCM460 cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- or irinotecan-induced apoptosis declined. These findings indicate that inflammatory conditions such as the presence of M1 macrophages and the resulting oxidative stress are involved in the Nrf2-dependent gain of proteasome activity in epithelial cells, e.g. colonocytes, giving rise of greater resistance to apoptosis. This mechanism might contribute to inflammation-associated carcinogenesis, e.g. of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Sebens
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany and
| | - Iris Bauer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
| | - Claudia Geismann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
| | - Evelin Grage-Griebenow
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany and
| | - Stefan Ehlers
- the Division of Molecular Inflammation Medicine, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine & Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kruse
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
| | - Alexander Arlt
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology and
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Pervin S, Tran A, Tran L, Urman R, Braga M, Chaudhuri G, Singh R. Reduced association of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 with E3 ligase Mule increases the stability of Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:428-37. [PMID: 21730980 PMCID: PMC3172901 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mechanisms that increase resistance to apoptosis help promote cellular transformation. Cancer cells have deregulated apoptotic pathways, where increased expression and stability of anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 increases resistance to apoptosis. Pathways that increase the stability of proteins in cancer cells remain poorly understood. Methods: Using human mammary epithelial and established breast cancer cell lines, we assessed the mechanisms that increase the stability of anti-apoptotic proteins in breast cancer cells by caspase assay, western blot, small-inhibitory RNA treatment and immunoprecipitation. Results: While breast cancer cells were resistant to de novo inhibition of protein synthesis, a rapid proteosome-mediated degradation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 induced apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells. Although Mule, an E3 ligase that targets Mcl-1 for degradation was expressed in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines, rapid increase of polyubiquitinated Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 was detected only in mammary epithelial cells. Only transient formation of the Mule–Mcl-1 complex was detected in breast cancer cells. Downregulation of pERK1/2 in breast cancer cells reduced Mcl-1 levels and increased Mcl-1/Mule complex. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that reduced Mule/Mcl-1 complex has a significant role in increasing the stability of Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells and increased resistance to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pervin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 3084 Hawkins Building, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
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