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Du Q, Dong T, Liu Y, Zhu X, Li N, Dang L, Cao J, Jin Q, Sun J. Screening criteria of mRNA indicators for wound age estimation. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 7:714-725. [PMID: 36817234 PMCID: PMC9930757 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1986770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound age estimation is a crucial and challenging problem in forensic pathology. Although mRNA is the most commonly used indicator for wound age estimation, screening criteria are lacking. In the present study, the feasibility of screening criteria using mRNA to determine injury time based on the adenylate-uridylate-rich element (ARE) structure and gene ontology (GO) categories were evaluated. A total of 78 Sprague-Dawley male rats were contused and sampled at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48 h after inflicting injury. The candidate mRNAs were classified based on with or without ARE structure and GO category function. The mRNA expression levels were detected using qRT-PCR. In addition, the standard deviation (STD), mean deviation (MD), relative average deviation (d%), and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated based on mRNA expression levels. The CV score (CVs) and the CV of CV (CV'CV) were calculated to measure heterogeneity. Finally, based on classic principles, the accuracy of combination of candidate mRNAs was assessed using discriminant analysis to construct a multivariate model for inferring wound age. The results of homogeneity evaluation of each group based on CVs were consistent with the MD, STD, d%, and CV results, indicating the credibility of the evaluation results based on CVs. The candidate mRNAs without ARE structure and classified as cellular component (CC) GO category (ARE-CC) had the highest CVs, showing the mRNAs with these characteristics are the most homogenous mRNAs and best suited for wound age estimation. The highest accuracy was 91.0% when the mRNAs without ARE structure were used to infer the wound age based on the discrimination model. The accuracy of mRNAs classified into CC or multiple function (MF) GO category was higher than mRNAs in the biological process (BP) category. In all subgroups, the accuracy of the composite identification model of mRNA composition without ARE structure and classified as CC was higher than other subgroups. The mRNAs without ARE structure and belonging to the CC GO category were more homogenous, showed higher accuracy for estimating wound age, and were appropriate for rat skeletal muscle wound age estimation. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1986770 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Du
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tana Dong
- Shandong Public Security Department, The Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanxin Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiyan Zhu
- Department of Military Traffic Medicine, Army Characteristic Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lihong Dang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jie Cao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junhong Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China,CONTACT Junhong Sun
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Sobolewski C, Dubuquoy L, Legrand N. MicroRNAs, Tristetraprolin Family Members and HuR: A Complex Interplay Controlling Cancer-Related Processes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143516. [PMID: 35884580 PMCID: PMC9319505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary AU-rich Element Binding Proteins (AUBPs) represent important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression by regulating mRNA decay and/or translation. Importantly, AUBPs can interfere with microRNA-dependent regulation by (i) competing with the same binding sites on mRNA targets, (ii) sequestering miRNAs, thereby preventing their binding to their specific targets or (iii) promoting miRNA-dependent regulation. These data highlight a new paradigm where both miRNA and RNA binding proteins form a complex regulatory network involved in physiological and pathological processes. However, this interplay is still poorly considered, and our current models do not integrate this level of complexity, thus potentially giving misleading interpretations regarding the role of these regulators in human cancers. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the crosstalks existing between HuR, tristetraprolin family members and microRNA-dependent regulation. Abstract MicroRNAs represent the most characterized post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Their altered expression importantly contributes to the development of a wide range of metabolic and inflammatory diseases but also cancers. Accordingly, a myriad of studies has suggested novel therapeutic approaches aiming at inhibiting or restoring the expression of miRNAs in human diseases. However, the influence of other trans-acting factors, such as long-noncoding RNAs or RNA-Binding-Proteins, which compete, interfere, or cooperate with miRNAs-dependent functions, indicate that this regulatory mechanism is much more complex than initially thought, thus questioning the current models considering individuals regulators. In this review, we discuss the interplay existing between miRNAs and the AU-Rich Element Binding Proteins (AUBPs), HuR and tristetraprolin family members (TTP, BRF1 and BRF2), which importantly control the fate of mRNA and whose alterations have also been associated with the development of a wide range of chronic disorders and cancers. Deciphering the interplay between these proteins and miRNAs represents an important challenge to fully characterize the post-transcriptional regulation of pro-tumorigenic processes and design new and efficient therapeutic approaches.
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Hermi F, Gómez-Abellán V, Pérez-Oliva AB, García-Moreno D, López-Muñoz A, Sarropoulou E, Arizcun M, Ridha O, Mulero V, Sepulcre MP. The molecular, functional and phylogenetic characterization of PGE 2 receptors reveals their different roles in the immune response of the teleost fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103803. [PMID: 32738336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in immune activities in teleost fish, including seabream. However, receptors involved in PGE2 signaling, as well as the pathways activated downstream, are largely unknown. In this study, one ortholog of mammalian PTGER1, PTGER3 and PTGER4, and two of PTGER2 (Ptger2a and Ptger2b) were identified and characterized in gilthead seabream. In silico analysis showed that all these receptors possessed the organization domain of G protein-coupled receptors, with the exception of Ptger2b. The corresponding in vivo studies revealed that they were expressed in all the tissues examined, the highest mRNA levels of ptger1 and ptger3 being observed in the spleen and of ptger2a and ptger4 in the blood. Bacterial infection induced higher mRNA levels of ptger2a, ptger3 and ptger4 in peritoneal exudate (the site of bacterial injection). In addition, head kidney acidophilic granulocytes and macrophages displayed different ptger1, ptger2a, ptger3 and ptger4 expression profiles. Furthermore, in macrophages the expression of the receptors was weakly affected by stimulation with bacterial DNA or with PGE2, while in acidophilic granulocytes stimulation resulted in the upregulation of ptger2a and ptger4. Taken together, these results suggest different roles for seabream PGE2 receptors in the regulation of the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Hermi
- Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna - Bizerte, 7021, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia; Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoria Gómez-Abellán
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana B Pérez-Oliva
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana García-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Azucena López-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Oueslati Ridha
- Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna - Bizerte, 7021, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María P Sepulcre
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation Modulate Astrocyte Inflammatory Responses through AMPK-Dependent Ptgs2 mRNA Stabilization. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101185. [PMID: 31581537 PMCID: PMC6829456 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation of astroglia adds to the pathology of various neurological diseases. Astrocytes respond to microglia-derived cytokines such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α) with enhanced inflammatory signaling. This provokes pro-inflammatory gene expression of, among others, the eicosanoid-generating enzyme prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2). Whereas metabolic regulation of innate immune cell inflammatory responses is intensely studied, pathways related to how metabolism modulates inflammatory signaling in astrocytes are underexplored. Here, we examined how mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation affects inflammatory responses towards IL-1α and tumor necrosis factor α in neonatal rat astrocytes. Blocking respiratory complex I and III or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase did not affect activation of inflammatory signaling by IL-1α, but did elicit differential effects on inflammatory gene mRNA expression. Remarkably, mRNA and protein expression of Ptgs2 by IL-1α was consistently up-regulated when oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited. The increase of Ptgs2 resulted from mRNA stabilization. Mitochondrial inhibitors also increased IL-1α-triggered secretion of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, as assessed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mechanistically, attenuating oxidative phosphorylation elevated adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK silencing prevented Ptgs2 up-regulation by mitochondrial inhibitors, while AMPK activators recapitulated Ptgs2 mRNA stability regulation. Our data indicate modulation of astrocyte inflammatory responses by oxidative metabolism, with relevance towards eicosanoid production.
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Monteleone NJ, Moore AE, Iacona JR, Lutz CS, Dixon DA. miR-21-mediated regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5405. [PMID: 30931980 PMCID: PMC6443653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels are observed in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and this increase is associated with poor prognosis. Increased synthesis of PGE2 in CRC has been shown to occur through COX-2-dependent mechanisms; however, loss of the PGE2-catabolizing enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, HPGD), in colonic tumors contributes to increased prostaglandin levels and poor patient survival. While loss of 15-PGDH can occur through transcriptional mechanisms, we demonstrate that 15-PGDH can be additionally regulated by a miRNA-mediated mechanism. We show that 15-PGDH and miR-21 are inversely correlated in CRC patients, with increased miR-21 levels associating with low 15-PGDH expression. 15-PGDH can be directly regulated by miR-21 through distinct sites in its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), and miR-21 expression in CRC cells attenuates 15-PGDH and promotes increased PGE2 levels. Additionally, epithelial growth factor (EGF) signaling suppresses 15-PGDH expression while simultaneously enhancing miR-21 levels. miR-21 inhibition represses CRC cell proliferation, which is enhanced with EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibition. These findings present a novel regulatory mechanism of 15-PGDH by miR-21, and how dysregulated expression of miR-21 may contribute to loss of 15-PGDH expression and promote CRC progression via increased accumulation of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Iacona
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Carol S Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Dan A Dixon
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Legrand N, Dixon DA, Sobolewski C. AU-rich element-binding proteins in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:71-90. [PMID: 30788036 PMCID: PMC6379757 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-acting factors controlling mRNA fate are critical for the post-transcriptional regulation of inflammation-related genes, as well as for oncogene and tumor suppressor expression in human cancers. Among them, a group of RNA-binding proteins called “Adenylate-Uridylate-rich elements binding proteins” (AUBPs) control mRNA stability or translation through their binding to AU-rich elements enriched in the 3’UTRs of inflammation- and cancer-associated mRNA transcripts. AUBPs play a central role in the recruitment of target mRNAs into small cytoplasmic foci called Processing-bodies and stress granules (also known as P-body/SG). Alterations in the expression and activities of AUBPs and P-body/SG assembly have been observed to occur with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, indicating the significant role AUBP-dependent post-transcriptional regulation plays in controlling gene expression during CRC tumorigenesis. Accordingly, these alterations contribute to the pathological expression of many early-response genes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis and inflammation, along with key oncogenic pathways. In this review, we summarize the current role of these proteins in CRC development. CRC remains a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide and, therefore, targeting these AUBPs to restore efficient post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression may represent an appealing therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Legrand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66045, United States
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
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Ribosomal RACK1:Protein Kinase C βII Phosphorylates Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4G1 at S1093 To Modulate Cap-Dependent and -Independent Translation Initiation. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00304-18. [PMID: 30012863 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00304-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic ribosomes contain the high-affinity protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) scaffold, receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1), but its role in protein synthesis control remains unclear. We found that RACK1:PKCβII phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 4G1 (eIF4G1) at S1093 and eIF3a at S1364. We showed that reversible eIF4G(S1093) phosphorylation is involved in a global protein synthesis surge upon PKC-Raf-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and in induction of phorbol ester-responsive transcripts, such as cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21Cip1), or in 5' 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap-independent enterovirus translation. Comparison of mRNA and protein levels revealed that eIF4G1 or RACK1 depletion blocked phorbol ester-induced Cox-2 or p21Cip1 expression mostly at the translational level, whereas PKCβ inhibition reduced them both at the translational and transcript levels. Our findings reveal a physiological role for ribosomal RACK1 in providing the molecular scaffold for PKCβII and its role in coordinating the translational response to PKC-Raf-ERK1/2 activation.
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Pasini A, Brand OJ, Jenkins G, Knox AJ, Pang L. Suberanilohydroxamic acid prevents TGF-β1-induced COX-2 repression in human lung fibroblasts post-transcriptionally by TIA-1 downregulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:463-472. [PMID: 29555582 PMCID: PMC5910054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), with its main antifibrotic metabolite PGE2, is regarded as an antifibrotic gene. Repressed COX-2 expression and deficient PGE2 have been shown to contribute to the activation of lung fibroblasts and excessive deposition of collagen in pulmonary fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated that COX-2 expression in lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is epigenetically silenced and can be restored by epigenetic inhibitors. This study aimed to investigate whether COX-2 downregulation induced by the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in normal lung fibroblasts could be prevented by epigenetic inhibitors. We found that COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 production were markedly reduced by TGF-β1 and this was prevented by the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and to a lesser extent by the DNA demethylating agent Decitabine (DAC), but not by the G9a histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitor BIX01294 or the EZH2 HMT inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep). However, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the effect of SAHA was unlikely mediated by histone modifications. Instead 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) luciferase reporter assay indicated the involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms. This was supported by the downregulation by SAHA of the 3′-UTR mRNA binding protein TIA-1 (T-cell intracellular antigen-1), a negative regulator of COX-2 translation. Furthermore, TIA-1 knockdown by siRNA mimicked the effect of SAHA on COX-2 expression. These findings suggest SAHA can prevent TGF-β1-induced COX-2 repression in lung fibroblasts post-transcriptionally through a novel TIA-1-dependent mechanism and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying its potential antifibrotic activity. Abbreviations Unlabelled TableSAHA | suberanilohydroxamic acid | TGF-β1 | transforming growth factor-β1 | COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 | TIA-1 | T-cell intracellular antigen-1 | PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 | IPF | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | DAC | Decitabine | HMT | histone methyltransferase | EZH2 | enhancer of zeste homolog 2 | DZNep | 3-deazaneplanocin A | 3′-UTR | 3′-untranslated region | α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin | ECM | extracellular matrix | COL1 | collagen 1 | DNMT | DNA methyltransferase | HAT | histone acetyltransferase | HDAC | histone deacetylase | H3K9me3 | histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation | ARE | AUUUA-rich element | HuR | human antigen R | ELAV1 | ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 | TTP | Tristetraprolin | CUGBP2 | CUG triplet repeat, RNA binding protein 2 | F-NL | fibroblast from non-fibrotic lung | FCS | fetal calf serum |
The HDAC inhibitor SAHA upregulates the expression of the antifibrotic gene COX-2 post-transcriptionally. The mechanism relies on the downregulation of TIA-1, a negative regulator of COX-2 translation. SAHA has a therapeutic potential by preventing COX-2 repression induced by TGF-β1 in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pasini
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom; Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Venezia 52, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Oliver J Brand
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Linhua Pang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.
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Cong R, Tao K, Fu P, Lou L, Zhu Y, Chen S, Cai X, Mao L. MicroRNA‑218 promotes prostaglandin E2 to inhibit osteogenic differentiation in synovial mesenchymal stem cells by targeting 15‑hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)]. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9347-9354. [PMID: 29039590 PMCID: PMC5779987 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondrogenic differentiation of synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) is regulated by essential transcription factors and signaling cascades. However, the precise mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) are undersized non-coding RNAs responsible for the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, by binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of their target mRNAs. miRNAs may constitute a promising tool to regulate SMSC differentiation and to advance the controlled differentiation of SMSCs in therapeutic applications. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of miR-218 in SMSC differentiation towards chondrocytes. The present study comparatively analyzed the expression profile of known miRNAs and specific target genes in SMSCs between early and late differentiation stages. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression demonstrated the upregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] (15-HPGD), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and rate limiting enzymes responsible for the synthesis of PGE2 precursors throughout chondrogenesis. Through correlation analysis, it was observed that there was a significant association between miR-128, 15-HPGD gene expression, 15-HPGD protein expression and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1. Further experiments demonstrated that miR-218 decreased PGE2 concentration by binding to the 3′-UTR of 15-HPGD. Using an immunofluorescence reporting system, it was observed that miR-218 regulated the expression of 15-HPGD during the differentiation of SMSCs into cartilage, and subsequently inhibited osteogenesis during chondrogenesis by acting on the 3′UTR of 15-HPGD. Therefore, miR-218 may be an important regulator targeting osteogenic factors and modulating cartilage formation and differentiation. The results of the present study provided a novel insight beneficial to cellular manipulation methods during cartilage regeneration, and in cartilage tissue engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzhen Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Lieming Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yuchang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhou Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Gomez-Cambronero J, Fite K, Miller TE. How miRs and mRNA deadenylases could post-transcriptionally regulate expression of tumor-promoting protein PLD. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 68:107-119. [PMID: 28964725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) plays a key role in both cell membrane lipid reorganization and architecture, as well as a cell signaling protein via the product of its enzymatic reaction, phosphatidic acid (PA). PLD is involved in promoting breast cancer cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis and both gene and protein expression are upregulated in breast carcinoma human samples. In spite of all this, the ultimate reason as to why PLD expression is high in cancer cells vs. their normal counterparts remains largely unknown. Until we understand this and the associated signaling pathways, it will be difficult to establish PLD as a bona fide target to explore new potential cancer therapeutic approaches. Recently, our lab has identified several molecular mechanisms by which PLD expression is high in breast cancer cells and they all involve post-transcriptional control of its mRNA. First, PA, a mitogen, functions as a protein and mRNA stabilizer that counteracts natural decay and degradation. Second, there is a repertoire of microRNAs (miRs) that keep PLD mRNA translation at low levels in normal cells, but their effects change with starvation and during endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. Third, there is a novel way of post-transcriptional regulation of PLD involving 3'-exonucleases, specifically the deadenylase, Poly(A)-specific Ribonuclease (PARN), which tags mRNA for mRNA for degradation. This would enable PLD accumulation and ultimately breast cancer cell growth. We review in depth the emerging field of post-transcriptional regulation of PLD, which is only recently beginning to be understood. Since, surprisingly, so little is known about post-transcriptional regulation of PLD and related phospholipases (PLC or PLA), this new knowledge could help our understanding of how post-transcriptional deregulation of a lipid enzyme expression impacts tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Wright State University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| | - Kristen Fite
- Wright State University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Taylor E Miller
- Wright State University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Khabar KSA. Hallmarks of cancer and AU-rich elements. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 8. [PMID: 27251431 PMCID: PMC5215528 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post‐transcriptional control of gene expression is aberrant in cancer cells. Sustained stabilization and enhanced translation of specific mRNAs are features of tumor cells. AU‐rich elements (AREs), cis‐acting mRNA decay determinants, play a major role in the posttranscriptional regulation of many genes involved in cancer processes. This review discusses the role of aberrant ARE‐mediated posttranscriptional processes in each of the hallmarks of cancer, including sustained cellular growth, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1368. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1368 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S A Khabar
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Di Francesco L, Dovizio M, Trenti A, Marcantoni E, Moore A, O'Gaora P, McCarthy C, Tacconelli S, Bruno A, Alberti S, Gizzo S, Nardelli GB, Orso G, Belton O, Trevisi L, Dixon DA, Patrignani P. Dysregulated post-transcriptional control of COX-2 gene expression in gestational diabetic endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4575-4587. [PMID: 26140661 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyperglycaemic memory describes the progression of diabetic complications during subsequent periods of improved glycaemia. We addressed the hypothesis that transient hyperglycaemia causes aberrant COX-2 expression in HUVEC in response to IL-1β through the induction of long-lasting epigenetic changes involving microRNA-16 (miR-16), a post-transcriptional modulator of COX-2 expression. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Studies were performed on HUVEC collected from women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (dHUVEC) and normal women (nHUVEC). KEY RESULTS In dHUVEC treated with IL-1β, the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein was enhanced and generation of prostanoids increased (the most abundant was the promitogenic PGF2α ). COX-2 mRNA was more stable in dHUVEC and this was associated with miR-16 down-regulation and c-Myc induction (a suppressor of miR expression). dHUVEC showed increased proliferation in response to IL-1β, which was prevented by a COX-2 inhibitor and PGF2α receptor antagonist. Comparable changes in COX-2 mRNA, miR-16 and c-Myc detected in dHUVEC were produced in nHUVEC exposed to transient high glucose and then stimulated with IL-1β under physiological glucose levels; superoxide anion production was enhanced under these experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results describe a possible mechanism operating in GDM that links the enhanced superoxide anion production and epigenetic changes, associated with hyperglycaemic memory, to endothelial dysfunction through dysregulated post-transcriptional control of COX-2 gene expression in response to inflammatory stimuli. The association of conventional therapy for glycaemic control with agents affecting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress might lead to a more effective prevention of the complications associated with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Di Francesco
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Melania Dovizio
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Trenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcantoni
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ashleigh Moore
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Peadar O'Gaora
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, UCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal McCarthy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, UCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefania Tacconelli
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Alberti
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gizzo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Genny Orso
- E. MEDEA Scientific Institute, Conegliano, Treviso, Italy
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, UCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucia Trevisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Vlasova-St Louis I, Bohjanen PR. Post-transcriptional regulation of cytokine signaling by AU-rich and GU-rich elements. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:233-41. [PMID: 24697201 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are necessary for cell communication to enable responses to external stimuli that are imperative for the survival and maintenance of homeostasis. Dysfunction of the cytokine network has detrimental effects on intra- and extracellular environments. Thus, it is critical that the expression of cytokines and the signals transmitted by cytokines to target cells are tightly regulated at numerous levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Here, we briefly summarize the role of AU-rich elements (AREs) in the regulation of cytokine gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and describe a role for GU-rich elements (GREs) in coordinating the regulation of cytokine signaling. GREs function as post-transcriptional regulators of proteins that control cellular activation, growth, and apoptosis. GREs and AREs work in concert to coordinate cytokine signal transduction pathways. The precise regulation of cytokine signaling is particularly important, because its dysregulation can lead to human diseases.
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14
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Chen Y, Liu H, Xu S, Wang T, Li W. Targeting microsomal prostaglandin E2synthase-1 (mPGES-1): the development of inhibitors as an alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AA cascade and several key residues in the 3D structure of mPGES-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
| | | | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Tianlin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
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15
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Antunes-Correa LM, Nobre TS, Groehs RV, Alves MJNN, Fernandes T, Couto GK, Rondon MUPB, Oliveira P, Lima M, Mathias W, Brum PC, Mady C, Almeida DR, Rossoni LV, Oliveira EM, Middlekauff HR, Negrao CE. Molecular basis for the improvement in muscle metaboreflex and mechanoreflex control in exercise-trained humans with chronic heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1655-66. [PMID: 25305179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00136.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that muscle mechanoreflex and metaboreflex controls are altered in heart failure (HF), which seems to be due to changes in cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and changes in receptors on afferent neurons, including transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) and cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1). The purpose of the present study was to test the hypotheses: 1) exercise training (ET) alters the muscle metaboreflex and mechanoreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in HF patients. 2) The alteration in metaboreflex control is accompanied by increased expression of TRPV1 and CB1 receptors in skeletal muscle. 3) The alteration in mechanoreflex control is accompanied by COX-2 pathway in skeletal muscle. Thirty-four consecutive HF patients with ejection fractions <40% were randomized to untrained (n = 17; 54 ± 2 yr) or exercise-trained (n = 17; 56 ± 2 yr) groups. MSNA was recorded by microneurography. Mechanoreceptors were activated by passive exercise and metaboreceptors by postexercise circulatory arrest (PECA). COX-2 pathway, TRPV1, and CB1 receptors were measured in muscle biopsies. Following ET, resting MSNA was decreased compared with untrained group. During PECA (metaboreflex), MSNA responses were increased, which was accompanied by the expression of TRPV1 and CB1 receptors. During passive exercise (mechanoreflex), MSNA responses were decreased, which was accompanied by decreased expression of COX-2, prostaglandin-E2 receptor-4, and thromboxane-A2 receptor and by decreased in muscle inflammation, as indicated by increased miRNA-146 levels and the stable NF-κB/IκB-α ratio. In conclusion, ET alters muscle metaboreflex and mechanoreflex control of MSNA in HF patients. This alteration with ET is accompanied by alteration in TRPV1 and CB1 expression and COX-2 pathway and inflammation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais S Nobre
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphaela V Groehs
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Fernandes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele K Couto
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Oliveira
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Lima
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Mathias
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mady
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirceu R Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Luciana V Rossoni
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilamar M Oliveira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Holly R Middlekauff
- Departament of Medicine (Cardiology) and Physiology, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carlos E Negrao
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
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Li C, Liu VWS, Chiu PM, Yao KM, Ngan HYS, Chan DW. Reduced expression of AMPK-β1 during tumor progression enhances the oncogenic capacity of advanced ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:49. [PMID: 24602453 PMCID: PMC4016028 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key energy sensor that is involved in regulating cell metabolism. Our previous study revealed that the subunits of the heterotimeric AMPK enzyme are diversely expressed during ovarian cancer progression. However, the impact of the variable expression of these AMPK subunits in ovarian cancer oncogenesis remains obscure. Here, we provide evidence to show that reduced expression of the AMPK-β1 subunit during tumor progression is associated with the increased oncogenic capacity of advanced ovarian cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AMPK-β1 levels were reduced in advanced-stage (P = 0.008), high-grade (P = 0.013) and metastatic ovarian cancers (P = 0.008). Intriguingly, down-regulation of AMPK-β1 was progressively reduced from tumor stages 1 to 3 of ovarian cancer. Functionally, enforced expression of AMPK-β1 inhibited ovarian-cancer-cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, cell migration and invasion. Conversely, depletion of AMPK-β1 by siRNA enhanced the oncogenic capacities of ovarian cancer cells, suggesting that the loss of AMPK-β1 favors the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer. Mechanistically, enforced expression of AMPK-β1 increased AMPK activity, which, in turn, induced cell-cycle arrest via inhibition of AKT/ERK signaling activity as well as impaired cell migration/invasion through the suppression of JNK signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the reduced expression of AMPK-β1 confers lower AMPK activity, which enhances the oncogenic capacity of advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, 6th Floor, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Subbaram S, Lyons SP, Svenson KB, Hammond SL, McCabe LG, Chittur SV, DiPersio CM. Integrin α3β1 controls mRNA splicing that determines Cox-2 mRNA stability in breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1179-89. [PMID: 24434582 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how cues from the tumor microenvironment can regulate post-transcriptional mechanisms, such as alternative splicing, that control genes that drive malignant growth. The induction of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) by integrin α3β1 in breast cancer cells can promote tumor progression. We have used RNAi to suppress α3β1 in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and then investigated changes in global gene expression. Numerous mRNAs, including Cox-2, show altered expression and/or alternative exon usage (AEU) in α3β1-deficient cells. AEU included patterns predicted to render an mRNA susceptible to degradation, such as 3'-UTR variations or retention of elements that target an mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). PCR-based analysis of α3β1-deficient cells confirmed changes in Cox-2 mRNA that might target it for NMD, including retention of an intron that harbors premature termination codons and changes within the 3'-UTR. Moreover, Cox-2 mRNA has reduced stability in α3β1-deficient cells, which is partially reversed by knockdown of the essential NMD factor UPF1. Our study identifies α3β1-mediated AEU as a novel paradigm of integrin-dependent gene regulation that has potential for exploitation as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Subbaram
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Aparicio LA, Abella V, Valladares M, Figueroa A. Posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4463-77. [PMID: 23715860 PMCID: PMC3827902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), one of the crucial steps for carcinoma cells to acquire invasive capacity, results from the disruption of cell–cell contacts and the acquisition of a motile mesenchymal phenotype. Although the transcriptional events controlling EMT have been extensively studied, in recent years, several posttranscriptional mechanisms have emerged as critical in the regulation of EMT during tumor progression. In this review, we highlight the regulation of posttranscriptional events in EMT by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs are responsible for controlling pre-mRNA splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, as well as mRNA export, turnover, localization, and translation. We discuss the most relevant aspects of RBPs controlling the metabolism of EMT-related mRNAs, and describe the implication of novel posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating EMT in response to different signaling pathways. Novel insight into posttranscriptional regulation of EMT by RBPs is uncovering new therapeutic targets in cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Aparicio
- Servizo de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, A Coruña, Spain
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Epigenetic deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:301-13. [PMID: 22580191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major cause of cancer and may condition its progression. The deregulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and cancer. Although, its targeting with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 selective inhibitors has been investigated for years with promising results at both preventive and therapeutic levels, undesirable side effects and the limited understanding of the regulation and functionalities of the COX pathway compromise a more extensive application of these drugs. Epigenetics is bringing additional levels of complexity to the understanding of basic biological and pathological processes. The deregulation of signaling and biosynthetic pathways by epigenetic mechanisms may account for new molecular targets in cancer therapeutics. Genes of the COX pathway are seldom mutated in neoplastic cells, but a large proportion of them show aberrant expression in different types of cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the deregulation of the genes of the COX pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of epigenetic processes to the deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer, getting insights into how these alterations may be relevant for the clinical management of patients.
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Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. MicroRNA-199a* regulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:1073-80. [PMID: 22294637 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and pain in osteoarthritis (OA). A study was undertaken to determine whether interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-mediated induction of COX-2 can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in OA. METHODS Human chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1β in vitro. Total RNA was prepared using Trizol reagent. Gene expression was quantified using TaqMan Assays and miRNA targets were identified using bioinformatics. Transfection with reporter construct and premiRNA and antimiRNA was employed to verify suppression of target mRNA. Expression of COX-2 proteins was determined by immunoblotting. The role of activated p38-MAPKs was evaluated using specific inhibitor. RESULTS The 3'UTR of COX-2 mRNA contained the 'seed-matched' sequences for miR-199a* and miR-101_3. Increased expression of COX-2 correlated with the downregulation of miR-199a* and miR-101_3 in IL-1β-stimulated normal and OA chondrocytes. miR-199a* directly suppressed the luciferase activity of a COX-2 3'UTR reporter construct and inhibited the IL-1β-induced expression of COX-2 protein in OA chondrocytes. Modulation of miR-199a* expression also caused significant inhibition of IL-1β-induced upregulation of mPGES1 and prostaglandin E(2) production in OA chondrocytes. Activation of p38-MAPK downregulated the expression of miR-199a* and induced COX-2 expression. Treatment with antimiR-101_3 increased COX-2 expression in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, but overexpression of miR-101_3 had no significant effect on COX-2 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS miR-199a* is a direct regulator of COX-2 expression in OA chondrocytes. IL-1β-induced activation of p38-MAPK correlates inversely with miR199a* expression levels. miR-199a* may be an important regulator of human cartilage homeostasis and a new target for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Akhtar
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
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