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Shrestha H, Rädler PD, Dennaoui R, Wicker MN, Rajbhandari N, Sun Y, Peck AR, Vistisen K, Triplett AA, Beydoun R, Sterneck E, Saur D, Rui H, Wagner KU. The Janus kinase 1 is critical for pancreatic cancer initiation and progression. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114202. [PMID: 38733583 PMCID: PMC11194014 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-class inflammatory cytokines signal through the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and promote the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); however, the functions of specific intracellular signaling mediators in this process are less well defined. Using a ligand-controlled and pancreas-specific knockout in adult mice, we demonstrate in this study that JAK1 deficiency prevents the formation of KRASG12D-induced pancreatic tumors, and we establish that JAK1 is essential for the constitutive activation of STAT3, whose activation is a prominent characteristic of PDAC. We identify CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) as a biologically relevant downstream target of JAK1 signaling, which is upregulated in human PDAC. Reinstating the expression of C/EBPδ was sufficient to restore the growth of JAK1-deficient cancer cells as tumorspheres and in xenografted mice. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that JAK1 executes important functions of inflammatory cytokines through C/EBPδ and may serve as a molecular target for PDAC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridaya Shrestha
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Patrick D Rädler
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rayane Dennaoui
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Madison N Wicker
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Nirakar Rajbhandari
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yunguang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amy R Peck
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kerry Vistisen
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Aleata A Triplett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rafic Beydoun
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Esta Sterneck
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Orlacchio A, Muzyka S, Gonda TA. Epigenetic therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 383:1-40. [PMID: 38359967 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential, with a 5-year survival rate of only 8-11%. Despite significant improvements in PDAC treatment and management, therapeutic alternatives are still limited. One of the main reasons is its high degree of intra- and inter-individual tumor heterogeneity which is established and maintained through a complex network of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. Epigenetic drugs, have shown promising preclinical results in PDAC and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials both for their ability to sensitize cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs and to counteract the immunosuppressive characteristic of PDAC tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the current status of epigenetic treatment strategies to overcome molecular and cellular PDAC heterogeneity in order to improve response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orlacchio
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephen Muzyka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tamas A Gonda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
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Wicker MN, Wagner KU. Cellular Plasticity in Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5605. [PMID: 38067308 PMCID: PMC10705338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a phenomenon where cells adopt different identities during development and tissue homeostasis as a response to physiological and pathological conditions. This review provides a general introduction to processes by which cells change their identity as well as the current definition of cellular plasticity in the field of mammary gland biology. Following a synopsis of the evolving model of the hierarchical development of mammary epithelial cell lineages, we discuss changes in cell identity during normal mammary gland development with particular emphasis on the effect of the gestation cycle on the emergence of new cellular states. Next, we summarize known mechanisms that promote the plasticity of epithelial lineages in the normal mammary gland and highlight the importance of the microenvironment and extracellular matrix. A discourse of cellular reprogramming during the early stages of mammary tumorigenesis that follows focuses on the origin of basal-like breast cancers from luminal progenitors and oncogenic signaling networks that orchestrate diverse developmental trajectories of transforming epithelial cells. In addition to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, we highlight events of cellular reprogramming during breast cancer progression in the context of intrinsic molecular subtype switching and the genesis of the claudin-low breast cancer subtype, which represents the far end of the spectrum of epithelial cell plasticity. In the final section, we will discuss recent advances in the design of genetically engineered models to gain insight into the dynamic processes that promote cellular plasticity during mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, EL01TM, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Rajbhandari N, Hamilton M, Quintero CM, Ferguson LP, Fox R, Schürch CM, Wang J, Nakamura M, Lytle NK, McDermott M, Diaz E, Pettit H, Kritzik M, Han H, Cridebring D, Wen KW, Tsai S, Goggins MG, Lowy AM, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Von Hoff DD, Newman AM, Reya T. Single-cell mapping identifies MSI + cells as a common origin for diverse subtypes of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:1989-2005.e9. [PMID: 37802055 PMCID: PMC10836835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the cells from which cancers arise is critical for understanding the molecular underpinnings of tumor evolution. To determine whether stem/progenitor cells can serve as cells of origin, we created a Msi2-CreERT2 knock-in mouse. When crossed to CAG-LSL-MycT58A mice, Msi2-CreERT2 mice developed multiple pancreatic cancer subtypes: ductal, acinar, adenosquamous, and rare anaplastic tumors. Combining single-cell genomics with computational analysis of developmental states and lineage trajectories, we demonstrate that MYC preferentially triggers transformation of the most immature MSI2+ pancreas cells into multi-lineage pre-cancer cells. These pre-cancer cells subsequently diverge to establish pancreatic cancer subtypes by activating distinct transcriptional programs and large-scale genomic changes, and enforced expression of specific signals like Ras can redirect subtype specification. This study shows that multiple pancreatic cancer subtypes can arise from a common pool of MSI2+ cells and provides a powerful model to understand and control the programs that shape divergent fates in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirakar Rajbhandari
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hamilton
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia M Quintero
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - L Paige Ferguson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raymond Fox
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jun Wang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mari Nakamura
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nikki K Lytle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew McDermott
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily Diaz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Pettit
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Marcie Kritzik
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Haiyong Han
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Derek Cridebring
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kwun Wah Wen
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Tsai
- Department of Surgery, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael G Goggins
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tannishtha Reya
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.
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Liu Y, Li N, Zhu Y. Pancreatic Organoids: A Frontier Method for Investigating Pancreatic-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044027. [PMID: 36835437 PMCID: PMC9959977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas represents an important organ that has not been comprehensively studied in many fields. To fill this gap, many models have been generated, and traditional models have shown good performance in addressing pancreatic-related diseases, but are increasingly struggling to keep up with the need for further research due to ethical issues, genetic heterogeneity and difficult clinical translation. The new era calls for new and more reliable research models. Therefore, organoids have been proposed as a novel model for the evaluation of pancreatic-related diseases such as pancreatic malignancy, diabetes, and pancreatic cystic fibrosis. Compared with common traditional models, including 2D cell culture and gene editing mice, organoids derived from living humans or mice cause minimal harm to the donor, raise fewer ethical concerns, and reasonably address the claims of heterogeneity, which allows for the further development of pathogenesis studies and clinical trial analysis. In this review, we analyse studies on the use of pancreatic organoids in research on pancreatic-related diseases, discuss the advantages and disadvantages, and hypothesize future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Jiangxi Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330209, China
- Correspondence:
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6
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Hemminki K, Försti A, Hemminki O, Liska V, Hemminki A. Long-term survival trends for primary liver and pancreatic cancers in the Nordic countries. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pion E, Karnosky J, Boscheck S, Wagner BJ, Schmidt KM, Brunner SM, Schlitt HJ, Aung T, Hackl C, Haerteis S. 3D In Vivo Models for Translational Research on Pancreatic Cancer: The Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153733. [PMID: 35954398 PMCID: PMC9367548 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The 5-year overall survival rate for all stages of pancreatic cancer is relatively low at about only 6%. As a result of this exceedingly poor prognosis, new research models are necessary to investigate this highly malignant cancer. One model that has been used extensively for a vast variety of different cancers is the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. It is based on an exceptionally vascularized membrane that develops within fertilized chicken eggs and can be used for the grafting and analysis of tumor tissue. The aim of the study was to summarize already existing works on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and the CAM model. The results were subdivided into different categories that include drug testing, angiogenesis, personalized medicine, modifications of the model, and further developments to help improve the unfavorable prognosis of this disease. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer with adverse outcomes that have barely improved over the last decade. About half of all patients present with metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and the 5-year overall survival rate across all stages is only 6%. Innovative in vivo research models are necessary to combat this cancer and to discover novel treatment strategies. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model represents one 3D in vivo methodology that has been used in a large number of studies on different cancer types for over a century. This model is based on a membrane formed within fertilized chicken eggs that contain a dense network of blood vessels. Because of its high cost-efficiency, simplicity, and versatility, the CAM model appears to be a highly valuable research tool in the pursuit of gaining more in-depth insights into PDAC. A summary of the current literature on the usage of the CAM model for the investigation of PDAC was conducted and subdivided into angiogenesis, drug testing, modifications, personalized medicine, and further developments. On this comprehensive basis, further research should be conducted on PDAC in order to improve the abysmal prognosis of this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pion
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.P.); (S.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Julia Karnosky
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.K.); (B.J.W.); (K.M.S.); (S.M.B.); (H.J.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Sofie Boscheck
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.P.); (S.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Benedikt J. Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.K.); (B.J.W.); (K.M.S.); (S.M.B.); (H.J.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Katharina M. Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.K.); (B.J.W.); (K.M.S.); (S.M.B.); (H.J.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Stefan M. Brunner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.K.); (B.J.W.); (K.M.S.); (S.M.B.); (H.J.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Hans J. Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.K.); (B.J.W.); (K.M.S.); (S.M.B.); (H.J.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Thiha Aung
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.P.); (S.B.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Applied Healthcare Science, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Christina Hackl
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (J.K.); (B.J.W.); (K.M.S.); (S.M.B.); (H.J.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.P.); (S.B.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Roalsø MTT, Hald ØH, Alexeeva M, Søreide K. Emerging Role of Epigenetic Alterations as Biomarkers and Novel Targets for Treatments in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030546. [PMID: 35158814 PMCID: PMC8833770 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epigenetic alterations cause changes in gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence and are found to affect several molecular pathways in pancreatic tumors. Such changes are reversible, making them potential drug targets. Furthermore, epigenetic alterations occur early in the disease course and may thus be explored for early detection. Hence, a deeper understanding of epigenetics in pancreatic cancer may lead to improved diagnostics, treatments, and prognostication. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with limited treatment options. Emerging evidence shows that epigenetic alterations are present in PDAC. The changes are potentially reversible and therefore promising therapeutic targets. Epigenetic aberrations also influence the tumor microenvironment with the potential to modulate and possibly enhance immune-based treatments. Epigenetic marks can also serve as diagnostic screening tools, as epigenetic changes occur at early stages of the disease. Further, epigenetics can be used in prognostication. The field is evolving, and this review seeks to provide an updated overview of the emerging role of epigenetics in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus T. T. Roalsø
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway;
- HPB Unit, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway;
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Øyvind H. Hald
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Marina Alexeeva
- HPB Unit, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway;
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- HPB Unit, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway;
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
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