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Li X, Chen S, Zheng G, Yang Y, Yin N, Niu X, Yao L, Lv P. Atorvastatin Calcium Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Through the AMPK/Mtor Pathway in Rats with Vascular Dementia. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:148-156. [PMID: 37282650 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230606114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, the protective effects of atorvastatin calcium (AC) on nerve cells and cognitive improvement in vivo and in vitro were investigated by establishing cell models and vascular dementia (VD) rat models. BACKGROUND VD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. AC has been studied for its potential to cure VD but its efficacy and underlying mechanism are still unclear. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of action of AC on cognitive deficits in the early stages of VD is unclear. Here, the 2-vessel occlusion (2-VO) model in vivo and the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell model in vitro was established to investigate the function of AC in VD. METHODS The spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were detected by the Morris method. The IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cell supernatant was tested by ELISA kits. After behavioural experiments, rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed, and their brains were extracted. One part was immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for H&E, Nissl, and immunohistochemical analyses, and the other was stored in liquid nitrogen. All data were shown as mean ± SD. Statistical comparison between the two groups was performed by Student's t-test. A two-way ANOVA test using GraphPad Prism 7 was applied for escape latency analysis and the swimming speed test. The difference was considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS AC decreased apoptosis, increased autophagy, and alleviated oxidative stress in primary hippocampal neurons. AC regulated autophagy-related proteins in vitro by western blotting. VD mice improved cognitively in the Morris water maze. Spatial probing tests showed that VD animals administered AC had considerably longer swimming times to the platform than VD rats. H&E and Nissl staining showed that AC reduces neuronal damage in VD rats. Western blot and qRT-PCR indicated that AC in VD rats inhibited Bax and promoted LC3-II, Beclin-1, and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus region. AC also improves cognition via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION This study found that AC may relieve learning and memory deficits as well as neuronal damage in VD rats by changing the expression of apoptosis/autophagy-related genes and activating the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Department of Preventive Health, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Guiming Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xiaoli Niu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Department of Geriatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
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Tsui L, Ye P, Xu S, Lin Y, Chen B, Chen SP, Cheng RY. Adverse drug reactions of statin therapy in China from 1989 to 2019: a national database analysis. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023; 30:e82-e89. [PMID: 35728952 PMCID: PMC10086733 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2022-003333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The baseline incidence of the adverse events of statin therapy varies between countries. Notably, Chinese patients seem more susceptible to myopathy induced by simvastatin. OBJECTIVES This research studies the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of statin therapy in China by analysing trial-based data from the Anti-hyperlipidaemic Drug Database built by the China National Medical Products Administration Information Centre. METHODS All clinical trials involving statin therapy (including simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin and rosuvastatin) in China from 1989 to 2019 were screened. In total, 569 clinical studies with 37 828 patients were selected from 2650 clinical trials in the database. RESULTS Among the reported cases with ADRs (2822/37 828; 7.460%), gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common (1491/37 828; 3.942%), followed by liver disease (486/37 828; 1.285%), muscle symptoms (444/37 828; 1.174%) and neurological symptoms (247/37 828; 0.653%). Pravastatin (231/1988; 11.620%) caused the most common gastrointestinal side effects, followed by fluvastatin (333/3094; 10.763%). The least likely to cause gastrointestinal irritation was rosuvastatin (82/1846; 4.442%). CONCLUSION In Chinese clinical trials, gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common ADR of statin use for hyperlipidaemia and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Tsui
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiying Ye
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiling Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Sy-Ping Chen
- College of Medicine, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoh-Yi Cheng
- College of Foreign Language, Putian University, Putian, People's Republic of China
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Yonezawa Y, Sakuma M, Abe S, Shibasaki I, Toyoda S, Inoue T. Repeated In-Stent Restenosis Despite Aggressive Lipid Loweringby PCSK-9 Inhibitor Treatment: A Case Report. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 255:123-126. [PMID: 34645737 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.255.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 76-year-old woman with unstable angina underwent coronary stent implantation. At the same time, rosuvastatin therapy was started. However, she experienced repeated in-stent restenosis (ISR). Treatment with a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor along with rosuvastatin (5 mg/day) reduced plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to 10 mg/dL, but failed to prevent further ISR. Eventually, an increase in the rosuvastatin dose to the permitted maximum of 20 mg/day succeeded in preventing further in-stent restenosis. Rather than using PCSK9 inhibitors, intensive statin treatment, using the maximum dose of statins, should be prioritized for the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yonezawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Masashi Sakuma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Shichiro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Ikuko Shibasaki
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Shigeru Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
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Sakuma M, Toyoda S, Hashimoto R, Yazawa H, Masuyama T, Hirose S, Waku R, Hasumi H, Numao T, Abe S, Inoue T. Add-on ezetimibe treatment to low-dose statins vs medium-intensity statin monotherapy in coronary artery disease patients with poorly controlled dyslipidemia. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1923-1931. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pleiotropic effects of calcium channel blockers. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:230-233. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xie Q, Zhang D. Effects of Statins and Xuezhikang on the Expression of Secretory Phospholipase A2, Group IIA in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int Heart J 2017; 58:115-124. [PMID: 28123160 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease characterized by formation of inflammatory lesions. Secretory phospholipase A2, group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) is involved in this process and plays a critical role. However, the exact role of sPLA2-IIA in cardiovascular inflammation is more complicated and remains unclear. Furthermore, both statins and Xuezhikang (XZK) are widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease risk because of their pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. However, their effects on sPLA2-IIA are still controversial. We investigated the regulation of sPLA2-IIA by rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in culture. Cells were first incubated with IL-1β alone to induce expression of sPLA2-IIA and then treated with several concentrations of statins or XZK for different times in the absence or presence of IL-1β. We tested the expression of sPLA2-IIA, including sPLA2-IIA mRNA, protein, as well as activity. We found that statins or IL-1β increase the expression of sPLA2-IIA in VSMCs and the effect is based on a synergetic relationship between them. However, for the first time, we observed that XZK effectively reduces sPLA2-IIA expression in IL-1β-treated VSMCs. Our findings may shine a new light on the clinical use of XZK and statins in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis-related thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Xiamen University
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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Liu X, Hao JJ, Zhang LJ, Zhao X, He XX, Li MM, Zhao XL, Wu JD, Qiu PJ, Yu GL. Activated AMPK explains hypolipidemic effects of sulfated low molecular weight guluronate on HepG2 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:304-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Suski M, Gębska A, Olszanecki R, Stachowicz A, Uracz D, Madej J, Korbut R. Influence of atorvastatin on angiotensin I metabolism in resting and TNF-α -activated rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:378-83. [PMID: 23390189 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313475907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for maintaining vasculature homeostasis and function. By influence on its growth and activation both proinflammatory cytokines and peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are potent regulators of VSMCs. Interestingly, angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1-7) elicit opposite effects on VSMC activation, differentiation and proliferation. It has been suggested that statins, besides anti-inflammatory effects, may also modulate VSMC activation by their influence on the RAS. METHODS The effect of atorvastatin on Ang I metabolism in a culture of explanted rat VSMCs was examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); expression of mRNA of the main RAS enzymes in VSMC was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In VSMC culture Ang-(1-7) was identified as a major product of Ang I metabolism. In this setting, TNF-α (1 ng/ml) caused a decrease in the conversion of Ang I to Ang-(1-7). This effect was accompanied by a decrease of mRNA expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and increase of mRNA of ACE. Interestingly, atorvastatin (3 μM) attenuated the effects of TNF-α on Ang-(1-7) production as well as reversed the influence of TNF-α on ACE and ACE2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement by atorvastatin of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axis in VSMCs could represent a new and beneficial mechanism on cardiovascular action of this widely used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Suski
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Anna Gębska
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | | | | - Danuta Uracz
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jozef Madej
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
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Li SY, Wang XG, Ma MM, Liu Y, Du YH, Lv XF, Zhou JG, Tang YB, Guan YY. Ginsenoside-Rd potentiates apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide in basilar artery smooth muscle cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis 2012; 17:113-20. [PMID: 22076303 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that ginsenoside-Rd, a purified component from Panax notoginseng, inhibited cell proliferation and reversed basilar artery remodeling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ginsenoside- Rd influences H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs). The results showed that ginsenoside-Rd significantly potentiated H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and cell apoptosis. This resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of the cell viability. Ginsenoside-Rd further increased cytochrome C release and caspase-9/caspase-3 activations, and reduced the stability of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial-permeability transition, inhibited alteration of mitochondrial permeability induced by H(2)O(2) and reversed the effect of ginsenoside-Rd on MMP. Our data strongly suggest that ginsenoside-Rd potentiated H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of BASMCs through the mitochondria-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Research Center, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Effect of treatment with pravastatin or ezetimibe on endothelial function in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 69:341-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sohma R, Inoue T, Abe S, Taguchi I, Kikuchi M, Toyoda S, Arikawa T, Hikichi Y, Sanada S, Asanuma H, Kitakaze M, Node K. Cardioprotective effects of low-dose combination therapy with a statin and an angiotensin receptor blocker in a rat myocardial infarction model. J Cardiol 2012; 59:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chan KC, Wu CH, Huang CN, Lan KP, Chang WC, Wang CJ. Simvastatin inhibits glucose-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell migration involving increased expression of RhoB and a block of Ras/Akt signal. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 30:75-84. [PMID: 20946258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic patients are at high risk to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and have a higher restenotic rate after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Statins improve cardiovascular outcome and reduce restenosis after PCI by inhibiting proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). But the effect of statins on diabetes without dyslipidemia was still not fully understood. Our previous study has demonstrated that simvastatin inhibits VSMC proliferation in high glucose status without dyslipidemia, inducing a G0/G1 phase cell cycle growth arrest by acting on multiple steps upstream of pRb, including inhibition of CDK2/4 expression and upregulation of p53, p21, p16, and p27. METHOD Following our previous study, we investigated the mechanism of simvastatin inhibition of VSMC migration in a diabetes-like model (A7r5 cells under high glucose conditions without dyslipidemia). RESULTS Under high glucose conditions, simvastatin dose-dependently inhibited VSMC migration, decreased PI3K/Akt pathway activity, reduced c-Raf and Ras expression, increased RhoB but not RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc2 expression, dose-dependently inhibited MMP-2, but not MMP-9, activity, and dose-dependently inhibited NF-κB activity. CONCLUSION The inhibition of VSMC migration under high glucose conditions was via two different pathways. The first pathway is mevalonate-related but not RhoA protein-related and involves suppression of Ras and PI3K/Akt signals. The second pathway is not mevalonate-related and involves increasing RhoB expression directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, No. 110 Sector 1 Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Effects of clopidogrel on vascular proliferation and apoptosis in an atherosclerotic rabbit model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 55:617-24. [PMID: 20351565 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181dc98dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, vascular proliferation. and apoptosis contribute to the process of atherosclerosis. Clopidogrel has been used to treat atherosclerosis; however, the mechanism is not entirely known. Compared with those of atorvastatin, we determined effects of clopidogrel on inflammatory factors, vascular proliferation, and apoptosis in an atherosclerosis rabbit model. New Zealand white rabbits were fed a normal diet or a high cholesterol diet for 7 weeks. The right iliac artery of animals except those in the negative control group were balloon-injured 1 week after initiation of the diet, and groups of animals were treated with clopidogrel (4 mg/kg per day), atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg per day), or placebo (positive control group) for 6 weeks. We found that the placebo group had significant progression of atherosclerosis compared with the negative control group. In contrast, clopidogrel- or atorvastatin-treated rabbits showed a significant reduction in progression of atherosclerosis, including a low expression of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and platelet-derived growth factor, a reduced intima thickness, and reduced ratio of bcl-2/bax in the vascular wall. These results suggest that clopidogrel can retard the progression of established lesions that is related to inhibiting inflammation, cell proliferation, and promotion of cell apoptosis.
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Liu YJ, Wang XG, Tang YB, Chen JH, Lv XF, Zhou JG, Guan YY. Simvastatin Ameliorates Rat Cerebrovascular Remodeling During Hypertension via Inhibition of Volume-Regulated Chloride Channel. Hypertension 2010; 56:445-52. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.150102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Bo Tang
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Hui Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- From the Department of Pharmacology (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., J.-H.C., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (Y.-J.L., X.-G.W., Y.-B.T., X.-F.L., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.), Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Department of Anaesthesia (J.-H.C.), Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi H, Miki H, Shimada M, Nakada Y, Ogino M, Asano K, Aoki K, Tamura N, Masago M, Kato K. Coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor ameliorates obesity, liver steatosis, and lipid metabolism abnormality in KKAy mice fed high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:243-9. [PMID: 20478303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is 1 of the 2 known DGAT enzymes that catalyze the final and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis; this enzyme is considered to be a potential therapeutic target in metabolic disorders such as obesity and its related lipid abnormalities. Compound-Z, a novel specific small-molecule DGAT1 inhibitor, significantly reduced adipose tissue weight and tended to hepatic lipid accumulation in genetically obese KKAy mice. These actions were shown to almost the same extent in both a high-fat feeding condition in which triacylglycerols are synthesized mainly via exogenous fatty acid and a low-fat, high-carbohydrate feeding condition in which triacylglycerols are synthesized mainly via de novo fatty acid synthesis. This inhibitor also significantly reduced plasma and/or hepatic cholesterol levels in KKAy mice in a high-fat feeding condition. This cholesterol-lowering effect was suggested to be due to mainly decreases in cholesterol absorption from the small intestine. These results suggest that Compound-Z is a promising and attractive agent not only for the treatment of obesity but also hepatic steatosis and circulating lipid abnormalities that are the leading causes of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan.
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Shen KP, Lin HL, Hsieh SL, Kwan AL, Chen IJ, Wu BN. Eugenosedin-A prevents hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and lipid peroxidation in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.04.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Eugenosedin-A is a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 5-HT1b/2a and α1/α2/β1-adrenoceptor blocker with anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and free-radical scavenging activities. Previous reports demonstrated that 5-HT2a blockers could diminish hyperlipidaemia. This study therefore aimed to investigate the possible uses and mechanisms of eugenosedin-A and other agents in treating hyperlipidaemia.
Methods
C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into seven groups, fed a regular diet or a high-fat diet alone or supplemented with one of five agents: eugenosedin-A, ketanserin, prazosin, propranolol or atorvastatin (5 mg/kg p.o.) for 8 weeks.
Key findings
Compared with the regular diet, the mice fed the high-fat diet had significantly higher body weight and glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Brain malondialdehyde concentration was increased and liver glutathione peroxidase activity decreased. Addition of eugenosedin-A to the high-fat diet resulted in less weight gain and reduced hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Lipid and glucose homeostasis were related to decreased hepatic lipogenesis mRNAs and proteins (sterol regulatory element binding protein 1a, fatty acid synthase, sterol-CoA desaturase) and restored adipose peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression. Eugenosedin-A also enhanced low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA expression.
Conclusions
Eugenosedin-A may improve plasma lipid metabolism by increasing low-density lipoprotein receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression and diminishing sterol regulatory element binding protein 1a, fatty acid synthase and sterol-CoA desaturase. Reduction of plasma glucose and lipid levels may, in turn, reduce insulin concentration, which would explain the marked improvement in obesity-related hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Furthermore, eugenosedin-A affected malondialdehyde concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity, suggesting it may have anti-peroxidation effects in mice fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ping Shen
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Li Lin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Meiho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations (dilatations) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO). The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDHF-mediated responses). Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) (e.g. responses to serotonin and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive G(q) (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. The release of NO by the endothelial cell can be up-regulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and down-regulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking and oxidized low-density lipoproteins). It is reduced in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively loose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and causing endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction (constriction) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). Most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells. EDCF-mediated responses are exacerbated when the production of NO is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:525-35. [PMID: 18769235 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328312bffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Imaging and echocardiography. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 23:512-5. [PMID: 18670264 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32830d843f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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INOUE T, MATSUOKA H, HIGASHI Y, UEDA SI, SATA M, SHIMADA KE, ISHIBASHI Y, NODE K. Flow-Mediated Vasodilation as a Diagnostic Modality for Vascular Failure. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:2105-13. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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