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Bråtveit M, Van Parys A, Olsen T, Strand E, Marienborg I, Laupsa-Borge J, Haugsgjerd TR, McCann A, Dhar I, Ueland PM, Dierkes J, Dankel SN, Nygård OK, Lysne V. Association between dietary macronutrient composition and plasma one-carbon metabolites and B-vitamin cofactors in patients with stable angina pectoris. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1678-1690. [PMID: 38361451 PMCID: PMC11063666 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of several one-carbon metabolites are associated with increased CVD risk. Both diet-induced regulation and dietary content of one-carbon metabolites can influence circulating concentrations of these markers. We cross-sectionally analysed 1928 patients with suspected stable angina pectoris (geometric mean age 61), representing elevated CVD risk, to assess associations between dietary macronutrient composition (FFQ) and plasma one-carbon metabolites and related B-vitamin status markers (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS or microbiological assay). Diet-metabolite associations were modelled on the continuous scale, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol and total energy intake. Average (geometric mean (95 % prediction interval)) intake was forty-nine (38, 63) energy percent (E%) from carbohydrate, thirty-one (22, 45) E% from fat and seventeen (12, 22) E% from protein. The strongest associations were seen for higher protein intake, i.e. with higher plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) (% change (95 % CI) 3·1 (2·1, 4·1)), cobalamin (2·9 (2·1, 3·7)), riboflavin (2·4 (1·1, 3·7)) and folate (2·1 (1·2, 3·1)) and lower total homocysteine (tHcy) (-1·4 (-1·9, -0·9)) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) (-1·4 (-2·0, -0·8)). Substitution analyses replacing MUFA or PUFA with SFA demonstrated higher plasma concentrations of riboflavin (5·0 (0·9, 9·3) and 3·3 (1·1, 5·6)), tHcy (2·3 (0·7, 3·8) and 1·3 (0·5, 2·2)) and MMA (2·0 (0·2, 3·9) and 1·7 (0·7, 2·7)) and lower PLP (-2·5 (-5·3, 0·3) and -2·7 (-4·2, -1·2)). In conclusion, a higher protein intake and replacing saturated with MUFA and PUFA were associated with a more favourable metabolic phenotype regarding metabolites associated with CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Bråtveit
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anthea Van Parys
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Marienborg
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Indu Dhar
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jutta Dierkes
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Nitter Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Kjell Nygård
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vegard Lysne
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Akbari A, Islampanah M, Arhaminiya H, Alvandi Fard MM, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Impact of Statin or Fibrate Therapy on Homocysteine Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1920-1940. [PMID: 37069715 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230413090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins and fibrates are two lipid-lowering drugs used in patients with dyslipidemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the magnitude of the effect of statin and fibrate therapy on serum homocysteine levels. METHODS A search was undertaken of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases up to 15 July 2022. Primary endpoints focused on plasma homocysteine levels. Data were quantitatively analyzed using fixed or random- effect models, as appropriate. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the drugs and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of statins. RESULTS After screening 1134 papers, 52 studies with a total of 20651 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis showed a significant decrease in plasma homocysteine levels after statin therapy (WMD: -1.388 μmol/L, 95% CI: [-2.184, -0.592], p = 0.001; I2 = 95%). However, fibrate therapy significantly increased plasma homocysteine levels (WMD: 3.459 μmol/L, 95% CI: [2.849, 4.069], p < 0.001; I2 = 98%). The effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin depended on the dose and duration of treatment (atorvastatin [coefficient: 0.075 [0.0132, 0.137]; p = 0.017, coefficient: 0.103 [0.004, 0.202]; p = 0.040, respectively] and simvastatin [coefficient: -0.047 [-0.063, -0.031]; p < 0.001, coefficient: 0.046 [0.016, 0.078]; p = 0.004]), whereas the effect of fenofibrate persisted over time (coefficient: 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026]; p = 0.442) and was not altered by a change in dosage (coefficient: -0.004 [-0.031, 0.024]; p = 0.798). In addition, the greater homocysteine- lowering effect of statins was associated with higher baseline plasma homocysteine concentrations (coefficient: -0.224 [-0.340, -0.109]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Fibrates significantly increased homocysteine levels, whereas statins significantly decreased them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Muhammad Islampanah
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadise Arhaminiya
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Huang S, Lim SY, Tan SH, Chan MY, Ni W, Li SFY. Targeted Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Association of Acute Myocardial Infarction Risk with the Dynamic Balance between Trimethylamine- N-oxide, Betaine, and Choline. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15097-15105. [PMID: 37781984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine, and choline with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) end point remains unclear. We analyzed plasma TMAO, betaine, and choline concentrations in AMI cases and non-AMI community-dwelling controls by LC-MS/MS to understand how the balance between these metabolites helps to reduce AMI risk. Results showed that the odds ratio (OR) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of betaine was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.10-0.82) after adjustment for AMI risk factors, and the unadjusted OR for quartile 3 versus quartile 1 of TMAO was 2.47 (95% CI, 1.02-6.17) (p < 0.05). The study populations with "high betaine + low TMAO" had a significant protective effect concerning AMI with a multivariable-adjusted OR of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.07-0.55) (p < 0.01). Multivariate linear regression showed that the chronological age was correlated with TMAO concentrations among AMI patients (95% CI, 0.05-3.24, p < 0.01) but not among the controls. This implies a further potential interplay between age and metabolite combination─AMI risk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Si Ying Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Sock Hwee Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Mark Y Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. The anti-diabetic potential of betaine. Mechanisms of action in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112946. [PMID: 35413601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine (N, N, N-trimethylglycine) is an amino-acid derivative exerting numerous beneficial effects on the organism. This compound is found in human and animal diets but is also endogenously generated. However, its synthesis may be insufficient to maintain or improve health. Moreover, the tissue content of betaine reduces under some pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. This decrease may be, however, easily alleviated by dietary betaine supplementation. Rodent studies provided evidence that betaine effectively limits many diabetes-related disturbances. Betaine therapy improves glucose tolerance and insulin action, which is strongly associated with changes in insulin-sensitive tissues, such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Betaine supplementation positively affects multiple genes, which expression is dysregulated in diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase is thought to play a central role in the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic betaine action. Moreover, studies with animal models of type 2 diabetes have shown that betaine exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, and also alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. These changes contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and better blood glucose clearance. The results of animal studies encourage the exploration of the therapeutic betaine efficacy in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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Xie L, Zhao BX, Luo J, Li Y, Zhu F, Li GF, He M, Wang B, Zhang H, Cai Y, Huo Y, Wang X, Hou FF, Xu X, Qin X, Nie J. A U-shaped association between serum betaine and incident risk of first ischemic stroke in hypertensive patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2517-2524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lysne V, Bjørndal B, Grinna ML, Midttun Ø, Ueland PM, Berge RK, Dierkes J, Nygård O, Strand E. Short-term treatment with a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist influences plasma one-carbon metabolites and B-vitamin status in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226069. [PMID: 31805132 PMCID: PMC6894826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of one-carbon metabolism. Previously we have reported effects on plasma concentrations of metabolites along these pathways as well as markers of B-vitamin status in rats following treatment with a pan-PPAR agonist. Here we aimed to investigate the effect on these metabolites after specific activation of the PPARα and PPARγ subtypes. METHODS For a period of 12 days, Male Wistar rats (n = 20) were randomly allocated to receive treatment with the PPARα agonist WY-14.643 (n = 6), the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (n = 6) or placebo (n = 8). The animals were sacrificed under fasting conditions, and plasma concentration of metabolites were determined. Group differences were assessed by one-way ANOVA, and planned comparisons were performed for both active treatment groups towards the control group. RESULTS Treatment with a PPARα agonist was associated with increased plasma concentrations of most biomarkers, with the most pronounced differences observed for betaine, dimethylglycine, glycine, nicotinamide, methylnicotinamide, pyridoxal and methylmalonic acid. Lower levels were observed for flavin mononucleotide. Fewer associations were observed after treatment with a PPARγ agonist, and the most notable was increased plasma serine. CONCLUSION Treatment with a PPARα agonist influenced plasma concentration of one-carbon metabolites and markers of B-vitamin status. This confirms previous findings, suggesting specific involvement of PPARα in the regulation of these metabolic pathways as well as the status of closely related B-vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Lysne
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bevital A/S, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Berge RK, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Bohov P, Lindquist C, Nordrehaug JE, Svardal A, Skorve J, Nygård O. Tetradecylthiopropionic acid induces hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and steatosis, accompanied by increased plasma homocysteine in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:24. [PMID: 26846427 PMCID: PMC4743328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methyl donor supplementation has been shown to alleviate NAFLD, connecting the condition to the one-carbon metabolism. Thus, the objective was to investigate regulation of homocysteine (Hcy) and metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway during induction of hepatic steatosis by the fatty acid analogue tetradecylthiopropionic acid (TTP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. METHODS Mice were fed a control diet, or diets containing 0.3 %, 0.6 %, or 0.9 % (w/w) TTP for 14 days. Blood and liver samples were collected, enzyme activities and gene expression were analyzed in liver, lipid and fatty acid composition in liver and plasma, one-carbon metabolites, B-vitamin status, carnitine and acylcarnitines were analyzed in plasma. RESULTS Liver mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation decreased by 40 % and steatosis was induced in a dose dependent manner; total lipids increased 1.6-fold in animals treated with 0.3 % TTP, 2-fold with 0.6 % TTP and 2.1 fold with 0.9 % TTP compared to control. The higher hepatic concentration of fatty acids was associated with shortening of carbon-length. Furthermore, the inhibited fatty acid oxidation led to a 30-fold decrease in plasma carnitine and 9.3-fold decrease in acetylcarnitine at the highest dose of TTP, whereas an accumulation of palmitoylcarnitine resulted. Compared to the control diet, TTP administration was associated with elevated plasma total Hcy (control: 7.2 ± 0.3 umol/L, 0.9 % TTP: 30.5 ± 5.9 umol/L) and 1.4-1.6 fold increase in the one-carbon metabolites betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine and glycine, accompanied by changes in gene expression of the different B-vitamin dependent pathways of Hcy and choline metabolism. A positive correlation between total Hcy and hepatic triacylglycerol resulted. CONCLUSIONS The TTP-induced inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was not associated with increased hepatic oxidative stress or inflammation. Our data suggest a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the methylation processes within the one-carbon metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Stavanger University Hospital, 4142, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Extreme urinary betaine losses in type 2 diabetes combined with bezafibrate treatment are associated with losses of dimethylglycine and choline but not with increased losses of other osmolytes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015; 28:459-68. [PMID: 25060556 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Betaine deficiency is a probable cardiovascular risk factor and a cause of elevated homocysteine. Urinary betaine excretion is increased by fibrate treatment, and is also often elevated in diabetes. Does fibrate further increase betaine excretion in diabetes, and does it affect the plasma concentrations and excretions of related metabolites and of other osmolytes? METHODS Samples from a previous study of type 2 diabetes were selected if participants were taking bezafibrate (n = 32). These samples were compared with participants matched for age and gender and not on a fibrate (comparator group, n = 64). Betaine, related metabolites, and osmolytes were measured in plasma and urine samples from these 96 participants. RESULTS Median urinary betaine excretion in those on bezafibrate was 5-fold higher than in the comparator group (p < 0.001), itself 3.5-fold higher than the median reported for healthy populations. In the bezafibrate group, median dimethylglycine excretion was higher (9-fold, p < 0.001). Excretions of choline, and of the osmolytes myo-inositol, taurine and glycerophosphorylcholine, were not significantly different between groups. Some participants excreted more betaine than usual dietary intakes. Several betaine fractional clearances were >100 %. Betaine excretion correlated with excretions of the osmolytes myo-inositol and glycerophosphorylcholine, and also with the excretion of choline and N,N-dimethylglycine, but it was inconclusive whether these relationships were affected by bezafibrate therapy. CONCLUSIONS Increased urinary betaine excretions in type 2 diabetes are further increased by fibrate treatment, sometimes to more than their dietary intake. Concurrent betaine supplementation may be beneficial.
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McEntyre CJ, Lever M, Chambers ST, George PM, Slow S, Elmslie JL, Florkowski CM, Lunt H, Krebs JD. Variation of betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine, choline, glycerophosphorylcholine, taurine and trimethylamine-N-oxide in the plasma and urine of overweight people with type 2 diabetes over a two-year period. Ann Clin Biochem 2014; 52:352-60. [PMID: 25013088 DOI: 10.1177/0004563214545346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma betaine concentrations and urinary betaine excretions have high test-retest reliability. Abnormal betaine excretion is common in diabetes. We aimed to confirm the individuality of plasma betaine and urinary betaine excretion in an overweight population with type 2 diabetes and compare this with the individuality of other osmolytes, one-carbon metabolites and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), thus assessing their potential usefulness as disease markers. METHODS Urine and plasma were collected from overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes at four time points over a two-year period. We measured the concentrations of the osmolytes: betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and taurine, as well as TMAO, and the one-carbon metabolites, N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) and free choline. Samples were measured using tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Betaine showed a high degree of individuality (or test-retest reliability) in the plasma (index of individuality = 0.52) and urine (index of individuality = 0.45). Betaine in the plasma had positive and negative log-normal reference change values (RCVs) of 54% and -35%, respectively. The other osmolytes, taurine and GPC were more variable in the plasma of individuals compared to the urine. DMG and choline showed high individuality in the plasma and urine. TMAO was highly variable in the plasma and urine (log-normal RCVs ranging from 403% to -80% in plasma). CONCLUSIONS Betaine is highly individual in overweight people with diabetes. Betaine, its metabolite DMG, and precursor choline showed more reliability than the osmolytes, GPC and taurine. The low reliability of TMAO suggests that a single TMAO measurement has low diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J McEntyre
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michael Lever
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen T Chambers
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch; Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter M George
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch; Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sandy Slow
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch; Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jane L Elmslie
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Helen Lunt
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch; Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy D Krebs
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington; Wellington, New Zealand
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Liu HW, Tsai YT, Chang SJ. Toona sinensis leaf extract inhibits lipid accumulation through up-regulation of genes involved in lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5887-5896. [PMID: 24884355 DOI: 10.1021/jf500714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toona sinensis leaf (TSL) has been shown to lower plasma triacylglycerol levels and diminish the size of visceral fat cells in vivo. The molecular mechanism of TSL ethanol extract (TSL-E) on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated in this study. Oil Red O staining as well as immunoblotting, real-time PCR, and dual-Luciferase reporter system were performed to investigate the effect of TSL-E on lipid accumulation and the regulation of lipid metabolism, respectively. In addition, active compounds in the TSL-E were analyzed by HPLC. TSL-E significantly decreased lipid accumulation, stimulated free fatty acid (FFA) release, and up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) and genes involved in peroxisomal (acyl-CoA oxidase) and mitochondrial (uncouple protein 3) fatty acid oxidation. TSL-E also up-regulated cytoplasmic triacylglycerol hydrolysis gene (adipose triglyceride lipase) and genes related to fatty acid oxidation (AMP-activated protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, PPARγ, and adiponectin). The major constituents directly inducing PPARα transactivity in TSL-E are gallic acid, rutin, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of TSL-E on lipid accumulation was through PPARα activation and further up-regulation of PPARα-mediated genes plus up-regulation of cytoplasmic genes involved in lipid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Lever M, McEntyre CJ, George PM, Slow S, Chambers ST, Foucher C. Fenofibrate causes elevation of betaine excretion but not excretion of other osmolytes by healthy adults. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8:433-40. [PMID: 25110225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional data suggest that bezafibrate increases betaine excretion in dyslipidemic patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to demonstrate that fenofibrate induces increased betaine excretion in normal subjects and explore whether other 1-carbon metabolites and osmolytes are similarly affected. METHODS Urine was collected from 26 healthy adults before and after treatment with fenofibrate (145 mg/day for 6 weeks). Excretions of betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine, free choline, myo-inositol, taurine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, carnitine, and acetylcarnitine were measured by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS Fenofibrate increased the median betaine excretion from 7.5 to 25.8 mmol/mole creatinine (median increase 3-fold), P < .001. The median increase in N,N-dimethylglycine excretion was 2-fold (P < .001). Median choline excretion increased 12% (significant, P = .029). Participants with higher initial excretions tended to have larger increases (P < .001 in all 3 cases). Fenofibrate did not significantly change the median excretions of myo-inositol, taurine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and carnitine. The excretion of acetylcarnitine decreased 4-fold on treatment, with no correlation between the baseline and after-treatment excretions. Changes in all urine components tested, except trimethylamine-N-oxide, positively correlated with changes in betaine excretion even when the median excretions before and after were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Fibrates increase betaine, and to a lesser extent N,N-dimethylglycine and choline, excretion. Other osmolytes are not elevated. Because the increase in betaine excretion depends on the baseline excretion, large increases in excretion in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes (where baseline excretions are high) could be expected. Replacement with betaine supplements may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | - Peter M George
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sandy Slow
- Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pathology Department, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen T Chambers
- Pathology Department, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Liu YL, Pan Y, Wang X, Fan CY, Zhu Q, Li JM, Wang SJ, Kong LD. Betaine reduces serum uric acid levels and improves kidney function in hyperuricemic mice. PLANTA MEDICA 2014; 80:39-47. [PMID: 24338552 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1360127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Betaine as a dietary alkaloid has attracted the attention of patients with kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of betaine on serum uric acid levels and kidney function, and explore their underlying mechanisms in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. Betaine at 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg was orally administered to hyperuricemic mice for 7 days and found to significantly reduce serum uric acid levels and increase fractional excretion of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice in a dose-dependent manner. It effectively restored renal protein level alterations of urate transport-related molecular proteins urate transporter 1, glucose transporter 9, organic anion transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 in this model, possibly resulting in the enhancement of kidney urate excretion. Moreover, betaine reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and affected urinary levels of beta-2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as well as upregulated renal protein levels of organic cation/carnitine transporters OCT1, OCTN1, and OCTN2, resulting in kidney function improvement in hyperuricemic mice. The findings from this study provide evidence that betaine has anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective actions by regulating protein levels of these renal organic ion transporters in hyperuricemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Liu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Yu Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shui-Juan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Assessment of urinary betaine as a marker of diabetes mellitus in cardiovascular patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69454. [PMID: 23936331 PMCID: PMC3735559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal urinary excretion of betaine has been demonstrated in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. We aimed to identify the main predictors of excretion in cardiovascular patients and to make initial assessment of its feasibility as a risk marker of future diabetes development. We used data from 2396 patients participating in the Western Norway B-vitamin Intervention Trial, who delivered urine and blood samples at baseline, and in the majority at two visits during follow-up of median 39 months. Betaine in urine and plasma were measured by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The strongest determinants of urinary betaine excretion by multiple regression were diabetes mellitus, age and estimated glomerular filtration rate; all p<0.001. Patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 264) had a median excretion more than three times higher than those without. We found a distinct non-linear association between urinary betaine excretion and glycated hemoglobin, with a break-point at 6.5%, and glycated hemoglobin was the strongest determinant of betaine excretion in patients with diabetes mellitus. The discriminatory power for diabetes mellitus corresponded to an area under the curve by receiver-operating characteristics of 0.82, and betaine excretion had a coefficient of reliability of 0.73. We also found a significant, independent log-linear relation between baseline betaine excretion and the risk of developing new diabetes during follow-up. The good discriminatory power for diabetes, high test-retest stability and independent association with future risk of new diabetes should motivate further investigation on the role of betaine excretion in risk assessment and long-term follow-up of diabetes mellitus.
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Molina M, Gonzalez R, Folgado J, Real JT, Martínez-Hervás S, Priego A, Lorente R, Chaves FJ, Ascaso JF. [Correlation between plasma concentrations of homocysteine and diabetic polyneuropathy evaluated with the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 141:382-6. [PMID: 23332627 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Few modifiable risk factors are known to be associated with the presence and progression of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). MATERIAL AND METHOD We have analyzed in 405 type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects (169 women) the association of plasma homocysteine with the presence of DPN measured with the Semmes-Weinstein (SW) monofilament test. A score below 4 was considered an altered SW monofilament test. Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid were measured using standard procedures (ELISA). RESULTS Patients with T2DM with altered SW test have significantly higher age, evolution of disease, HbA1c and lower creatinine clearance values. In addition, plasma homocysteine values were independently and significantly higher in T2DM with DPN measured as altered SW test (13.64 ± 4.93 vs. 12.22 ± 4.48 μmol/l, P<.01) with similar vitamin B12 and folic acid values comparing the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Plasma homocysteine and HbA1c values are the 2 modifiable biological factors associated with the presence of DPN evaluated as an altered SW monofilament test in T2DM subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Molina
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, España
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15
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González R, Pedro T, Martinez-Hervas S, Civera M, Priego MA, Catalá M, Chaves FJ, Ascaso JF, Carmena R, Real JT. Plasma homocysteine levels are independently associated with the severity of peripheral polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetic subjects. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17:191-6. [PMID: 22734904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral polyneuropathy (PN) is a frequent complication of diabetes. However, mechanisms underlying the development of PN are multifactorial and not well understood. Our aim was to examine the association of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) with the prevalence and grade of peripheral PN in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We studied a cohort of 196 subjects with T2DM classified according to the grade of PN (Neuropathy Disability Score, NDS). Subjects with the highest grade of PN were older and had significantly increased levels of creatinine, microalbuminuria, HbA1c, and plasma Hcy compared to the other two groups. The differences in plasma Hcy values were maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Plasma Hcy, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, and age were predictors of the grade of PN. In conclusion, for each increase of 1 µmol in plasma Hcy there was a 23% increase of the risk of diabetic PN evaluated by NDS. Moreover, the grade of PN was predicted by plasma Hcy and HbA1c values, age and duration of diabetes. Further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the association of plasma Hcy levels with the grade of PN in subjects with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo González
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Lever M, George PM, Elmslie JL, Atkinson W, Slow S, Molyneux SL, Troughton RW, Richards AM, Frampton CM, Chambers ST. Betaine and secondary events in an acute coronary syndrome cohort. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37883. [PMID: 22649561 PMCID: PMC3359285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Betaine insufficiency is associated with unfavourable vascular risk profiles in metabolic syndrome patients. We investigated associations between betaine insufficiency and secondary events in acute coronary syndrome patients. Methods Plasma (531) and urine (415) samples were collected four months after discharge following an acute coronary event. Death (34), secondary acute myocardial infarction (MI) (70) and hospital admission for heart failure (45) events were recorded over a median follow-up of 832 days. Principal Findings The highest and lowest quintiles of urinary betaine excretion associated with risk of heart failure (p = 0.0046, p = 0.013 compared with middle 60%) but not with subsequent acute MI. The lowest quintile of plasma betaine was associated with subsequent acute MI (p = 0.014), and the top quintile plasma betaine with heart failure (p = 0.043), especially in patients with diabetes (p<0.001). Top quintile plasma concentrations of dimethylglycine (betaine metabolite) and top quintile plasma homocysteine both associated with all three outcomes, acute MI (p = 0.004, <0.001), heart failure (p = 0.027, p<0.001) and survival (p<0.001, p<0.001). High homocysteine was associated with high or low betaine excretion in >60% of these subjects (p = 0.017). Median NT-proBNP concentrations were lowest in the middle quintile of plasma betaine concentration (p = 0.002). Conclusions Betaine insufficiency indicates increased risk of secondary heart failure and acute MI. Its association with elevated homocysteine may partly explain the disappointing results of folate supplementation. In some patients, especially with diabetes, elevated plasma betaine also indicates increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Lever M, George PM, Atkinson W, Elmslie JL, Slow S, Molyneux SL, Troughton RW, Richards AM, Frampton CM, Chambers ST. The contrasting relationships between betaine and homocysteine in two clinical cohorts are associated with plasma lipids and drug treatments. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32460. [PMID: 22396767 PMCID: PMC3292573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary betaine excretion positively correlated with plasma homocysteine in outpatients attending a lipid disorders clinic (lipid clinic study). We aimed to confirm this in subjects with established vascular disease. Methods The correlation between betaine excretion and homocysteine was compared in samples collected from subjects 4 months after hospitalization for an acute coronary episode (ACS study, 415 urine samples) and from 158 sequential patients visiting a lipid disorders clinic. Principal findings In contrast to the lipid clinic study, betaine excretion and plasma homocysteine did not correlate in the total ACS cohort. Differences between the patient groups included age, non-HDL cholesterol and medication. In ACS subjects with below median betaine excretion, excretion correlated (using log transformed data) negatively with plasma homocysteine (r = −0.17, p = 0.019, n = 199), with no correlation in the corresponding subset of the lipid clinic subjects. In ACS subjects with above median betaine excretion a positive trend (r = +0.10) between betaine excretion and homocysteine was not significant; the corresponding correlation in lipid clinic subjects was r = +0.42 (p = 0.0001). In ACS subjects, correlations were stronger when plasma non-HDL cholesterol and betaine excretion were above the median, r = +0.20 (p = 0.045); in subjects above median non-HDL cholesterol and below median betaine excretion, r = −0.26 (p = 0.012). ACS subjects taking diuretics or proton pump inhibitors had stronger correlations, negative with lower betaine excretion and positive with higher betaine excretion. Conclusions Betaine excretion correlates with homocysteine in subjects with elevated blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Betaine excretion correlates with plasma homocysteine when plasma lipids are elevated. Clin Biochem 2011; 45:154-6. [PMID: 22093969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reconcile observing a positive correlation of betaine excretion with homocysteine in lipid disorder patients but not other study groups. DESIGN AND METHODS Correlations were estimated in subgroups of a control group and the lipid disorder patients. RESULTS Plasma non high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol differed (p<0.0001) between the groups. The correlation increased with the median plasma non-HDL cholesterol in subgroups. CONCLUSIONS This correlation is associated with patients with elevated plasma lipids.
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Lever M, George PM, Atkinson W, Molyneux SL, Elmslie JL, Slow S, Richards AM, Chambers ST. Plasma lipids and betaine are related in an acute coronary syndrome cohort. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21666. [PMID: 21747945 PMCID: PMC3128609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low plasma betaine has been associated with unfavorable plasma lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk. In some studies raised plasma betaine after supplementation is associated with elevations in plasma lipids. We aimed to measure the relationships between plasma and urine betaine and plasma lipids, and the effects of lipid-lowering drugs on these. METHODOLOGY Fasting plasma samples were collected from 531 subjects (and urine samples from 415) 4 months after hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome episode. In this cross-sectional study, plasma betaine and dimethylglycine concentrations and urine excretions were compared with plasma lipid concentrations. Subgroup comparisons were made for gender, with and without diabetes mellitus, and for drug treatment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Plasma betaine negatively correlated with triglyceride (Spearman's r(s) = -0.22, p<0.0001) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r(s) = -0.27, p<0.0001). Plasma betaine was a predictor of BMI (p<0.05) and plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (p<0.001) independently of gender, age and the presence of diabetes. Using data grouped by plasma betaine decile, increasing plasma betaine was linearly related to decreases in BMI (p = 0.008) and plasma non-HDL cholesterol (p = 0.002). In a non-linear relationship betaine was negatively associated with elevated plasma triglycerides (p = 0.004) only for plasma betaine >45 µmol/L. Subjects taking statins had higher plasma betaine concentrations (p<0.001). Subjects treated with a fibrate had lower plasma betaine (p = 0.003) possibly caused by elevated urine betaine loss (p<0.001). The ratio of coenzyme Q to non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in subjects with higher plasma betaine, and in subjects taking a statin. CONCLUSION Low plasma betaine concentrations correlated with an unfavourable lipid profile. Betaine deficiency may be common in the study population. Controlled clinical trials of betaine supplementation should be conducted in appropriate populations to determine whether correction affects cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Lever M, Slow S. The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:732-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Davidson MH. A clinical puzzle: fibrates and homocysteine elevation: editorial to: "fibrates may cause an abnormal urinary betaine loss which is associated with elevations in plasma homocysteine" by M. Lever et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2009; 23:341-2. [PMID: 19844785 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-009-6201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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