Resolvin D1 Attenuates Myocardial Infarction in a Rodent Model with the Participation of the HMGB1 Pathway

Association of serum resolvin D1 with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients

PURPOSE

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) inhibits inflammation, reduces oxidative stress, and forecasts the risk of cardiovascular events, but relevant evidence in hemodialysis patients is lacking. This study intended to investigate the predictive value of RvD1 for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) risk in hemodialysis patients.

METHODS

Totally, 252 patients who underwent hemodialysis were included. Serum RvD1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were followed up with a median of 12.1 months. MACE was recorded during the follow-up period.

RESULTS

RvD1 was inversely correlated with diabetes history (P = 0.002), cardiac troponin T (TnT) (P = 0.029), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (P < 0.001) in hemodialysis patients. 25 hemodialysis patients experienced MACE. RvD1 was reduced in hemodialysis patients with MACE versus those without MACE (P = 0.004). RvD1 exhibited a certain value in forecasting MACE risk, with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.675 [95% confidence interval CI: 0.565-0.786]. Increased RvD1 cut by median (P = 0.043) and cut by quartile (P = 0.042) were related to decreased accumulating MACE in hemodialysis patients. Moreover, RvD1 independently predicted declined MACE risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.644, P = 0.045], but age (OR = 1.048, P = 0.039) and TnT (OR = 1.006, P = 0.005) independently predicted ascended MACE risk in hemodialysis patients. The combination of these independent factors displayed a good value for estimating MACE risk in hemodialysis patients with an AUC of 0.744 (95% CI: 0.640-0.849).

CONCLUSION

Serum RvD1 is inversely correlated with diabetes history, TnT, and hsCRP in hemodialysis patients. More importantly, it could serve as a potential marker to predict MACE risk in these patients.

Targeting the Substrate for Atrial Fibrillation: JACC Review Topic of the Week

The identification of the pulmonary veins as a trigger source for atrial fibrillation (AF) has established pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as a key target for AF ablation. However, PVI alone does not prevent recurrent AF in many patients, and numerous additional ablation strategies have failed to improve on PVI outcomes. This therapeutic limitation may be due, in part, to a failure to identify and intervene specifically on the pro-fibrillatory substrate within the atria and pulmonary veins. In this review paper, we highlight several emerging approaches with clinical potential that target atrial cardiomyopathy-the underlying anatomic, electrical, and/or autonomic disease affecting the atrium-in various stages of practice and investigation. In particular, we consider the evolving roles of risk factor modification, targeting of epicardial adipose tissue, tissue fibrosis, oxidative stress, and the inflammasome, along with aggressive early anti-AF therapy in AF management. Attention to combatting substrate development promises to improve outcomes in AF.

Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global public health issue due to its high morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. The implementation of innovative therapeutic alternatives for CVD is urgently required. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are bioactive compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, integrated into four families: Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins. SPMs have generated interest in recent years due to their ability to promote the resolution of inflammation associated with the pathogeneses of numerous illnesses, particularly CVD. Several preclinical studies in animal models have evidenced their ability to decrease the progression of atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and reperfusion injury via diverse mechanisms. Large-scale clinical trials are required to determine the effects of SPMs in humans. This review integrates the currently available knowledge of the therapeutic impact of SPMs in CVD from preclinical and clinical studies, along with the implicated molecular pathways. In vitro results have been promising, and as such, SPMs could soon represent a new therapeutic alternative for CVD.

Circular RNA Foxo3 Relieves Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Autophagy via Inhibiting HMGB1 by Repressing KAT7 in Myocardial Infarction

Introduction

Myocardial infarction is coronary artery-related heart disease, and the leading cause of mortality globally. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new type of regulatory RNAs and participate in multiple pathological cardiac progression.

Methods

However, the function of circFoxo3 in MI-induced myocardial injury remains obscure.

Results

Significantly, we identified that circFoxo3 was downregulated in the MI rat model and the overexpression of circFoxo3 ameliorated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and attenuated MI-induced autophagy in rat model. Meanwhile, the overexpression of circFoxo3 repressed oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and injury of cardiomyocyte in vitro. Mechanically, we identified that the expression of KAT7 was reduced by circFoxo3 overexpression in cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, the expression of HMGB1 was repressed by the depletion of KAT7 in cardiomyocytes. The enrichment of histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation (H3K14ac) and RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) on HMGB1 promoter was inhibited by the knockdown of KAT7. Moreover, the overexpression of circFoxo3 suppressed HMGB1 expression and KAT7 overexpression rescued the expression of HMGB1 in cardiomyocytes. The enrichment of KAT7, H3K14ac, and RNA poly II on HMGB1 promoter was decreased by circFoxo3 overexpression, while the overexpression of KAT7 could reverse the effect. The overexpression of KAT7 or HMGB1 could reverse circFoxo3-attenuated cardiomyocyte injury and autophagy in vitro. Thus, we conclude that circular RNA circFoxo3 relieved myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy via inhibiting HMGB1 by repressing KAT7 in MI.

Discussion

Our finding provides new insight into the mechanism by which circFoxo3 regulates MI-related cardiac dysfunction by targeting KAT7/HMGB1 axis.

Possible protective effect of resolvin D1 on inflammation in atrial fibrillation: involvement of ER stress mediated the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac rhythm disturbance. At the cellular level, excessive ROS generation during AF is associated with ER stress, which induces an inflammatory response by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. Activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been linked to the pathogenesis of AF through NF-kB activation and inflammatory cytokine secretion. It has been shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activation by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is dependent on NF-kB activation. The anti-inflammatory role of resolvin D1 (RvD1), a pro-resolving mediator derived from omega-3 fatty acids, has demonstrated that the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in different tissues is attenuated after treatment with RvD1. However, the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of RvD1 in AF has not been clarified. This review suggests that RvD1 may inhibit ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome through suppressing NF-κB in cardiac tissue and, thus ameliorate AF.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids focusing on eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the state-of-the-art

INTRODUCTION

: An epidemiological study of Greenlandic Inuit suggested the importance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing ischemic heart disease. After this landmark study, large-scale epidemiological studies have examined the benefits of omega-3 PUFAs in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

AREAS COVERED

: This article reviews studies on omega-3 PUFAs, and identifies issues relevant to cardiovascular risk.

EXPERT OPINION

: Recent studies have focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 PUFAs and specialized pro-resolving mediators. High-purity eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester and EPA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) preparations have been developed primarily for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Various trials on the cardiovascular protective effects of omega-3 PUFAs have been reported, but the results have not been consistent. Some issues of the trials have been suggested, such as using low-dose omega-3 PUFAs and not including hypertriglyceridemia in subject selection criteria. REDUCE-IT study that used a high dose of high-purity EPA preparation showed a relative reduction in cardiovascular events, but, the STRENGTH study that used a high dose of EPA/DHA preparation did not support this benefit. This article reviews the roles of omega-3 PUFAs in cardiovascular diseases, including progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms and recent large-scale clinical trials.

Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in cardiovascular disease, diagnosis, and therapy

Persistent inflammation is the key aggravator in many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, aneurysm, injury/reperfusion, thrombosis, and neointimal hyperplasia following surgical or percutaneous interventions. Resolution is an active process orchestrated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) which tamp down acute inflammatory signals, promote healing and facilitate a return to homeostasis. SPMs are endogenously derived from poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and their biologic activity is mediated via specific G-protein coupled receptor binding. The potency of SPM in regulating the inflammatory response has encouraged investigation into their therapeutic and diagnostic use in cardiovascular pathologies. Herein we describe the translational groundwork which has established the synthesis and interactions of SPM in cardiovascular and hematologic cells, the therapeutic effects of SPM in animal models of cardiovascular disease, and some early technologies that harness and attempt to optimize SPM delivery and "resolution pharmacology". Further studies are required to precisely determine the mechanisms of resolution in the cardiovascular system and to determine the clinical settings in which SPM can be utilized to optimize patient outcomes.