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Marsala V, Gerasymchuk Y, Saladino ML, Paluch E, Wawrzyńska M, Boiko V, Li X, Giordano C, Hreniak D, Sobieszczańska B. Structural, Morphological, and Antibacterial Attributes of Graphene Oxide Prepared by Hummers' and Brodie's Methods. Molecules 2025; 30:240. [PMID: 39860110 PMCID: PMC11767352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules30020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2025] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Graphite oxidation to graphene oxide (GO) is carried out using methods developed by Brodie (GO-B) and Hummers (GO-H). However, a comparison of the antibacterial properties based on the physicochemical properties has not been performed. Therefore, this paper outlines a comparative analysis of GO-H and GO-B on antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures and biofilms in an aqueous environment and discusses which of the properties of these GO nanomaterials have the most significant impact on the antibacterial activity of these materials. Synthesis of GO with Brodie's and modified Hummers' methods was followed by an evaluation of their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties by Raman, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The GO-B surface appeared more oxidized than that of GO-H, which could be crucial for interactions with bacteria. According to our results, GO-B demonstrated notably superior anti-biofilm efficacy. Despite its higher production cost, GO-B exhibits more excellent capabilities in combating bacterial biofilms than GO-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Marsala
- Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Department–STEBICEF, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.G.); (V.B.); (D.H.)
- Unit of Nanomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Yuriy Gerasymchuk
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.G.); (V.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Maria Luisa Saladino
- Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Department–STEBICEF, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Emil Paluch
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (M.W.)
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Vitalii Boiko
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.G.); (V.B.); (D.H.)
- Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, UA-03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; (X.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristina Giordano
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; (X.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Dariusz Hreniak
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.G.); (V.B.); (D.H.)
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Deena S, Vedanayaki S, Sathish T, Dao MU, Rajasimman M, Saravanan R, Prakash P. Magnetic Co/CoOx@NCNT catalysts for activation of potassium peroxymonosulfate to deteriorate phenol from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114763. [PMID: 36356663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phenols are of much toxicological and they must be effectively removed from the wastewater from industries as well as sewage treatment. Such removal demands a special and strong composite. So, this piece of research aims to activate Potassium peroxymonosulfate (PPMS) with the large surface area of magnetite nitrogen-fixed porous carbon nanotube composites (Co/CoOx@NCNT). Increases in the graphitization degree and structural control brought about by the incorporation of reduced Graphite oxide (rGO) significantly increased the catalyst activity of Co/CoOx@NCNT. It was found that PPMS activation for phenol removal by Co/CoOx@NCNT was nearly as effective as by homogeneous Co2+, with nearly 100% removal efficiency in 10 min. Both high reusability and high recycling of Co/CoOx@NCNT were accomplished simultaneously by proving the technology of viability in practical applications. The PPMS activation mechanism in the Co/CoOx@NCNT/PPMS system was driven by the electron transmission from contaminants to PPMS through the sp2- hybrid carbon nanotubes and nitrogen system. The selectivity of the Co/CoOx@NCNT/PPMS system to remove diverse organic compounds was determined by batch experiments. Due to the insignificant impact of radicals reactive on pollutant breakdown, the ability to inhibit species (such as Cl- and natural organic materials) from a minor role was significantly decreased. These results not only shed light on the process of PPMS heterogeneous activation but also provided a framework for the balanced project of highly effective nanocarbon-based catalysts for PPMS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deena
- Department of Computer Science Engineering, School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, 601103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vedanayaki
- Department of Chemistry, Kandaswami Kandar's College, Velur, Namakkal, 638182, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Sathish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - My Uyen Dao
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; The Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - M Rajasimman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - R Saravanan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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