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Ietto G, Iori V, Gritti M, Inversini D, Costantino A, Izunza Barba S, Jiang ZG, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Pettinato G. Multicellular Liver Organoids: Generation and Importance of Diverse Specialized Cellular Components. Cells 2023; 12:1429. [PMID: 37408262 PMCID: PMC10217024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40,000 patients in the United States are estimated to suffer from end-stage liver disease and acute hepatic failure, for which liver transplantation is the only available therapy. Human primary hepatocytes (HPH) have not been employed as a therapeutic tool due to the difficulty in growing and expanding them in vitro, their sensitivity to cold temperatures, and tendency to dedifferentiate following two-dimensional culture. The differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into liver organoids (LO) has emerged as a potential alternative to orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT). However, several factors limit the efficiency of liver differentiation from hiPSCs, including a low proportion of differentiated cells capable of reaching a mature phenotype, the poor reproducibility of existing differentiation protocols, and insufficient long-term viability in vitro and in vivo. This review will analyze various methodologies being developed to improve hepatic differentiation from hiPSCs into liver organoids, paying particular attention to the use of endothelial cells as supportive cells for their further maturation. Here, we demonstrate why differentiated liver organoids can be used as a research tool for drug testing and disease modeling, or employed as a bridge for liver transplantation following liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ietto
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Iori
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Gritti
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Inversini
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sofia Izunza Barba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulio Carcano
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Kumar PS, Chandrasekhar C, Srikanth L, Sarma PVGK. Down-regulation of SOX17, GATA4 and FoxA2 promotes differentiation potential of hepatocytes from human hematopoietic stem cells. Tissue Cell 2020; 62:101312. [PMID: 32433020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The failure of regeneration of damaged liver in various end-stage liver diseases results in high morbidity and mortality. In this context, we have demonstrated the differentiation ability of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into hepatocytes. In this study, HSCs were isolated from a donor and cultured which exhibited the presence of CD34 and CD133 and absence of CD90 and CD73 markers. These CD34+ HSCs were induced for 21 days in hepatocyte differentiation medium (HDM). The obtained cells were characterized by immunocytochemical, immunofluorescence, western blot, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Further, functional assays were done to accentuate the differentiated cells are hepatocytes. In HDM at day 6 differentiated cells showed the expression of definitive endodermal (DE) markers, SOX17, GATA4 and FoxA2 indicating the beginning of differentiation process. At day 21 the flow cytometry analysis showed 84.2 % positive to ALB-PE, 75.4 % positive to HNF4α-PE, and 77.3% positive to AFP-PE. Further, the qRT-PCR and western blot analysis presented prominent expression of hepatocyte-specific genes AAT, ALB, AFP, CK18, CK19, HNF4α, TFR2, and Hepcidin confirms the generation of hepatocytes in HDM. The ability of albumin secretion, urea production, glycogen storage, uptake of LDL, high ALDH enzyme activity describes the functionality of differentiated hepatocytes. Distinct expression of UGT1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP7A1 genes explains the ability to clear toxins and bilirubin as observed in normal hepatocytes. All these results indicate HSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes thus, autologous transplantation of HSCs could be a better option in the regeneration of the damaged liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasupuleti Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chodimella Chandrasekhar
- Department of Hematology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lokanathan Srikanth
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Sgodda M, Dai Z, Zweigerdt R, Sharma AD, Ott M, Cantz T. A Scalable Approach for the Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Organoids with Sensitive Hepatotoxicity Features. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1490-1504. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sgodda
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhen Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, Germany
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Human embryoid bodies to hepatocyte-like clusters: Preparing for translation. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhang L, Guan Z, Ye JS, Yin YF, Stoltz JF, de Isla N. Research progress in liver tissue engineering. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 28:S113-S119. [PMID: 28372286 DOI: 10.3233/bme-171632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver diseases (ESLD). However, it is hampered by shortage of liver donor. Liver tissue engineering, aiming at fabricating new livers in vitro, provides a potential resolution for donor shortage. Three elements need to be considered in liver tissue engineering: seeding cell resources, scaffolds and bioreactors. Studies have shown potential cell sources as hepatocytes, hepatic cell line, mesenchymal stem cells and others. They need scaffolds with perfect biocompatiblity, suitable micro-structure and appropriate degradation rate, which are essential charateristics for cell attachment, proliferation and secretion in forming extracellular matrix. The most promising scaffolds in research include decellularized whole liver, collagens and biocompatible plastic. The development and function of cells in scaffold need a microenvironment which can provide them with oxygen, nutrition, growth factors, et al. Bioreactor is expected to fulfill these requirements by mimicking the living condition in vivo. Although there is great progress in these three domains, a large gap stays still between their researches and applications. Herein, we summarized the recent development in these three major fields which are indispensable in liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Zheng Guan
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Song Ye
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Feng Yin
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Jean-François Stoltz
- Lorraine University and CNRS UNR 7365, Medical college, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CHRU Nancy, Unité Therapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Natalia de Isla
- Lorraine University and CNRS UNR 7365, Medical college, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Impact of early subcultures on stemness, migration and angiogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and their resistance to in vitro ischemic condition. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:885-900. [PMID: 28536871 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are capable of multipotential differentiation and express several angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory markers. These features make adipose tissue as a promising source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, for efficient translational use, culture-induced changes in the gene expression profile and resistance of the ADSCs to ischemic environment should be taken into consideration. We compared the expression of some clinically important markers between the unpassaged and third-passaged ADSCs by RT-PCR, qPCR and flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated that the embryonic stem cell (ESC)-specific markers were expressed in the unpassaged ADSCs but were downregulated after three passages. The expression of stemness-related genes, TGFB and FGF2, was upregulated while FGF4 and LIF were downregulated after three passages. The expression of angiogenic genes in the third-passaged ADSCs was higher than the unpassaged cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were either expressed in the third-passaged ADSCs or significantly upregulated after three passages. In contrast, cell cycle inhibitors, CDKN1A and TP53, were downregulated with early subcultures. The unpassaged and third-passaged ADSCs showed nearly similar resistance to oxidative stress, hypoxia and serum deprivation. In conclusion, the primary cultures of human adipose tissue contain a subpopulation of cells expressing ESC-specific genes and proteins, but the expression of these pluripotency markers subsides rapidly in standard mesenchymal stem cell culture medium. The expression of angiogenic and EMT markers also varies with early subcultures. Altogether, early-passaged ADSCs may be better choices for transplantation therapy of injured tissues, especially after ischemic conditions.
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Zhang XY, Zhou MY, Li LL, Jiang YJ, Zou XT. Effects of arsenic supplementation in feed on laying performance, arsenic retention of eggs and organs, biochemical indices and endocrine hormones. Br Poult Sci 2016; 58:63-68. [PMID: 27636676 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1216945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The primary objective of this experiment was to estimate the toxic effects of arsenic (As) supplementation in feed on laying performance, As retention by eggs and organs, serum biochemical indices and endocrine hormones in laying hens. 2. A total of 320 "Jinghong Number 1" hens, 56-week-old, were randomly allocated into four treatments of four replicates with 20 layers in each. Graded arsenical was added to the basal diet in the experimental diets at As levels of 0, 17, 34 and 51 mg/kg, respectively. The trial lasted for 9 weeks including 1 week for acclimatisation. 3. Supplementation of dietary As for eight weeks had no effect on laying performance. As retention in albumen, yolk, egg, liver and kidney increased as As levels increased The level of serum phosphorus (P) was minimised at the 17 mg As/kg group. The activity of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) increased linearly. No differences were observed for levels of serum calcium (Ca), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT). Concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PG) declined at 34 and 51 mg/kg As levels compared with the control group. As supplementation exerted no influence on levels of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and the ratio between T3 and T4. 4. In conclusion, dietary As supplementation accelerated retention in tissues and eggs, and affected the laying rate by diminishing hormone levels of E2 and PG at 51 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Zhang
- a Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus) , Hangzhou , China
| | - M Y Zhou
- a Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus) , Hangzhou , China
| | - L L Li
- a Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus) , Hangzhou , China
| | - Y J Jiang
- a Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus) , Hangzhou , China
| | - X T Zou
- a Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus) , Hangzhou , China
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