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Hu X, Wang M, Cai F, Liu L, Cheng Z, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Long C. A comprehensive review of medicinal Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae): Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116829. [PMID: 37429501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Comprising of about 30 species, the genus Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae) are mainly distributed in East Asia and North America. Among them, 13 species have been traditionally used as folk medicines in Asia and other parts of the world to treat blood diseases, abnormal bleeding, skin diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, bone injury, lung diseases, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, tonic, cancer, eye diseases, menstrual irregularities, inflammation, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, rattlesnake bite, internal parasites, contraceptive, vomiting and diarrhea. AIM OF THE STUDY To date, no comprehensive review on Toxicodendron has been published and the scientific basis of the traditional medicinal benefits of Toxicodendron have been less reported. Therefore, this review aims to provide a reference for further research and development on medicinal purpose of Toxicodendron by summarizing the works (from 1980 to 2023), and focusing on its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The names of the species were from The Plant List Database (http://www.theplantlist.org), World Flora Online (http://www.worldfloraonline.org), Catalogue of Life Database (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/) and Plants for A Future Database (https://pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx). And the search terms "Toxicodendron" and "the names of 31 species and their synonyms" were used to search for information from electronic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Springer, and Wiley Online Library. Moreover, PhD and MSc dissertations were also used to support this work. RESULTS These species on Toxicodendron are widely used in folkloric medicine and modern pharmacological activities. So far, approximately 238 compounds, mainly phenolic acids and their derivatives, urushiols, flavonoids and terpenoids, are extracted and isolated from Toxicodendron plants, commonly, T. trichocarpum, T. vernicifluum, T. succedaneum, and T. radicans. Among them, phenolic acids and flavonoids are the main compound classes that show pharmacological activities in Toxicodendron plants both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the extracts and single compounds of these species show a wide range of activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, liver protection, fat reduction, nerve protection, and treatment of blood diseases. CONCLUSIONS Selected species of Toxicodendron have been used as herbal medicines in the Southeast Asian for a long time. Furthermore, some bioactive constituents have been identified from them, so plants in this genus may be potential new drugs. The existing research on Toxicodendron has been reviewed, and the phytochemistry and pharmacology provide theoretical basis for some of the traditional medicinal uses. Therefore, in this review, the traditional medicinal, phytochemical and modern pharmacology of Toxicodendron plants are summarized to help future researchers to find new drug leads or to get a better understanding of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China; Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Li RL, Wang LY, Duan HX, Zhang Q, Guo X, Wu C, Peng W. Regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction induced cell apoptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy for herbal medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937289. [PMID: 36210852 PMCID: PMC9535092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a progressive neurodegeneration caused by genetic and environmental factors. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the three most common neurodegenerative diseases clinically. Unfortunately, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing year by year. However, the current available drugs have poor efficacy and large side effects, which brings a great burden to the patients and the society. Increasing evidence suggests that occurrence and development of the neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the mitochondrial dysfunction, which can affect mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as mitochondrial mitophagy. Through the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, nerve cells undergo varying degrees of apoptosis. Interestingly, it has been shown in recent years that the natural agents derived from herbal medicines are beneficial for prevention/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the potential therapeutic agents from herbal medicines for treating neurodegenerative diseases via suppressing apoptosis through regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, in order to provide a foundation for the development of more candidate drugs for neurodegenerative diseases from herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Chunjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
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A review: traditional herbs and remedies impacting pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:495-513. [PMID: 35258640 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to misbalance and loss of coordination. Current therapies are claimed only for symptomatic relief, on long-term use, which causes alteration in basal ganglia, and give rise to various adverse effects like dyskinesia and extra pyramidal side effects, which is reversed and proved to be attenuated with the help of various herbal approaches. Therefore, in order to attenuate the dopaminergic complications, focus of current research has been shifted from dopaminergic to non-dopaminergic strategies. Herbs and herbal remedies seems to be a better option to overcome the complications associated with current dopaminergic therapies. In recent years, various herbs and herbal remedies based on Ayurveda, traditional Chinese and Korean remedies, have become the target of various researches. These herbs and their bioactive compound are being extensively used to treat PD in India, China, Japan, and Korea. The major focus of this current review is to analyze preclinical studies with reference to various herbs, bioactive compounds, and traditional remedies for the management of Parkinson disorder, which will give an insight towards clinical trials.
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Kara M, Öztaş E, Boran T, Sevim Ç, Keskin SE, Veskoukis AS, Kuzmin SV, Tsatsakis AM. The sesquiterpenoid valerenic acid protects neuronal cells from the detrimental effects of the fungicide benomyl on apoptosis and DNA oxidation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221101038. [PMID: 35764419 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valerenic acid (VA), a sesquiterpenoid of the plant Valeriana officinalis, has attracted attention of the research community due to its potential positive role against neurodegenerative diseases induced by chemicals. However, the relevant evidence in the literature is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the putative protective role of VA on the toxic effects of the fungicide benomyl on SH-SY5Y neural cells. METHODS Cell viability was determined via the MTT and NRU assays, DNA damage was assessed via comet assay and apoptosis was evaluated through the expression of relevant genes. RESULTS According to the results, exposure of the cells to benomyl enhanced viability inhibition and promoted DNA damage and apoptosis since the expression levels of the genes coding for MAPK8, NF-kB, Bax, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 were increased. Treatment of the cells with VA ameliorated these effects in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the molecular mechanism through which benomyl exerts its toxic action appears to depend on DNA oxidation and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, VA, a plant-derived compound is a protective antioxidant against pesticide-induced toxicity. Therefore, herbs, extracts and compounds of plant origin could be used as nutritional supplements that back up the beneficial role of medicine in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 369917Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Öztaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 369917Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Boran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 369917Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Sevim
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 485657University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Seda Eren Keskin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 52980Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Sergei V Kuzmin
- FBES "F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Mytishchi, Russia
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- FBES "F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Mytishchi, Russia.,Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, 37778University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Ramalingam M, Jang S, Jeong HS. Neural-Induced Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Conditioned Medium Ameliorates Rotenone-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052322. [PMID: 33652595 PMCID: PMC7956615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized by the degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra along with aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Neurogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (NI-hADSCs) by supplementary factors for 14 days activates different biological signaling pathways. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic role of NI-hADSC-conditioned medium (NI-hADSC-CM) in rotenone (ROT)-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Increasing concentrations of ROT led to decreased cell survival at 24 and 48 h in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of NI-hADSC-CM (50% dilution in DMEM) against ROT (0.5 μM) significantly increased the cell survival. ROT toxicity decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Western blot analysis of the Triton X-100-soluble fraction revealed that ROT significantly decreased the oligomeric, dimeric, and monomeric phosphorylated Serine129 (p-S129) α-syn, as well as the total monomeric α-syn expression levels. ROT toxicity increased the oligomeric, but decreased the dimeric and monomeric p-S129 α-syn expression levels. Total α-syn expression (in all forms) was increased in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction, compared to the control. NI-hADSC-CM treatment enhanced the TH expression, stabilized α-syn monomers, reduced the levels of toxic insoluble p-S129 α-syn, improved the expression of neuronal functional proteins, regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and upregulated the expression of pro-caspases, along with PARP-1 inactivation. Moreover, hADSC-CM treatment decreased the cell numbers and have no effect against ROT toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells. The therapeutic effects of NI-hADSC-CM was higher than the beneficial effects of hADSC-CM on cellular signaling. From these results, we conclude that NI-hADSC-CM exerts neuroregenerative effects on ROT-induced PD-like impairments in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Bekker M, Abrahams S, Loos B, Bardien S. Can the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis be targeted as a novel therapy for Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Aging 2020; 100:91-105. [PMID: 33516928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of efficacious treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) demands an improved understanding of mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Two cellular death pathways postulated to play key roles in PD are autophagy and apoptosis. Molecular overlap between these pathways was investigated through identifying studies that used therapeutic compounds to alter expression of specific molecular components of the pathways. Bcl-2 was identified as an important protein with the ability to suppress autophagy and apoptosis through inhibiting Beclin-1 and Bax, respectively. Involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38, was evident in the activation of apoptosis through increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. JNK-mediated phosphorylation also suppresses the inhibiting functions of Bcl-2, indicating an ability to induce not only apoptosis but also autophagy. Additionally, a p38-mediated increase in heme oxygenase-1 expression inhibits apoptosis. Moreover, besides inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin, Akt is associated with decreased Bax expression, thereby acting as both an autophagy inducer and apoptosis inhibitor. Ultimately, manipulation of molecular components involved in autophagy and apoptosis regulation could be targeted as possible therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke Bekker
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Kim BG, Song Y, Lee MG, Ku JM, Jin SJ, Hong JW, Lee S, Kang H. Macrophages from Mice Administered Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract Show Selective Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121926. [PMID: 30563116 PMCID: PMC6315672 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) is used as a food additive and herbal medicine for various inflammatory disorders and cancer in Eastern Asia. RVS has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages in vitro, but whether oral administration of RVS affects the inflammatory response of macrophage needs to be verified. RVS was given orally to mice for ten days. For isolation of macrophages, intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate was performed. For determination of serum inflammatory response, intraperitoneal injection of LPS was applied. RVS stimulated monocyte differentiation in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis by increasing the population of cells expressing CD11b and class A scavenger receptors. These monocyte-derived macrophages showed an increased uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. When peritoneal macrophages from the RVS group were stimulated with LPS, the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in the supernatant decreased, but the level of IL-12 increased. The surface expression of CD86 was reduced, but surface expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules was increased. RVS suppressed the serum levels of LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6. Collectively, RVS promoted monocyte differentiation upon inflammatory insults and conferred selective anti-inflammatory activity without causing overall inhibitory effects on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Geun Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Youngju Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Mi-Gi Lee
- Bio Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Bio Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - So-Jung Jin
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Joung-Woo Hong
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - SeungGwan Lee
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Hee Kang
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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Azmy MS, Menze ET, El-Naga RN, Tadros MG. Neuroprotective Effects of Filgrastim in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats: Insights into its Anti-Inflammatory, Neurotrophic, and Antiapoptotic Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6572-6588. [PMID: 29327204 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All current treatments of Parkinson's disease (PD) focus on enhancing the dopaminergic effects and providing symptomatic relief; however, they cannot delay the disease progression. Filgrastim, a recombinant methionyl granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, demonstrated neuroprotection in many neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effects of filgrastim in rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of filgrastim actions. The effects of two doses of filgrastim (20 and 40 μg/kg) on spontaneous locomotion, catalepsy, body weight, histology, and striatal dopamine (DA) content, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein expression, were evaluated. Then, the effective dose was further tested for its potential anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and antiapoptotic effects. Filgrastim (40 μg/kg) prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits, weight reduction, striatal DA depletion, and histological damage. Besides, it significantly inhibited rotenone-induced decrease in TH expression and increase in α-synuclein immunoreactivity in the midbrains and striata of the rats. These effects were associated with reduction of rotenone-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor depletion. Collectively, these results suggest that filgrastim might be a good candidate for management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama S Azmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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The 1-Tosylpentan-3-one Protects against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051096. [PMID: 28534853 PMCID: PMC5455005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the marine compound austrasulfone, isolated from the soft coral Cladiella australis, exerts a neuroprotective effect. The intermediate product in the synthesis of austrasulfone, dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol, attenuates several inflammatory responses. The present study uses in vitro and in vivo methods to investigate the neuroprotective effect of dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol-modified 1-tosylpentan-3-one (1T3O). Results from in vitro experiments show that 1T3O effectively inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine-induced (6-OHDA-induced) activation of both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and caspase-3 in SH-SY5Y cells; and enhances nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling. Hoechst staining and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining results reveal that 1T3O significantly inhibits 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis. In addition, the addition of an Akt or HO-1 inhibitor decreases the protective effect of 1T3O. Thus, we hypothesize that the anti-apoptotic activity of 1T3O in neuronal cells is mediated through the regulation of the Akt and HO-1 signaling pathways. In vivo experiments show that 1T3O can reverse 6-OHDA-induced reduction in locomotor behavior ability in zebrafish larvae, and inhibit 6-OHDA-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increase at the same time. According to our in vitro and in vivo results, we consider that 1T3O exerts its anti-apoptotic activities at SH-SY5Y cells after 6-OHDA challenges, probably via the regulation of anti-oxidative signaling pathways. Therefore, this compound may be a promising therapeutic agent for neurodegenerations.
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Hong H, Jung M, Choe SJ, Kim JB, Choi EH. The Effect of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extracts on Photo-Aged Mouse Skin. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:295-301. [PMID: 28566905 PMCID: PMC5438935 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RV) has traditionally been used in Korea as an indigenous food (Rhus chicken soup) and as an herbal medicinal plant. While the anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of RV have been actively studied in the medical field, its antioxidant effects in the skin that resist the reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes and fibroblasts is less understood. Objective We designed to evaluate the effects of R. verniciflua Stokes extract (RVE) on the photo-aged skin by an in vitro experiment using human fibroblasts and an in vivo experiment using a photo-aged murine model. Methods For the in vitro experiments, human fibroblasts irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) B were treated with RVE or vehicle, and the growth levels and the expression level of type 1 procollagen were compared. For the in vivo experiment, photo-aged mice irradiated with UVB and UVA were administered drinking water with or without RVE, and histological changes and the expression level of type 1 procollagen and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 were compared. Results In vitro experiments using fibroblasts irradiated with UVB showed that RVE promoted growth and significantly increased the expression of type 1 procollagen as compared to the control group. In the photo-aged mice, RVE increased collagen content in the dermis and promoted the synthesis of type 1 procollagen without any visible decrease in MMP-13 as compared to control group. Conclusion In addition to the previously reported antioxidant effects of RVE, oral intake of RVE effectively inhibited photo-aging in hairless mice by enhancing collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hong
- Depatment of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Depatment of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- Depatment of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jung-Bae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sangji Youngseo College, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Depatment of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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The effect of Searsia chirindensis stem-bark extract on renal and liver function in a rat model of neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:368-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Park JM, Lee JH, Na CS, Lee D, Lee JY, Satoh M, Lee MY. Heartwood extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes and its active constituent fisetin attenuate vasoconstriction through calcium-dependent mechanism in rat aorta. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:493-500. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) exert cardiovascular protective activity by promoting blood circulation, but its active ingredients and underlying mechanism have yet to be identified. This study investigated the vascular effects of RVS, focusing on vasoconstriction and smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling. RVS heartwood extract attenuated contraction of aortic rings induced by the vasoconstrictors serotonin and phenylephrine, and inhibited the Ca2+ signaling evoked by serotonin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Subsequent activity-guided fractionation identified fisetin as an active constituent exerting a Ca2+ inhibitory effect. Fisetin could inhibit major Ca2+ mobilization pathways including extracellular Ca2+ influx mediated by the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, Ca2+ release from the intracellular store and store-operated Ca2+ entry. In accordance with Ca2+ inhibitory effect, fisetin attenuated vasoconstriction by serotonin and phenylephrine. These results suggest that the anticontractile effect, which is presumably mediated by inhibition of Ca2+ signaling, may contribute to the improvement of blood circulation by RVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Soo Na
- Lifetree Biotechnology Institute, Lifetree Biotech Co. Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Satoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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A Potential Alternative against Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytodrugs. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8378613. [PMID: 26881043 PMCID: PMC4736801 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8378613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) primarily affect the neurons in the human brain secondary to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. ND are more common and have a disproportionate impact on countries with longer life expectancies and represent the fourth highest source of overall disease burden in the high-income countries. A large majority of the medicinal plant compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenes, have therapeutic properties. Polyphenols are the most common active compounds in herbs and vegetables consumed by man. The biological bioactivity of polyphenols against neurodegeneration is mainly due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiamyloidogenic effects. Multiple scientific studies support the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of ND; however, relevant aspects are still pending to explore such as metabolic analysis, pharmacokinetics, and brain bioavailability.
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Sengupta T, Vinayagam J, Singh R, Jaisankar P, Mohanakumar KP. Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:415-96. [PMID: 27651267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have made their own niche in the treatment of neurological diseases since time immemorial. Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has no cure and the treatment available currently is symptomatic. This chapter thoughtfully and objectively assesses the scientific basis that supports the increasing use of these plant-derived natural products for the treatment of this chronic and progressive disorder. Proper considerations are made on the chemical nature, sources, preclinical tests and their validity, and mechanisms of behavioural or biochemical recovery observed following treatment with various plants derived natural products relevant to PD therapy. The scientific basis underlying the neuroprotective effect of 6 Ayurvedic herbs/formulations, 12 Chinese medicinal herbs/formulations, 33 other plants, and 5 plant-derived molecules have been judiciously examined emphasizing behavioral, cellular, or biochemical aspects of neuroprotection observed in the cellular or animal models of the disease. The molecular mechanisms triggered by these natural products to promote cell survivability and to reduce the risk of cellular degeneration have also been brought to light in this study. The study helped to reveal certain limitations in the scenario: lack of preclinical studies in all cases barring two; heavy dependence on in vitro test systems; singular animal or cellular model to establish any therapeutic potential of drugs. This strongly warrants further studies so as to reproduce and confirm these reported effects. However, the current literature offers scientific credence to traditionally used plant-derived natural products for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sengupta
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - J Vinayagam
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - K P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR, Govt of India), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India. .,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala, India.
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Padmavathi G, Rathnakaram SR, Monisha J, Bordoloi D, Roy NK, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone to obliterate cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1163-1171. [PMID: 26598915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the major advances made in the field of cancer biology, it still remains one of the most fatal diseases in the world. It is now well established that natural products are safe and efficacious and have high potential in the prevention and treatment of different diseases including cancer. Butein is one such compound which is now found to have anti-cancer properties against various malignancies. PURPOSE To thoroughly review the literature available on the anti-cancer properties of butein against different cancers and its molecular targets. METHODS A thorough literature search has been done in PubMed for butein, its biological activities especially cancer and its molecular targets. RESULTS Our search retrieved several reports on the various biological activities of butein in which around 43 articles reported that butein shows potential anti-proliferative effect against a wide range of neoplasms and the molecular target varies with cancer types. Most often it targets NF-κB and its downstream pathways. In addition, butein induces the expression of genes which mediate the cell death and apoptosis in cancer cells. It also inhibits tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in prostate, liver and bladder cancers through the inhibition of MMPs, VEGF etc. Moreover, it inhibits the overexpression of several proteins and enzymes such as STAT3, ERK, CXCR4, COX-2, Akt, EGFR, Ras etc. involved in tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION Collectively, all these findings suggest the enormous potential and efficacy of butein as a multitargeted chemotherapeutic, chemopreventive and chemosensitizing agent against a wide range of cancers with minimal or no adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Padmavathi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sivakumar Raju Rathnakaram
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Javadi Monisha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Nand Kishor Roy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India .
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Lee JH, Kim M, Chang KH, Hong CY, Na CS, Dong MS, Lee D, Lee MY. Antiplatelet effects of Rhus verniciflua stokes heartwood and its active constituents--fisetin, butein, and sulfuretin--in rats. J Med Food 2015; 18:21-30. [PMID: 25372471 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua stokes (RVS) is known to promote blood circulation by preventing blood stasis, although the active ingredients and the underlying mechanism are unclear. Platelets are the primary cells that regulate circulation and contribute to the development of diverse cardiovascular diseases by aggregation and thrombosis. The study assessed the antiplatelet activity of RVS and sought to identify the active constituents. Pretreatment of washed platelets with RVS heartwood extract blunted the aggregatory response of platelets to collagen. In the subfractions, fisetin, butein, and sulfuretin were identified as effective inhibitors of platelet aggregation by collagen, thrombin, and adenosine-5'-diphosphate. Antiplatelet activities of all three compounds were concentration dependent, and fisetin had longer in vitro duration of action compared with butein or sulfuretin. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by collagen was prevented by fisetin, whereas butein and sulfuretin failed to inhibit ERK and p38 activation was not affected by any of the compounds. Rats orally administered 100 mg/(kg·day(-1)) fisetin for 7 days were resistant to arterial thrombosis, although total extract of RVS heartwood exhibited little effect at a dose of 1000 mg/(kg·day(-1)). RVS heartwood may have cardiovascular protective activity by inhibiting platelet aggregation. The active constituents are fisetin, butein, and sulfuretin, and fisetin is orally effective against thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyeong Lee
- 1 College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University , Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Zhang LQ, Sa F, Chong CM, Wang Y, Zhou ZY, Chang RCC, Chan SW, Hoi PM, Yuen Lee SM. Schisantherin A protects against 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron damage in zebrafish and cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through the ROS/NO and AKT/GSK3β pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:8-15. [PMID: 25934514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, has been traditionally used in management of liver diseases and ageing associated neurodegeneration. The bioactive compound from this medicinal plant would be valuable for its potential use in prevention and treatment of Parkinson׳s disease. AIM OF THE STUDY The overall objective of the present study was to understand the neuroprotective effect of schisantherin A, a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan from the fruit of S. chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, and to elucidate its underlying mechanism of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study investigated the protective effect of schisantherin A against selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neural damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and zebrafish models. Oxidative stress and related signaling pathways underlying the neuroprotective effect were determined by multiple biochemical assays and Western blot. RESULTS Pretreatment with schisantherin A offered neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity. Moreover, schisantherin A could prevent 6-OHDA-stimulated dopaminergic neuron loss in zebrafish. Our mechanistic study showed that schisantherin A can regulate intracellular ROS accumulation, and inhibit NO overproduction by down-regulating the over-expression of iNOS in 6-OHDA treated SH-SY5Y cells. Schisantherin A also protects against 6-OHDA-mediated activation of MAPKs, PI3K/Akt and GSK3β. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that schisantherin A may have potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal oxidative stress such as Parkinson׳s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Fei Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheong Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhong Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, LKS Faculty of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun Wan Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen, China
| | - Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Jin MJ, Kim IS, Park JS, Dong MS, Na CS, Yoo HH. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Eight Phenolic Compounds and Their Conjugated Metabolites after Oral Administration of Rhus verniciflua Extracts in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5410-5416. [PMID: 25998231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) is a medicinal tree popularly used in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea as a food additive or herbal medicine because of its beneficial effects. R. verniciflua extract (RVE) contains diverse phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, as its major biological active constituents. In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of eight phenolic compounds were investigated following oral administration of RVE to rats. The eight phenolic compounds were 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, fisetin, fustin, butin, sulfuretin, taxifolin, and garbanzol. The plasma concentrations of the eight compounds were determined by using a liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase. When 1.5 g/kg RVE was administered, the eight compounds were all detected in plasma, mainly as conjugated forms. These pharmacokinetic data would be useful for understanding the pharmacological effects of RVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ji Jin
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - In Sook Kim
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Park
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Dong
- §School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Chun-Soo Na
- #Lifetree Biotech Company, Ltd., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-350, Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
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Lu J, Wu L, Jiang T, Wang Y, Zhao H, Gao Q, Pan Y, Tian Y, Zhang Y. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation inhibits activation of NADPH oxidase and ameliorates oxidative stress in rotenone model of Parkinson's disease in CATH.a cells. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:16-24. [PMID: 25446015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has long been considered as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The brain has an independent local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates NADPH-dependent oxidases, which are a major source of superoxide and are upregulated in major aging-related diseases such as hypertension and neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we firstly examined whether CGP42112, an AT2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, may exert direct protective effects on the rotenone-induced CATH.a cell injury in vitro. We used CATH.a cell line to evaluate changes in cultured dopaminergic neuron levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also evaluated expression of NADPH oxidase, AT1 and AT2 receptors in treated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), rotenone, Ang II, AT2R agonist CGP42112, or AT2R antagonist PD123319, alone and combined (n=6, each group). Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to determine messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of the AT1, AT2 receptors and NADPH oxidase. ROS generation was determined by the dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe assay. The levels of SOD and GSH were measured by using available kits. In our study, CGP42112 (100nM) significantly reduced rotenone-induced oxidative stress and elevated the total SOD activity and GSH level. In addition, CGP42112 significantly increased AT2R expression and attenuated Ang II-induced NADPH oxidase activation, and these effects were completely abolished by the AT2R antagonist, PD123319 (1μM). Our results suggest that CGP42112 attenuates rotenone-induced oxidative stress in CATH.a neuron via activating AT2R and suppressing NADPH oxidase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, PR China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, PR China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Youyong Tian
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, PR China
| | - Yingdong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, PR China.
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Ryckewaert L, Sacconnay L, Carrupt PA, Nurisso A, Simões-Pires C. Non-specific SIRT inhibition as a mechanism for the cytotoxicity of ginkgolic acids and urushiols. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:374-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kim JH, Shin YC, Ko SG. Integrating traditional medicine into modern inflammatory diseases care: multitargeting by Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:154561. [PMID: 25024508 PMCID: PMC4082934 DOI: 10.1155/2014/154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that numerous researches were performed on prevention and treatment of inflammation related diseases, the overall incidence has not changed remarkably. This requires new approaches to overcome inflammation mediated diseases, and thus traditional medicine could be an efficacious source for prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the contribution of traditional medicine, especially Rhus verniciflua Stokes, to modern medicine against diverse inflammation mediated diseases. Traditionally, this remedy has been used in Eastern Asia for the treatment of gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of Rhus verniciflua Stokes against such disorders and diseases. Various chemical constituents have been identified from this plant, including phenolic acid, and flavonoids. Cell-based studies have exhibited the potential of this as antibacterial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, growth inhibitory, and anticancer activities. Enormous animal studies have shown the potential of this against proinflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, liver diseases, and chemical insults. At the molecular level, this medicinal plant has been shown to modulate diverse cell-signaling pathways. In clinical studies, Rhus verniciflua Stokes has shown efficacy against various cancer patients such as colorectal, gastric, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and pulmonary cancers. Thus, this remedy is now exhibiting activities in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Neuroprotective effects of bikaverin on H2O2-induced oxidative stress mediated neuronal damage in SH-SY5Y cell line. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:973-85. [PMID: 24848007 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of free radicals and oxidative stress has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The use of free radical scavenging molecules for the reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species is one of the strategies used in the clinical management of neurodegeneration. Fungal secondary metabolism is a rich source of novel molecules with potential bioactivity. In the current study, bikaverin was extracted from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and its structural characterization was carried out. Further, we explored the protective effects of bikaverin on oxidative stress and its anti-apoptotic mechanism to attenuate H2O2-induced neurotoxicity using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results elucidate that pretreatment of neurons with bikaverin attenuates the mitochondrial and plasma membrane damage induced by 100 µM H2O2 to 82 and 26% as evidenced by MTT and LDH assays. H2O2 induced depletion of antioxidant enzyme status was also replenished by bikaverin which was confirmed by Realtime Quantitative PCR analysis of SOD and CAT genes. Bikaverin pretreatment efficiently potentiated the H2O2-induced neuronal markers, such as BDNF, TH, and AADC expression, which orchestrate the neuronal damage of the cell. The H2O2-induced damage to cells, nuclear, and mitochondrial integrity was also restored by bikaverin. Bikaverin could be developed as a preventive agent against neurodegeneration and as an alternative to some of the toxic synthetic antioxidants.
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MSTMP, a Stilbene Derivative, Protects SH-SY5Y Cells Against Oxidative Stress. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 41:382-8. [PMID: 24718825 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100017340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the protective effects of a novel stilbene derivative, (e)-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxystyryl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (MStMp), on hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)-induced human derived neuroblastoma cell (Sh-Sy5y) damage and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. METHODS Sh-Sy5y cells were exposed to 200 μmol.l-1 h2o2 for 12 h. the effect of MStMp on cell viability and apoptosis was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (Mtt) assay and flow cytometry method. the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), superoxide dismutase (Sod) and nitric oxide synthetase (noS) and the content of malondialdehyde (Mda), reduced glutathione (gSh) and nitric oxide (no) in cells were determined by commercial kits. the expressions of pro-apoptotic factor caspase-3, caspase-9 and inducible noS (inoS) were detected by Western blotting. intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (roS) was assessed using 6-carboxy-2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (dCfh-da) fluorescent probe. RESULTS MStMp increased the Sh-Sy5y cell viability by inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by h2o2. these effects were accompanied by an increase of Sod activity, gSh level, and a decrease of Mda content. Moreover, MStMp showed stronger effects on inhibition of ldh leakage, apoptotic cells, intracellular roS level and the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 than tMp. furthermore, MStMp induced a decrease of no level and the activity of inoS, tnoS in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS MStMp prevents h2o2-induced cell injury through anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis via roS-no pathway.
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Kwon SH, Ma SX, Hong SI, Kim SY, Lee SY, Jang CG. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark. attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell death through inhibition of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:173-182. [PMID: 24440915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Bark. (EUE) has commonly been used to fortify the muscles and lungs, lower blood pressure, prevent miscarriage, improve liver and kidney tone, and promote longevity as a traditional tonic medicine in Korea, China, and Japan. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which EUE protects neuronal cells from apoptosis induced by the Parkinson's disease (PD)-related neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the neuroprotective effects of EUE on 6-OHDA-induced neuronal cell death, cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. Moreover, we examined whether EUE suppressed phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β). Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of EUE on 6-OHDA-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was studied in SH-SY5Y cells. RESULTS Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with EUE significantly reduced 6-OHDA-induced cell death and cytotoxicity. EUE inhibited 6-OHDA-induced generation of ROS, which conferred cytoprotection against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative injury. EUE treatment also strikingly inhibited 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, EUE suppressed phosphorylation of JNK, PI3K/Akt, and GSK-3β. Furthermore, EUE blocked 6-OHDA-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, an event downstream from JNK, PI3K/Akt, and GSK-3β phosphorylation. Moreover, chlorogenic acid (CGA), one of the active constituents of EUE, was also able to reduce 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that EUE attenuates oxidative stress through activation of JNK, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β, and NF-κB pathways, thereby protecting cells from neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Xun Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ik Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Park SE, Sapkota K, Choi JH, Kim MK, Kim YH, Kim KM, Kim KJ, Oh HN, Kim SJ, Kim S. Rutin from Dendropanax morbifera Leveille Protects Human Dopaminergic Cells Against Rotenone Induced Cell Injury Through Inhibiting JNK and p38 MAPK Signaling. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:707-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Choi BS, Kim H, Lee HJ, Sapkota K, Park SE, Kim S, Kim SJ. Celastrol from 'Thunder God Vine' protects SH-SY5Y cells through the preservation of mitochondrial function and inhibition of p38 MAPK in a rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:84-96. [PMID: 24214023 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol, a potent natural triterpene and one of the most promising medicinal molecules, is known to possess a broad range of biological activity. Rotenone, a pesticide and complex I inhibitor, is commonly used to produce experimental models of Parkinson's disease both in vivo and in vitro. The present study was designed to examine the effects of celastrol on cell injury induced by rotenone in the human dopaminergic cells and to elucidate the possible mechanistic clues in its neuroprotective action. We demonstrate that celastrol protects SH-SY5Y cells from rotenone-induced cellular injury and apoptotic cell death. Celastrol also prevented the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss induced by rotenone. Similarly, celastrol treatment inhibited cytochrome c release, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio changes, and caspase-9/3 activation. Celastrol specifically inhibited rotenone-evoked p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in SH-SY5Y cells. These data suggest that celastrol may serve as a potent agent for prevention of neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration through multiple mechanisms and thus has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Suk Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Extract of Rhus verniciflua Bark Suppresses 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:879696. [PMID: 23710240 PMCID: PMC3655595 DOI: 10.1155/2013/879696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RV) has traditionally been used as a food supplement and a traditional herbal medicine for centuries in Korea. Recent studies suggest that RV has potent antioxidative, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of RV from mice sensitized with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and activated macrophages were investigated. The results showed that RV reduced ear swelling and hyperplasia of ear tissue as well as an increase in vascular permeability, which are characteristics of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) with evident histomorphological changes in epidermis and dermis. Decreased numbers of infiltrated mast cells were seen in RV extract treated group, using toluidine blue staining. RV extract significantly regulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the translational level in activated macrophages. Furthermore, RV extract and its active compound, fisetin, attenuated the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Anti-ACD effect of RV extract may be due to the suppression of iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines which might be mediated via the NFκB signaling pathways. Collectively, RV extract has potential for alleviating ACD-like symptoms induced by DNFB in the mouse.
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28
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Shin SH, Koo KH, Bae JS, Cha SB, Kang IS, Kang MS, Kim HS, Heo HS, Park MS, Gil GH, Lee JY, Kim KH, Li Y, Lee HK, Song SW, Choi HS, Kang BH, Kim JC. Single and 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity studies of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark extract in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:617-26. [PMID: 23416650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark (FRVSB) extract, an urushiol-free extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) fermented with Fomitella fraxinea, has various biological activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of the FRVSB extract following single and repeated oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. In the single dose toxicity study, the FRVSB extract was administered orally to male and female rats at single doses of 0, 2500, 5000, and 10,000mg/kg. No animals died and no toxic changes were observed in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings during the 15-day period following administration. In the repeated dose toxicity study, the FRVSB extract was administered orally to male and female rats for 90days at doses of 0, 556, 1667, and 5000mg/kg/day. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathology at any dose tested. The approximate lethal dose of the FRVSB extract was >10,000mg/kg in both genders, the oral no-observed-adverse-effect level of the FRVSB extract was >5000mg/kg/day in both genders, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Ho Shin
- Preclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., 334 Jeil-ri, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-826, Republic of Korea
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Kumar KH, Khanum F. Hydroalcoholic Extract of Cyperus rotundus Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Human Neuronal Cell Damage via Its Anti-oxidative and Anti-apoptotic Machinery. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:5-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Choi SJ, Lee MY, Jo H, Lim SS, Jung SH. Preparative isolation and purification of neuroprotective compounds from Rhus verniciflua by high speed counter-current chromatography. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:559-67. [PMID: 22466561 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, extracts from Rhus verniciflua were demonstrated to significantly attenuate the negative effects of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on transformed retinal ganglion cell line (RGC-5 cells), indicating that they may be protective against oxidative stress-induced retinal degeneration. The inclusion of R. verniciflua in the culture was found to both reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) present and lessen the up-regulation of apoptotic proteins such as cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9. Active compounds were also successfully isolated from R. verniciflua using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (3.5:5:3.5:5, v/v). Using this method, we successfully separated 252.1 mg of fustin at a purity of over 93.09%, 51.2 mg of fisetin at a purity of over 95.45%, 39.7 mg of sulfuretin at a purity of over 95.17%, and 10.7 mg of butein at a purity of over 95.01% from 1.5 g of R. verniciflua extract. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by chemical and spectral analyses. There isolated compounds also significantly attenuated the negative effects of H(2)O(2) on RGC-5 cells. Results therefore suggest that, due to its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects, R. verniciflua could be used as a lead substance for the treatment of retinal diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Jung Choi
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute, Republic of Korea
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31
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Xiong N, Long X, Xiong J, Jia M, Chen C, Huang J, Ghoorah D, Kong X, Lin Z, Wang T. Mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone-induced toxicity and its potential mechanisms in Parkinson's disease models. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:613-32. [PMID: 22574684 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.680431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is attributed to both environmental and genetic factors. The development of PD reportedly involves mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, α-synuclein aggregation, dysfunctional protein degradation, glutamate toxicity, calcium overloading, inflammation and loss of neurotrophic factors. Based on a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and pesticide exposure, many laboratories, including ours, have recently developed parkinsonian models by utilization of rotenone, a well-known mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. Rotenone models for PD appear to mimic most clinical features of idiopathic PD and recapitulate the slow and progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the Lewy body formation in the nigral-striatal system. Notably, potential human parkinsonian pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms have been revealed through these models. In this review, we summarized various rotenone-based models for PD and discussed the implied etiology of and treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
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Song JX, Sze SCW, Ng TB, Lee CKF, Leung GPH, Shaw PC, Tong Y, Zhang YB. Anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery from herbal medicines: what have we got from neurotoxic models? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:698-711. [PMID: 22212501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal medicines are used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) in ancient medical systems in Asian countries such as India, China, Japan and Korea based on their own anecdotal or experience-based theories. AIM OF THE REVIEW To systematically summarize and analyze the anti-Parkinsonian activities of herbal preparations (including active compounds, herbal extracts and formulations) investigated in the neurotoxic models of PD and provide future references for basic and clinical investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the herbal materials tested on in vitro and in vivo neurotoxic models of PD were retrieved from PubMed database by using pre-set searching strings. The relevant compounds and herbal extracts with anti-Parkinsonian activities were included and analyzed according to their chemical classifications or biological activities. RESULTS A total of 51 herbal medicines were analyzed. A diversity of compounds isolated from herbal materials were reported to be effective on neurotoxic models of PD by modulating multiple key events or signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The main structure types of these compounds belong to catechols, stilbenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and lignans, phenylethanoid glycosides and terpenes. Although some herbal extracts and formulations have shown positive results on PD animal models, the relative compounds accounting for the effects and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS Herbal medicines can be an alternative and valuable source for anti-Parkinsonian drug discovery. Compounds classified into stilbenoids, flavonoids, catechols and terpenes may be the most promising candidates for further investigation. Some well-studies compounds such as baicalein, puerarin, resveratrol, curcumin and ginsenosides deserve further consideration in clinical trials. In-depth experimental studies are still needed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal extracts and formulations in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Geldenhuys WJ, Funk MO, Van der Schyf CJ, Carroll RT. A scaffold hopping approach to identify novel monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1380-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Suk KT, Baik SK, Kim HS, Park SM, Paeng KJ, Uh Y, Jang IH, Cho MY, Choi EH, Kim MJ, Ham YL. Antibacterial effects of the urushiol component in the sap of the lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua Stokes) on Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2011; 16:434-43. [PMID: 22059394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urushiol is a major component of the lacquer tree which has been used as a folk remedy for the relief of abdominal discomfort in Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the urushiol on Helicobacter pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monomer and 2-4 polymer urushiol were used. In the in vitro study, pH- and concentration-dependent antibacterial activity of the urushiol against H. pylori were investigated. In addition, the serial morphological effects of urushiol on H. pylori were examined by electron microscopy. In vivo animal study was performed for the safety, eradication rate, and the effect on gastritis of urushiol. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was checked. RESULTS All strains survived within a pH 6.0-9.0. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the extract against strains ranged 0.064-0.256 mg/mL. Urushiol caused separation of the membrane and lysis of H. pylori within 10 minutes. Urushiol (0.128 mg/mL × 7 days) did not cause complications on mice. The eradication rates were 33% in the urushiol monotherapy, 75% in the triple therapy (omeprazole + clarithromycin + metronidazole), and 100% in the urushiol + triple therapy, respectively. H. pylori-induced gastritis was not changed by urushiol but reduced by eradication. Only the expression of interleukin-1β in the gastric tissue was significantly increased by H. pylori infection and reduced by the urushiol and H. pylori eradication (p = .014). CONCLUSIONS The urushiol has an antibacterial effect against H. pylori infection and can be used safely for H. pylori eradication in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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35
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Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:467180. [PMID: 22191013 PMCID: PMC3236428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/467180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) increase with life expectancy. This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress (OS) in ND and pharmacological attempts to fight against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neurodegeneration. Several mechanisms involved in ROS generation in neurodegeneration have been proposed. Recent articles about molecular pathways involved in ROS generation were reviewed. The progress in the development of neuroprotective therapies has been hampered because it is difficult to define targets for treatment and determine what should be considered as neuroprotective. Therefore, the attention was focused on researches about pharmacological targets that could protect neurons against OS. Since it is necessary to look for genes as the ultimate controllers of all biological processes, this paper also tried to identify gerontogenes involved in OS and neurodegeneration. Since neurons depend on glial cells to survive, recent articles about the functioning of these cells in aging and ND were also reviewed. Finally, clinical trials testing potential neuroprotective agents were critically reviewed. Although several potential drugs have been screened in in vitro and in vivo models of ND, these results were not translated in benefit of patients, and disappointing results were obtained in the majority of clinical trials.
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Xiong N, Jia M, Chen C, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Huang J, Hou L, Yang H, Cao X, Liang Z, Sun S, Lin Z, Wang T. Potential autophagy enhancers attenuate rotenone-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y. Neuroscience 2011; 199:292-302. [PMID: 22056603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that autophagy upregulation may be a tractable therapeutic intervention for clearing the disease-causing proteins, including α-synuclein, ubiquitin, and other misfolded or aggregated proteins in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we explored a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach to treating PD by utilizing potential autophagy enhancers valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine (CBZ). Pretreatment with VPA (3 mM) and CBZ (50 μM) along with positive control rapamycin (Rap, 0.2 μM) or lithium (LiCl, 10 mM) significantly enhanced cell viability, decreased rotenone-induced nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis, ameliorated the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced reactive oxygen species generation in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Specifically, the numbers of lysosomes and autophagic vacuolar organelles were increased and the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) expression was up-regulated by VPA, CBZ, Rap, and LiCl (53%, 31%, 72%, and 63%), suggesting that these agents activated autophagic pathways. Moreover, pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (Chl, 10 μM) remarkably strengthened rotenone toxicity in these cells. Our results suggest that VPA and CBZ, the most commonly used anti-epilepsy and mood-stabilizing medications with low-risk and easy administration might be potential therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022, China
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Rommelaere G, Michel S, Malaisse J, Charlier S, Arnould T, Renard P. Hypersensitivity of A8344G MERRF mutated cybrid cells to staurosporine-induced cell death is mediated by calcium-dependent activation of calpains. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:139-49. [PMID: 22037425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA can lead to the development of mitochondrial diseases such as Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF) or Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS). We first show that human 143B-derived cybrid cells harboring either the A8344G (MERRF) or the A3243G (MELAS) mutation, are more prone to undergo apoptosis then their wild-type counterpart, when challenged with various apoptotic inducers such as staurosporine, etoposide and TRAIL. In addition, investigating the mechanisms underlying A8344G cybrid cells hypersensitivity to staurosporine-induced cell death, we found that staurosporine treatment activates caspases independently of cytochrome c release in both wild-type and mutated cells. Caspases are activated, at least partly, through the activation of calcium-dependent calpain proteases, a pathway that is more strongly activated in mutated cybrid cells than in wild-type cells exposed to staurosporine. These results suggest that calcium homeostasis perturbation induced by mitochondrial dysfunction could predispose cells to apoptosis, a process that could take part into the progressive cell degeneration observed in MERRF syndrome, and more generally in mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rommelaere
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
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Kim S, Park SE, Sapkota K, Kim MK, Kim SJ. Leaf extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes protects dopaminergic neuronal cells in a rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1358-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) leaf extract on rotenone-induced apoptosis in human dopaminergic cells, SH-SY5Y.
Methods
Cells were pretreated with RVS extract for 1 h then treated with vehicle or rotenone for 24 h. Cell viability, cell cytotoxicity, cell morphology and nuclear morphology were examined by MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, phase contrast microscopy and staining with Hoechast 33342, respectively. Reactive oxygen species were measured by 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and fragmented DNA was observed by TUNEL assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by Rhodamine 123. Pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins and tyrosine hydroxylase were analysed by Western blotting.
Key findings
Results showed that RVS suppressed rotenone-induced reactive oxygen species generation, cellular injury and apoptotic cell death. RVS also prevented rotenone-mediated changes in Bax/Bcl-2 levels, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and Caspase 3 activation. Moreover, RVS pretreatment increased the tyrosine hydroxylase levels in SH-SY5Y cells.
Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that RVS protects SH-SY5Y cells against rotenone-induced injury and suggest that RVS may have potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative disease associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kim
- Department of Alternative Medicine, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Nepal
| | - Se-Eun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Nepal
| | - Kumar Sapkota
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Nepal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Bio-food Technology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Nepal
| | - Sung-Jun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Nepal
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction Precedes Other Sub-Cellular Abnormalities in an In Vitro Model Linked with Cell Death in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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