FAM3A Ameliorates Brain Impairment Induced by Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Rat

FAM3A reshapes VSMC fate specification in abdominal aortic aneurysm by regulating KLF4 ubiquitination

Reprogramming of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation plays an essential role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We explore the expression of FAM3A, a newly identified metabolic cytokine, and whether and how FAM3A regulates VSMC differentiation in AAA. We discover that FAM3A is decreased in the aortas and plasma in AAA patients and murine models. Overexpression or supplementation of FAM3A significantly attenuate the AAA formation, manifested by maintenance of the well-differentiated VSMC status and inhibition of VSMC transformation toward macrophage-, chondrocyte-, osteogenic-, mesenchymal-, and fibroblast-like cell subpopulations. Importantly, FAM3A induces KLF4 ubiquitination and reduces its phosphorylation and nuclear localization. Here, we report FAM3A as a VSMC fate-shaping regulator in AAA and reveal the underlying mechanism associated with KLF4 ubiquitination and stability, which may lead to the development of strategies based on FAM3A to restore VSMC homeostasis in AAA.

FAM3A mediates the phenotypic switch of human aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated with oxidised low-density lipoprotein by influencing the PI3K-AKT pathway

Family with sequence similarity 3 member A (FAM3A) is a multifunctional protein that is related to the pathological process of various disorders. FAM3A is reportedly able to affect the phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells under a hypertensive state. Whether FAM3A mediates the phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells under an atherosclerotic state remains unaddressed. This work investigated the roles and mechanisms of FAM3A in mediating the phenotypic switch of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) stimulated with oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in vitro. FAM3A expression was elevated in HASMCs following ox-LDL treatment. FAM3A silencing led to a suppressive effect on ox-LDL-provoked proliferation, migration and inflammation of HASMCs, whereas FAM3A overexpression had an opposite effect. Ox-LDL elicited a change in HASMCs from a contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, which was inhibited by FAM3A silencing or enhanced by FAM3A overexpression. Further investigation elucidated that FAM3A silencing repressed and FAM3A overexpression promoted ox-LDL-induced activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in HASMCs. Reactivation of AKT reversed the suppressive effect of FAM3A silencing on the ox-LDL-induced phenotypic switch of HASMCs. Restraining AKT blocked the promoting effect of FAM3A overexpression on the ox-LDL-induced phenotypic switch of HASMCs. In summary, this work elucidates that FAM3A mediates the ox-LDL-induced phenotypic switch of HASMCs by influencing the PI3K-AKT pathway, indicating a potential role for FAM3A in atherosclerosis.

Imipramine activates FAM3A-FOXA2-CPT2 pathway to ameliorate hepatic steatosis

Mitochondrial FAM3A has been revealed to be a viable target for treating diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its distinct mechanism in ameliorating hepatic steatosis remained unrevealed. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed that carnitine palmityl transferase 2 (CPT2), one of the key enzymes for lipid oxidation, is the downstream molecule of FAM3A signaling pathway in hepatocytes. Intensive study demonstrated that FAM3A-induced ATP release activated P2 receptor to promote the translocation of calmodulin (CaM) from cytoplasm into nucleus, where it functioned as a co-activator of forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) to promote the transcription of CPT2, increasing free fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipid deposition in hepatocytes. Furthermore, antidepressant imipramine activated FAM3A-ATP-P2 receptor-CaM-FOXA2-CPT2 pathway to reduce lipid deposition in hepatocytes. In FAM3A-deficient hepatocytes, imipramine failed to activate CaM-FOXA2-CPT2 axis to increase lipid oxidation. Imipramine administration significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis, hyperglycemia and obesity of obese mice mainly by activating FAM3A-ATP-CaM-FOXA2-CPT2 pathway in liver and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In FAM3A-deficient mice fed on high-fat-diet, imipramine treatment failed to correct the dysregulated lipid and glucose metabolism, and activate thermogenesis in BAT. In conclusion, imipramine activates FAM3A-ATP-CaM-FOXA2-CPT2 pathway to ameliorate steatosis. For depressive patients complicated with metabolic disorders, imipramine may be recommended in priority as antidepressive drug.

Stress induces major depressive disorder by a neutral sphingomyelinase 2-mediated accumulation of ceramide-enriched exosomes in the blood plasma

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a very common, severe disease with a lifetime prevalence of ~ 10%. The pathogenesis of MDD is unknown and, unfortunately, therapy is often insufficient. We have previously reported that ceramide levels are increased in the blood plasma of patients with MDD and in mice with experimental MDD. Here, we demonstrate that ceramide-enriched exosomes in the blood plasma are increased in mice with stress-induced MDD. Genetic studies reveal that neutral sphingomyelinase 2 is required for the formation of ceramide-enriched exosomes in the blood plasma. Accordingly, induced deficiency of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 prevented mice from the development of stress-induced MDD. Intravenous injection of microparticles from mice with MDD or injection of ceramide-loaded exosomes induced MDD-like behavior in untreated mice, which was abrogated by ex vivo pre-incubation of purified exosomes with anti-ceramide antibodies or ceramidase. Mechanistically, injection of exosomes from mice with MDD or injection of ex vivo ceramide-loaded microparticles inhibited phospholipase D (PLD) in endothelial cells in vitro and in the hippocampus in vivo and thereby decreased phosphatidic acid in the hippocampus, which has been previously shown to mediate MDD by plasma ceramide. In summary, our data indicate that ceramide-enriched exosomes are released by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 into the blood plasma upon stress and mediate stress-induced MDD. KEY MESSAGES: Stress induces ceramide-enriched exosomes in the blood plasma. Ceramide-enriched exosomes mediate major depressive disorder (MDD). Deficiency of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 protects from stress-induced MDD. Neutralization or digestion of ceramide in exosomes prevents stress-induced MDD. Ceramide-enriched exosomes inhibit endothelial phospholipase D in the hippocampus.