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Gao X, Su Y, Shan S, Qian W, Zhang Z. Identification of immune-related hub genes in spinal cord injury. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:483. [PMID: 39367463 PMCID: PMC11451166 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immune regulation is a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis and repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aims to explore potential immune center genes associated with spinal cord injury. METHODS The public data set GSE151371 was obtained from the GEO database. The R software package "limma" was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SCI. GO, KEGG and GSEA pathway analyses were performed using the DEGs. The key module genes related to spinal cord injury were selected through WGCNA analysis. Overlapping genes were extracted from WGCNA, DEGs, and immune-related genes. LASSO analysis was employed to identify central genes associated with SCI immunity. Pearson correlation analysis assessed the correlation between hub genes and immune cells in SCI. In addition, we further investigated the hub genes' expression, diagnostic potential, function, and targeted drugs. RESULTS We have identified three immunity-related hub genes (ABHD5, EDNRB, EDN3). Immune infiltration analysis showed that the hub gene was significantly associated with resting NK cells, M2 macrophages, and monocytes in the immune microenvironment of SCI. ROC analysis demonstrated that these hub genes have favorable diagnostic performance for SCI. Functional analysis revealed that ABHD5 is primarily associated with lipid metabolism pathways, while EDN3 and EDNRB are mainly involved in endothelin, downstream GPCR signaling, and ERK signaling transduction. In addition, we identified six potential targeted drugs based on our findings. CONCLUSIONS ABHD5, EDNRB, and EDN3 are involved in processes such as SCI progression or repair through immunomodulation and deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Gao
- Medicine Research Institute/Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - ShiGang Shan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Medicine Research Institute/Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwang Zhang
- Medicine Research Institute/Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Lana JF, Navani A, Jeyaraman M, Santos N, Pires L, Santos GS, Rodrigues IJ, Santos D, Mosaner T, Azzini G, da Fonseca LF, de Macedo AP, Huber SC, de Moraes Ferreira Jorge D, Purita J. Sacral Bioneuromodulation: The Role of Bone Marrow Aspirate in Spinal Cord Injuries. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:461. [PMID: 38790327 PMCID: PMC11118755 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a severe trauma to the nervous system, leading to significant neurological damage, chronic inflammation, and persistent neuropathic pain. Current treatments, including pharmacotherapy, immobilization, physical therapy, and surgical interventions, often fall short in fully addressing the underlying pathophysiology and resultant disabilities. Emerging research in the field of regenerative medicine has introduced innovative approaches such as autologous orthobiologic therapies, with bone marrow aspirate (BMA) being particularly notable for its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on the potential of BMA to modulate inflammatory pathways, enhance tissue regeneration, and restore neurological function disrupted by SCI. We hypothesize that BMA's bioactive components may stimulate reparative processes at the cellular level, particularly when applied at strategic sites like the sacral hiatus to influence lumbar centers and higher neurological structures. By exploring the mechanisms through which BMA influences spinal repair, this review aims to establish a foundation for its application in clinical settings, potentially offering a transformative approach to SCI management that extends beyond symptomatic relief to promoting functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fábio Lana
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Clinical Research, Anna Vitória Lana Institute (IAVL), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil
- Medical School, Max Planck University Center (UniMAX), Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Annu Navani
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Medical School, Max Planck University Center (UniMAX), Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil
- Comprehensive Spine & Sports Center, Campbell, CA 95008, USA
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Napoliane Santos
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Luyddy Pires
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Izair Jefthé Rodrigues
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Douglas Santos
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Tomas Mosaner
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Gabriel Azzini
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-002, SP, Brazil
| | - Alex Pontes de Macedo
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Stephany Cares Huber
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Daniel de Moraes Ferreira Jorge
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Joseph Purita
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Medical School, Max Planck University Center (UniMAX), Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil
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DiSabato DJ, Marion CM, Mifflin KA, Alfredo AN, Rodgers KA, Kigerl KA, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. System failure: Systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250274. [PMID: 37822141 PMCID: PMC10919103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects hundreds of thousands of people in the United States, and while some effects of the injury are broadly recognized (deficits to locomotion, fine motor control, and quality of life), the systemic consequences of SCI are less well-known. The spinal cord regulates systemic immunological and visceral functions; this control is often disrupted by the injury, resulting in viscera including the gut, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and kidneys experiencing local tissue inflammation and physiological dysfunction. The extent of pathology depends on the injury level, severity, and time post-injury. In this review, we describe immunological and metabolic consequences of SCI across several organs. Since infection and metabolic disorders are primary reasons for reduced lifespan after SCI, it is imperative that research continues to focus on these deleterious aspects of SCI to improve life span and quality of life for individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J. DiSabato
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina M. Marion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A. Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony N. Alfredo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyleigh A. Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristina A. Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G. Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana M. McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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4
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Sharma A, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Nozari A, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Spinal cord injury induced exacerbation of Alzheimer's disease like pathophysiology is reduced by topical application of nanowired cerebrolysin with monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide, p-tau and tumor necrosis factor alpha. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 172:3-35. [PMID: 37833015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Hallmark of Alzheimer's disease include amyloid beta peptide and phosphorylated tau deposition in brain that could be aggravated following traumatic of concussive head injury. However, amyloid beta peptide or p-tau in spinal cord following injury is not well known. In this investigation we measured amyloid beta peptide and p-tau together with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in spinal cord and brain following 48 h after spinal cord injury in relation to the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barrier, edema formation, blood flow changes and cell injury in perifocal regions of the spinal cord and brain areas. A focal spinal cord injury was inflicted over the right dorsal horn of the T10-11 segment (4 mm long and 2 mm deep) and amyloid beta peptide and p-tau was measured in perifocal rostral (T9) and caudal (T12) spinal cord segments as well as in the brain areas. Our observations showed a significant increase in amyloid beta peptide in the T9 and T12 segments as well as in remote areas of brain and spinal cord after 24 and 48 h injury. This is associated with breakdown of the blood-spinal cord (BSCB) and brain barriers (BBB), edema formation, reduction in blood flow and cell injury. After 48 h of spinal cord injury elevation of amyloid beta peptide, phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was seen in T9 and T12 segments of spinal cord in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem regions associated with microglial activation as seen by upregulation of Iba1 and CD86. Repeated nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin topically over the traumatized segment repeatedly together with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to amyloid beta peptide (AβP), p-tau and TNF-α significantly attenuated amyloid beta peptide, p-tau deposition and reduces Iba1, CD68 and TNF-α levels in the brain and spinal cord along with blockade of BBB and BSCB, reduction in blood flow, edema formation and cell injury. These observations are the first to show that spinal cord injury induces Alzheimer's disease like symptoms in the CNS, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ''RoNeuro'' Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston MA, USA
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Lund MC, Ellman DG, Nielsen PV, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Guzman R, Degn M, Brambilla R, Meyer M, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL. Selective Inhibition of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Alters the Neuroinflammatory Response following Moderate Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:845. [PMID: 37372129 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and animal model studies have implicated inflammation and glial and peripheral immune cell responses in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). A key player in the inflammatory response after SCI is the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which exists both in both a transmembrane (tmTNF) and a soluble (solTNF) form. In the present study, we extend our previous findings of a therapeutic effect of topically blocking solTNF signaling after SCI for three consecutive days on lesion size and functional outcome to study the effect on spatio-temporal changes in the inflammatory response after SCI in mice treated with the selective solTNF inhibitor XPro1595 and compared to saline-treated mice. We found that despite comparable TNF and TNF receptor levels between XPro1595- and saline-treated mice, XPro1595 transiently decreased pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels and increased pro-regenerative IL-10 levels in the acute phase after SCI. This was complemented by a decrease in the number of infiltrated leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) in the lesioned area of the spinal cord and an increase in the number of microglia in the peri-lesion area 14 days after SCI, followed by a decrease in microglial activation in the peri-lesion area 21 days after SCI. This translated into increased myelin preservation and improved functional outcomes in XPro1595-treated mice 35 days after SCI. Collectively, our data suggest that selective targeting of solTNF time-dependently modulates the neuroinflammatory response by favoring a pro-regenerative environment in the lesioned spinal cord, leading to improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Chen J, Shen Y, Shao X, Wu W. An emerging role of inflammasomes in spinal cord injury and spinal cord tumor. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119591. [PMID: 36969234 PMCID: PMC10033975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal cord tumor are devastating events causing structural and functional impairment of the spinal cord and resulting in high morbidity and mortality; these lead to a psychological burden and financial pressure on the patient. These spinal cord damages likely disrupt sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Unfortunately, the optimal treatment of and spinal cord tumors is limited, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are unclear. The role of the inflammasome in neuroinflammation in diverse diseases is becoming increasingly important. The inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex and participates in the activation of caspase-1 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The inflammasome in the spinal cord is involved in the stimulation of immune-inflammatory responses through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby mediating further spinal cord damage. In this review, we highlight the role of inflammasomes in SCI and spinal cord tumors. Targeting inflammasomes is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI and spinal cord tumors.
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The Inflammatory Response after Moderate Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: A Time Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060939. [PMID: 35741460 PMCID: PMC9220050 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The neuroinflammatory response is a rather complex event in spinal cord injury (SCI) and has the capacity to exacerbate cell damage but also to contribute to the repair of the injury. This complexity is thought to depend on a variety of inflammatory mediators, of which tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role. Evidence indicates that TNF can be both protective and detrimental in SCI. In the present study, we studied the temporal and cellular expression of TNF and its receptors after SCI in mice. We found TNF to be significantly increased in both the acute and the delayed phases after SCI, alongside a robust neuroinflammatory response. As we could verify some of our results in human postmortem tissue, our results imply that diminishing the detrimental immune signaling after SCI could also enhance recovery in humans. Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates detrimental cellular and molecular events that lead to acute and delayed neuroinflammation. Understanding the role of the inflammatory response in SCI requires insight into the temporal and cellular synthesis of inflammatory mediators. We subjected C57BL/6J mice to SCI and investigated inflammatory reactions. We examined activation, recruitment, and polarization of microglia and infiltrating immune cells, focusing specifically on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. In the acute phase, TNF expression increased in glial cells and neuron-like cells, followed by infiltrating immune cells. TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels increased in the delayed phase and were found preferentially on neurons and glial cells, respectively. The acute phase was dominated by the infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages. Microglial/macrophage expression of Arg1 increased from 1–7 days after SCI, followed by an increase in Itgam, Cx3cr1, and P2ry12, which remained elevated throughout the study. By 21 and 28 days after SCI, the lesion core was populated by galectin-3+, CD68+, and CD11b+ microglia/macrophages, surrounded by a glial scar consisting of GFAP+ astrocytes. Findings were verified in postmortem tissue from individuals with SCI. Our findings support the consensus that future neuroprotective immunotherapies should aim to selectively neutralize detrimental immune signaling while sustaining pro-regenerative processes.
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