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Jacques F, Tichopád T, Demko M, Bystrý V, Křížová KC, Seifertová M, Voříšková K, Fuad MMH, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Reproduction-associated pathways in females of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the coexistence of asexual and sexual reproduction. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:548. [PMID: 38824502 PMCID: PMC11144346 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) is a cyprinid fish that originated in eastern Eurasia and is considered as invasive in European freshwater ecosystems. The populations of gibel carp in Europe are mostly composed of asexually reproducing triploid females (i.e., reproducing by gynogenesis) and sexually reproducing diploid females and males. Although some cases of coexisting sexual and asexual reproductive forms are known in vertebrates, the molecular mechanisms maintaining such coexistence are still in question. Both reproduction modes are supposed to exhibit evolutionary and ecological advantages and disadvantages. To better understand the coexistence of these two reproduction strategies, we performed transcriptome profile analysis of gonad tissues (ovaries) and studied the differentially expressed reproduction-associated genes in sexual and asexual females. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing to generate transcriptomic profiles of gonadal tissues of triploid asexual females and males, diploid sexual males and females of gibel carp, as well as diploid individuals from two closely-related species, C. auratus and Cyprinus carpio. Using SNP clustering, we showed the close similarity of C. gibelio and C. auratus with a basal position of C. carpio to both Carassius species. Using transcriptome profile analyses, we showed that many genes and pathways are involved in both gynogenetic and sexual reproduction in C. gibelio; however, we also found that 1500 genes, including 100 genes involved in cell cycle control, meiosis, oogenesis, embryogenesis, fertilization, steroid hormone signaling, and biosynthesis were differently expressed in the ovaries of asexual and sexual females. We suggest that the overall downregulation of reproduction-associated pathways in asexual females, and their maintenance in sexual ones, allows the populations of C. gibelio to combine the evolutionary and ecological advantages of the two reproductive strategies. However, we showed that many sexual-reproduction-related genes are maintained and expressed in asexual females, suggesting that gynogenetic gibel carp retains the genetic toolkits for meiosis and sexual reproduction. These findings shed new light on the evolution of this asexual and sexual complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jacques
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Tichopád
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany, 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Demko
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Bystrý
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Civáňová Křížová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Voříšková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan Fuad
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Science, Květná 8, Brno, 603 65, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Marta A, Tichopád T, Bartoš O, Klíma J, Shah MA, Bohlen VŠ, Bohlen J, Halačka K, Choleva L, Stöck M, Dedukh D, Janko K. Genetic and karyotype divergence between parents affect clonality and sterility in hybrids. eLife 2023; 12:RP88366. [PMID: 37930936 PMCID: PMC10627513 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Asexual reproduction can be triggered by interspecific hybridization, but its emergence is supposedly rare, relying on exceptional combinations of suitable genomes. To examine how genomic and karyotype divergence between parental lineages affect the incidence of asexual gametogenesis, we experimentally hybridized fishes (Cobitidae) across a broad phylogenetic spectrum, assessed by whole exome data. Gametogenic pathways generally followed a continuum from sexual reproduction in hybrids between closely related evolutionary lineages to sterile or inviable crosses between distant lineages. However, most crosses resulted in a combination of sterile males and asexually reproducing females. Their gametes usually experienced problems in chromosome pairing, but females also produced a certain proportion of oocytes with premeiotically duplicated genomes, enabling their development into clonal eggs. Interspecific hybridization may thus commonly affect cell cycles in a specific way, allowing the formation of unreduced oocytes. The emergence of asexual gametogenesis appears tightly linked to hybrid sterility and constitutes an inherent part of the extended speciation continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolie Marta
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tichopád
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Oldřich Bartoš
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical AgencyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Klíma
- Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLiběchovCzech Republic
| | - Mujahid Ali Shah
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceVodnanyCzech Republic
| | - Vendula Šlechtová Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLiběchovCzech Republic
| | - Joerg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLiběchovCzech Republic
| | - Karel Halačka
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Lukáš Choleva
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGBBerlinGermany
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLibechovCzech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASLibechovCzech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
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Pustovalova E, Choleva L, Shabanov D, Dedukh D. The high diversity of gametogenic pathways in amphispermic water frog hybrids from Eastern Ukraine. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13957. [PMID: 36032956 PMCID: PMC9415524 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization can disrupt canonical gametogenic pathways, leading to the emergence of clonal and hemiclonal organisms. Such gametogenic alterations usually include genome endoreplication and/or premeiotic elimination of one of the parental genomes. The hybrid frog Pelophylax esculentus exploits genome endoreplication and genome elimination to produce haploid gametes with chromosomes of only one parental species. To reproduce, hybrids coexist with one of the parental species and form specific population systems. Here, we investigated the mechanism of spermatogenesis in diploid P. esculentus from sympatric populations of P. ridibundus using fluorescent in situ hybridization. We found that the genome composition and ploidy of germ cells, meiotic cells, and spermatids vary among P. esculentus individuals. The spermatogenic patterns observed in various hybrid males suggest the occurrence of at least six diverse germ cell populations, each with a specific premeiotic genome elimination and endoreplication pathway. Besides co-occurring aberrant cells detected during meiosis and gamete aneuploidy, alterations in genome duplication and endoreplication have led to either haploid or diploid sperm production. Diploid P. esculentus males from mixed populations of P. ridibundus rarely follow classical hybridogenesis. Instead, hybrid males simultaneously produce gametes with different genome compositions and ploidy levels. The persistence of the studied mixed populations highly relies on gametes containing a genome of the other parental species, P. lessonae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pustovalova
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic,Laboratory of Amphibian Population Ecology, Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, School of Biology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Lukaš Choleva
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Shabanov
- Laboratory of Amphibian Population Ecology, Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, School of Biology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
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Stöck M, Dedukh D, Reifová R, Lamatsch DK, Starostová Z, Janko K. Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the 'extended speciation continuum'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200103. [PMID: 34304588 PMCID: PMC8310718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in 'the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal ('asexual') hybrid vertebrates, where 'asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of 'asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5-22% based on mtDNA). These 'asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid 'asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, 'asexuality' and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Tarkhnishvili D, Yanchukov A, Şahin MK, Gabelaia M, Murtskhvaladze M, Candan K, Galoyan E, Arakelyan M, Iankoshvili G, Kumlutaş Y, Ilgaz Ç, Matur F, Çolak F, Erdolu M, Kurdadze S, Barateli N, Anderson CL. Genotypic similarities among the parthenogenetic Darevskia rock lizards with different hybrid origins. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:122. [PMID: 32938384 PMCID: PMC7493426 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of parthenogenetic vertebrates derive from hybridization between sexually reproducing species, but the exact number of hybridization events ancestral to currently extant clonal lineages is difficult to determine. Usually, we do not know whether the parental species are able to contribute their genes to the parthenogenetic vertebrate lineages after the initial hybridization. In this paper, we address the hypothesis, whether some genotypes of seven phenotypically distinct parthenogenetic rock lizards (genus Darevskia) could have resulted from back-crosses of parthenogens with their presumed parental species. We also tried to identify, as precise as possible, the ancestral populations of all seven parthenogens. RESULTS We analysed partial mtDNA sequences and microsatellite genotypes of all seven parthenogens and their presumed ansectral species, sampled across the entire geographic range of parthenogenesis in this group. Our results confirm the previous designation of the parental species, but further specify the maternal populations that are likely ancestral to different parthenogenetic lineages. Contrary to the expectation of independent hybrid origins of the unisexual taxa, we found that genotypes at multiple loci were shared frequently between different parthenogenetic species. The highest proportions of shared genotypes were detected between (i) D. sapphirina and D. bendimahiensis and (ii) D. dahli and D. armeniaca, and less often between other parthenogens. In case (ii), genotypes at the remaining loci were notably distinct. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that both observations (i-ii) can be explained by two parthenogenetic forms tracing their origin to a single initial hybridization event. In case (ii), however, occasional gene exchange between the unisexual and the parental bisexual species could have taken place after the onset of parthenogenetic reproduction. Indeed, backcrossed polyploid hybrids are relatively frequent in Darevskia, although no direct evidence of recent gene flow has been previously documented. Our results further suggest that parthenogens are losing heterozygosity as a result of allelic conversion, hence their fitness is expected to decline over time as genetic diversity declines. Backcrosses with the parental species could be a rescue mechanism which might prevent this decline, and therefore increase the persistance of unisexual forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehmet Kürşat Şahin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mariam Gabelaia
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Kamil Candan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Yusuf Kumlutaş
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çetin Ilgaz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Matur
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Faruk Çolak
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Meriç Erdolu
- Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sofiko Kurdadze
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Natia Barateli
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Cort L Anderson
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Charney ND, Kubel JE, Woodard CT, Carbajal-González BI, Avis S, Blyth JA, Eiseman CS, Castorino J, Malone JH. Survival of Polyploid hybrid salamander embryos. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 31718554 PMCID: PMC6849221 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Animals with polyploid, hybrid nuclei offer a challenge for models of gene expression and regulation during embryogenesis. To understand how such organisms proceed through development, we examined the timing and prevalence of mortality among embryos of unisexual salamanders in the genus Ambystoma. Results Our regional field surveys suggested that heightened rates of embryo mortality among unisexual salamanders begin in the earliest stages of embryogenesis. Although we expected elevated mortality after zygotic genome activation in the blastula stage, this is not what we found among embryos which we reared in the laboratory. Once embryos entered the first cleavage stage, we found no difference in mortality rates between unisexual salamanders and their bisexual hosts. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing high rates of unisexual mortality, but counter to reports that heightened embryo mortality continues throughout embryo development. Conclusions Possible causes of embryonic mortality in early embryogenesis suggested by our results include abnormal maternal loading of RNA during meiosis and barriers to insemination. The surprising survival rates of embryos post-cleavage invites further study of how genes are regulated during development in such polyploid hybrid organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob E Kubel
- Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John H Malone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
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Zlotina A, Dedukh D, Krasikova A. Amphibian and Avian Karyotype Evolution: Insights from Lampbrush Chromosome Studies. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8110311. [PMID: 29117127 PMCID: PMC5704224 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian and bird karyotypes typically have a complex organization, which makes them difficult for standard cytogenetic analysis. That is, amphibian chromosomes are generally large, enriched with repetitive elements, and characterized by the absence of informative banding patterns. The majority of avian karyotypes comprise a small number of relatively large macrochromosomes and numerous tiny morphologically undistinguishable microchromosomes. A good progress in investigation of amphibian and avian chromosome evolution became possible with the usage of giant lampbrush chromosomes typical for growing oocytes. Due to the giant size, peculiarities of organization and enrichment with cytological markers, lampbrush chromosomes can serve as an opportune model for comprehensive high-resolution cytogenetic and cytological investigations. Here, we review the main findings on chromosome evolution in amphibians and birds that were obtained using lampbrush chromosomes. In particular, we discuss the data on evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements, accumulation of polymorphisms, evolution of sex chromosomes as well as chromosomal changes during clonal reproduction of interspecies hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zlotina
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Dedukh
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Alla Krasikova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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Denton RD, Greenwald KR, Gibbs HL. Locomotor endurance predicts differences in realized dispersal between sympatric sexual and unisexual salamanders. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Denton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Ohio State University, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership Ohio State University, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Katherine R. Greenwald
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
| | - H. Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Ohio State University, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership Ohio State University, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Lukhtanov VA, Shapoval NA, Anokhin BA, Saifitdinova AF, Kuznetsova VG. Homoploid hybrid speciation and genome evolution via chromosome sorting. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150157. [PMID: 25925097 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomes of numerous diploid plant and animal species possess traces of interspecific crosses, and many researches consider them as support for homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS), a process by which a new reproductively isolated species arises through hybridization and combination of parts of the parental genomes, but without an increase in ploidy. However, convincing evidence for a creative role of hybridization in the origin of reproductive isolation between hybrid and parental forms is extremely limited. Here, through studying Agrodiaetus butterflies, we provide proof of a previously unknown mode of HHS based on the formation of post-zygotic reproductive isolation via hybridization of chromosomally divergent parental species and subsequent fixation of a novel combination of chromosome fusions/fissions in hybrid descendants. We show that meiotic segregation, operating in the hybrid lineage, resulted in the formation of a new diploid genome, drastically rearranged in terms of chromosome number. We also demonstrate that during the heterozygous stage of the hybrid species formation, recombination was limited between rearranged chromosomes of different parental origin, representing evidence that the reproductive isolation was a direct consequence of hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia Department of Entomology, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nazar A Shapoval
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia Department of Entomology, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris A Anokhin
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alsu F Saifitdinova
- Department of Cytology and Histology, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentina G Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
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Betto-Colliard C, Sermier R, Litvinchuk S, Perrin N, Stöck M. Origin and genome evolution of polyploid green toads in Central Asia: evidence from microsatellite markers. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 114:300-8. [PMID: 25370211 PMCID: PMC4815583 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization, which is expected to trigger major genomic reorganizations, occurs much less commonly in animals than in plants, possibly because of constraints imposed by sex-determination systems. We investigated the origins and consequences of allopolyploidization in Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) from Central Asia, with three ploidy levels and different modes of genome transmission (sexual versus clonal), to (i) establish a topology for the reticulate phylogeny in a species-rich radiation involving several closely related lineages and (ii) explore processes of genomic reorganization that may follow polyploidization. Sibship analyses based on 30 cross-amplifying microsatellite markers substantiated the maternal origins and revealed the paternal origins and relationships of subgenomes in allopolyploids. Analyses of the synteny of linkage groups identified three markers affected by translocation events, which occurred only within the paternally inherited subgenomes of allopolyploid toads and exclusively affected the linkage group that determines sex in several diploid species of the green toad radiation. Recombination rates did not differ between diploid and polyploid toad species, and were overall much reduced in males, independent of linkage group and ploidy levels. Clonally transmitted subgenomes in allotriploid toads provided support for strong genetic drift, presumably resulting from recombination arrest. The Palearctic green toad radiation seems to offer unique opportunities to investigate the consequences of polyploidization and clonal transmission on the dynamics of genomes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Betto-Colliard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Litvinchuk
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
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11
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Arkhipova IR, Rodriguez F. Genetic and epigenetic changes involving (retro)transposons in animal hybrids and polyploids. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:295-311. [PMID: 23899811 DOI: 10.1159/000352069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are discrete genetic units that have the ability to change their location within chromosomal DNA, and constitute a major and rapidly evolving component of eukaryotic genomes. They can be subdivided into 2 distinct types: retrotransposons, which use an RNA intermediate for transposition, and DNA transposons, which move only as DNA. Rapid advances in genome sequencing significantly improved our understanding of TE roles in genome shaping and restructuring, and studies of transcriptomes and epigenomes shed light on the previously unknown molecular mechanisms underlying genetic and epigenetic TE controls. Knowledge of these control systems may be important for better understanding of reticulate evolution and speciation in the context of bringing different genomes together by hybridization and perturbing the established regulatory balance by ploidy changes. See also sister article focusing on plants by Bento et al. in this themed issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Arkhipova
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. iarkhipova @ mbl.edu
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Bogart JP, Bi K. Genetic and genomic interactions of animals with different ploidy levels. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:117-36. [PMID: 23751376 DOI: 10.1159/000351593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid animals have independently evolved from diploids in diverse taxa across the tree of life. We review a few polyploid animal species or biotypes where recently developed molecular and cytogenetic methods have significantly improved our understanding of their genetics, reproduction and evolution. Mitochondrial sequences that target the maternal ancestor of a polyploid show that polyploids may have single (e.g. unisexual salamanders in the genus Ambystoma) or multiple (e.g. parthenogenetic polyploid lizards in the genus Aspidoscelis) origins. Microsatellites are nuclear markers that can be used to analyze genetic recombinations, reproductive modes (e.g. Ambystoma) and recombination events (e.g. polyploid frogs such as Pelophylax esculentus). Hom(e)ologous chromosomes and rare intergenomic exchanges in allopolyploids have been distinguished by applying genome-specific fluorescent probes to chromosome spreads. Polyploids arise, and are maintained, through perturbations of the 'normal' meiotic program that would include pre-meiotic chromosome replication and genomic integrity of homologs. When possible, asexual, unisexual and bisexual polyploid species or biotypes interact with diploid relatives, and genes are passed from diploid to polyploid gene pools, which increase genetic diversity and ultimately evolutionary flexibility in the polyploid. When diploid relatives do not exist, polyploids can interact with another polyploid (e.g. species of African Clawed Frogs in the genus Xenopus). Some polyploid fish (e.g. salmonids) and frogs (Xenopus) represent independent lineages whose ancestors experienced whole genome duplication events. Some tetraploid frogs (P. esculentus) and fish (Squaliusalburnoides) may be in the process of becoming independent species, but diploid and triploid forms of these 'species' continue to genetically interact with the comparatively few tetraploid populations. Genetic and genomic interaction between polyploids and diploids is a complex and dynamic process that likely plays a crucial role for the evolution and persistence of polyploid animals. See also other articles in this themed issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Bogart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada. jbogart @ uoguelph.ca
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Pre-meiotic endomitosis in the cytokinesis-defective tomato mutant pmcd1 generates tetraploid meiocytes and diploid gametes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2345-58. [PMID: 23580753 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual polyploidization through the formation and functioning of 2n gametes is considered a major route for plant speciation and diversification. The cellular mechanism underlying 2n gamete formation mostly involves a restitution of the meiotic cell cycle, generating dyads and triads instead of tetrad meiotic end-products. As an alternative mechanism, the tomato mutant pmcd1 (for pre-meiotic cytokinesis defect 1), which generates diploid gametes through the ectopic induction of pre-meiotic endomitosis, is presented here. Using cytological approaches, it is demonstrated that male pmcd1 meiocyte initials exhibit clear alterations in cell cycle progression and cell plate formation, and consequently form syncytial cells that display different grades of cellular and/or nuclear fusion. In addition, it was found that other somatic tissue types (e.g. cotyledons and petals) also display occasional defects in cell wall formation and exhibit alterations in callose deposition, indicating that pmcd1 has a general defect in cell plate formation, most probably caused by alterations in callose biosynthesis. In a broader perspective, these findings demonstrate that defects in cytokinesis and cell plate formation may constitute a putative route for diplogamete formation and sexual polyploidization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico De Storme
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Mogie M. Premeiotic endomitosis and the costs and benefits of asexual reproduction. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mogie
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
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Suárez-Villota EY, Vargas RA, Marchant CL, Torres JE, Köhler N, Núñez JJ, de la Fuente R, Page J, Gallardo MH. Distribution of repetitive DNAs and the hybrid origin of the red vizcacha rat (Octodontidae). Genome 2012; 55:105-17. [PMID: 22272977 DOI: 10.1139/g11-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Great genome size (GS) variations described in desert-specialist octodontid rodents include diploid species ( Octomys mimax and Octodontomys gliroides ) and putative tetraploid species ( Tympanoctomys barrerae and Pipanacoctomys aureus ). Because of its high DNA content, elevated chromosome number, and gigas effect, the genome of T. barrerae is claimed to have resulted from tetraploidy. Alternatively, the origin of its GS has been attributed to the accumulation of repetitive sequences. To better characterize the extent and origin of these repetitive DNA, self-genomic in situ hybridization (self-GISH), whole-comparative genomic hybridization (W-CGH), and conventional GISH were conducted in mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. Self-GISH on T. barrerae mitotic plates together with comparative self-GISH (using its closest relatives) discriminate a pericentromeric and a telomeric DNA fraction. As most of the repetitive sequences are pericentromeric, it seems that the large GS of T. barrerae is not due to highly repeated sequences accumulated along chromosomes arms. W-CGH using red-labeled P. aureus DNA and green-labeled O. mimax DNA simultaneously on chromosomes of T. barrerae revealed a yellow-orange fluorescence over a repetitive fraction of the karyotype. However, distinctive red-only fluorescent signals were also detected at some centromeres and telomeres, indicating closer homology with the DNA sequences of P. aureus. Conventional GISH using an excess of blocking DNA from either P. aureus or O. mimax labeled only a fraction of the T. barrerae genome, indicating its double genome composition. These data point to a hybrid nature of the T. barrerae karyotype, suggesting a hybridization event in the origin of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Suárez-Villota
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Rampin M, Bi K, Bogart JP, Collares-Pereira MJ. Identifying parental chromosomes and genomic rearrangements in animal hybrid complexes of species with small genome size using Genomic In Situ Hybridization (GISH). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2012; 6:287-300. [PMID: 24260669 PMCID: PMC3833804 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v6i3.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genomic In Situ Hybridization (GISH) is a powerful tool to identify and to quantify genomic constituents in allopolyploids, and is mainly based on hybridization of highly and moderate repetitive sequences. In animals, as opposed to plants, GISH has not been widely used in part because there are technical problems in obtaining informative results. Using the allopolyploid Squalius alburnoides Steindachner, 1866 fish complex as a model system, we succeeded in overcoming methodological constraints when dealing with parental species with a small genome size. This hybridogenetic complex has biotypes with different genome compositions and ploidy levels, but parental chromosomes are small, morphologically very similar and therefore cannot be distinguished by conventional cytogenetic approaches. Specimens have a small genome (C-value1.2 pg) with a low level of highly and moderate repetitive sequences, mainly located at pericentromeric chromosome regions. Since it is well known that probe annealing depends on probe concentration and hybridization time to obtain uniform hybridization signals along the chromosome arms, we progressively increased the amount of labeled probes from 100ng up to 1µg and the incubation time from overnight up to 5 days. We also made other smaller improvements. Results showed a clear enhancement of signals with respect to previous data, allowing an accurate and reproducible assignment of the parental genomes in both diploid and triploid fish.It was thus evidenced that high probes' concentrations and long incubation time are the key to obtain, without extra image editing, uniform and reliable hybridization signals in metaphase chromosomes of animal hybrids from species with small genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Rampin
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental - Faculdade de Ciências - Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande - 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ke Bi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Canada)
| | - James P. Bogart
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California (USA)
| | - Maria João Collares-Pereira
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental - Faculdade de Ciências - Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande - 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Unisexual vertebrates are model systems for understanding the evolution of sex. Many predominantly clonal lineages allow occasional genetic recombination, which may be sufficient to avoid the accumulation of deleterious mutations and parasites. Introgression of paternal DNA into an all-female lineage represents a one-way flow of genetic material. Over many generations, this could result in complete replacement of the unisexual genomes by those of the donor species. The process of genome replacement may be counteracted by contemporary dispersal or by positive selection on hybrid nuclear genomes in ecotones. I present a conceptual model that relates nuclear genome replacement, positive selection on hybrids and biogeography in unisexual systems. I execute an individual-based simulation of the fate of hybrid genotypes in contact with a single host species. I parameterize these models for unisexual salamanders in the Ambystoma genus, for which the frequency of genome replacement has been a source of ongoing debate. I find that, if genome replacement occurs at a rate greater than 1/10,000 in Ambystoma, then there must be compensating positive selection in order to maintain observed levels of hybrid nuclei. Future researchers studying unisexual systems may use this framework as a guide to evaluating the hybrid superiority hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D Charney
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9297, USA.
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Zaleśna A, Choleva L, Ogielska M, Rábová M, Marec F, Ráb P. Evidence for integrity of parental genomes in the diploid hybridogenetic water frog Pelophylax esculentus by genomic in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:206-12. [PMID: 21555873 DOI: 10.1159/000327716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western Palearctic water frogs Pelophylax ridibundus and P. lessonae were identified as parental (sexual) species and P. esculentus as their interspecific, hybridogenetically reproducing hybrid with hemiclonal heredity. We used genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to identify parental chromosomes of P.lessonae and P.ridibundus in diploid P. esculentus karyotypes (2n = 26). GISH probes were made by fluorochrome labeling of total genomic DNA extracted from the sexual progenitors. The labeled probe from one species was hybridized to chromosomes of P. esculentus in the presence of excess of unlabeled genomic DNA from the other species. Thus, the P. lessonae probe was blocked by P. ridibundus unlabeled DNA, and vice versa. We successfully discriminated each of the 13 respective parental chromosomes in metaphase complements of the hybrids according to species-specific hybridization signals. GISH enabled us to confirm additional differences between parental chromosomes in size (smaller chromosomes belong to P. lessonae) and in the presence of DAPI-positive centromeric heterochromatin (detected in chromosomes of P. ridibundus, but not in P. lessonae). The fact that no visible intergenomic exchanges were found in metaphase chromosomes of diploid P. esculentus provides important information on the genomic integrity of hemiclonal transmission and supports hybridogenesis as a reproductive mode at the chromosome level for the specimens examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaleśna
- Department of Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Zoological Institute, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Unisexual reproduction among vertebrates. Trends Genet 2011; 27:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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