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Míč R, Řehulková E, Šimková A, Razanabolana JR, Seifertová M. New species of Dermoergasilus Ho & Do, 1982 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) parasitizing endemic cichlid Paretroplus polyactis (Bleeker) in Madagascar. Parasitology 2024; 151:319-336. [PMID: 38239098 PMCID: PMC11007281 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Dermoergasilus madagascarensis n. sp. is described from the gills of Paretroplus polyactis, an endemic cichlid fish in Madagascar, using a combined morphological (light microscopy and SEM) and molecular approach (partial 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and COI sequences). The new species is characterized mainly by possessing: (i) roughly pentagonal cephalosome; (ii) antennal endopodal segments covered with slightly inflated membrane; (iii) maxillule bearing 2 equally long outer setae and a minute inner seta; (iv) interpodal sternites of swimming legs ornamented with 3–4 rows of spinules; (v) genital segment and first abdominal somite both barrel-shaped; and (vi) a caudal ramus projecting into a digitiform process with inconspicuous terminal seta and bearing 3 terminal setae. The obtained DNA sequences of Malagasy species represent the first molecular data for species of Dermoergasilus. The 28S rDNA phylogeny showed the affiliation of D. madagascarensis n. sp. to Ergasilidae and its sister relationship with cosmopolitan Ergasilus sieboldi von Nordmann, 1832. The first checklist for all species of Dermoergasilus is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Míč
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jeanne Rasamy Razanabolana
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Benovics M, Rahmouni C, Řehulková E, Nejat F, Šimková A. Uncovering the monogenean species diversity of cyprinoid fish in Iraq using an integrative approach. Parasitology 2024; 151:220-246. [PMID: 38116665 PMCID: PMC10941050 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The freshwaters of Iraq harbour a high diversity of endemic and phylogenetically unique species. One of the most diversified fish groups in this region is cyprinoids, and although their distribution is relatively well known, their monogenean parasites have only rarely been investigated. Herein, we applied an integrative approach, combining morphology with molecular data, to assess the diversity and phylogeny of cyprinoid-associated monogenean parasites. A total of 33 monogenean species were collected and identified from 13 endemic cyprinoid species. The highest species diversity was recorded for Dactylogyrus (Dactylogyridae, 16 species) and Gyrodactylus (Gyrodactylidae, 12 species). Four species of Dactylogyrus and 12 species of Gyrodactylus were identified as new to science and described. Two other genera, Dogielius (Dactylogyridae) and Paradiplozoon (Diplozoidae), were represented only by 4 and 1 species, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus species revealed that the local congeners do not form a monophyletic group and are phylogenetically closely related to species from other regions (i.e. Europe, North Africa and Eastern Asia). These findings support the assumption that the Middle East served as an important historical crossroads for the interchange of fauna between these 3 geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - C. Rahmouni
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E. Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - F. Nejat
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A. Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Rahmouni C, Seifertová M, Šimková A. Revealing the hidden diversity of Gyrodactylus communities (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic Catostomidae and Leuciscidae fish hosts (Teleostei, Cypriniformes), with descriptions of ten new species. Parasite 2023; 30:40. [PMID: 37768077 PMCID: PMC10537664 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high diversity of freshwater fishes in the Nearctic region, little is known about the composition of their parasite communities. We addressed the diversity of viviparous monogeneans of Gyrodactylus parasitizing highly diversified cypriniform fish inhabiting Nearctic watersheds. Nowadays, a thorough assessment of Gyrodactylus spp. diversity requires both morphological traits and genetic data. A combination of taxonomically important haptoral features and sequences of the ITS regions and 18S rDNA revealed 25 Gyrodactylus spp. parasitizing two catostomid and 15 leuciscid species sampled in six distinct localities in the United States and Canada. These include ten Gyrodactylus species recognized as new to science and described herein (G. ellae n. sp., G. hamdii n. sp., G. hanseni n. sp., G. huyseae n. sp., G. kuchtai n. sp., G. lummei n. sp., G. mendeli n. sp., G. prikrylovae n. sp., G. scholzi n. sp., and G. steineri n. sp.), seven already known species, and finally eight undescribed species. Overall, Nearctic Gyrodactylus spp. exhibited haptoral morphotypes known from fish hosts worldwide and those apparently restricted to Nearctic Gyrodactylus lineages like the typical ventral bar with a median knob and a plate-like membrane, or the additional filament attached to the handles of marginal hooks. The integrative approach further evidenced possible ongoing gene flow, host-switching in generalist Gyrodactylus spp., and regional translocation of monogenean fauna through fish introductions. The study highlights the hitherto underexplored morphological and genetic diversity of viviparous monogeneans throughout the Nearctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Rahmouni
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
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Šimková A, Civáňová Křížová K, Voříšková K, Vetešník L, Bystrý V, Demko M. Transcriptome Profile Analyses of Head Kidney in Roach ( Rutilus rutilus), Common Bream ( Abramis brama) and Their Hybrids: Does Infection by Monogenean Parasites in Freshwater Fish Reveal Differences in Fish Vigour among Parental Species and Their Hybrids? Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 37759598 PMCID: PMC10525477 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid generations usually face either a heterosis advantage or a breakdown, that can be expressed by the level of parasite infection in hybrid hosts. Hybrids are less infected by parasites than parental species (especially F1 generations) or more infected than parental species (especially post-F1 generations). We performed the experiment with blood-feeding gill parasite Paradiplozoon homoion (Monogenea) infecting leuciscid species, Abramis brama and Rutilus rutilus, their F1 generation and two backcross generations. Backcross generations tended to be more parasitized than parental lines and the F1 generation. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was lower in F1 hybrids and higher in backcross hybrids when compared to each of the parental lines. The main groups of DEGs were shared among lines; however, A. brama and R. rutilus differed in some of the top gene ontology (GO) terms. DEG analyses revealed the role of heme binding and erythrocyte differentiation after infection by blood-feeding P. homoion. Two backcross generations shared some of the top GO terms, representing mostly downregulated genes associated with P. homoion infection. KEGG analysis revealed the importance of disease-associated pathways; the majority of them were shared by two backcross generations. Our study revealed the most pronounced DEGs associated with blood-feeding monogeneans in backcross hybrids, potentially (but not exclusively) explainable by hybrid breakdown. The lower DEGs reported in F1 hybrids being less parasitized than backcross hybrids is in line with the hybrid advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.C.K.); (K.V.)
| | - Kristína Civáňová Křížová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.C.K.); (K.V.)
| | - Kristýna Voříšková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.C.K.); (K.V.)
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.C.K.); (K.V.)
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.V.)
| | - Vojtěch Bystrý
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Martin Demko
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.C.K.); (K.V.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.D.)
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Řehulková E, Seifertová M, Francová K, Šimková A. Nearctic Dactylogyrus species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) parasitizing cypriniform fishes in the context of morphology and phylogeny, with descriptions of seven new species. Parasite 2023; 30:30. [PMID: 37589452 PMCID: PMC10433842 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal DNA sequences are currently available for 32 morphologically recognized species of Dactylogyrus parasitizing Nearctic cypriniforms, but only 16 of them are assigned to nominal species. Herein, morphological data on 28 of the 32 species are provided, together with comments on their phylogenetic relationships in the context of the morphology of taxonomically important structures. Seven new species of Dactylogyrus are described from five species of leuciscids and one species of catostomids, as follows: D. aduncus n. sp. from Campostoma spadiceum, D. cloutmani n. sp. from Luxilus chrysocephalus isolepis, D. cornifrons n. sp. from Cyprinella venusta, D. fimbratus n. sp. from Rhinichthys cataractae, D. mcallisteri n. sp. from Semotilus atromaculatus, and D. chieni n. sp. and D. haneki n. sp. from Hypentelium nigricans. Four previously described species of Dactylogyrus, D. atromaculatus from S. atromaculatus, D. eos from C. neogaeus, D. parvicirrus from Notemigonus crysoleucas and D. perlus from L. c. isolepis, are redescribed and/or figured. As for the remaining 17 species, only the male copulatory organs (MCOs) taken from the respective hologenophores are illustrated. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, two main clades of Nearctic Dactylogyrus were recognized and supported by the different morphology of the MCO. The first one included 22 strictly Nearctic species sharing the same MCO type with Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing cyprinids likely of Asian origin. The second clade encompassed Dactylogyrus spp. with diverse MCO morphology and was placed in the sister position to Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing European leuciscids and North-West African cyprinids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Francová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
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Nejat F, Benovics M, Řehulková E, Vukić J, Šanda R, Kaya C, Tarkan AS, Abdoli A, Aksu S, Šimková A. Diversity, phylogeny and intraspecific variability of Paradiplozoon species (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) parasitizing endemic cyprinoids in the Middle East. Parasitology 2023; 150:705-722. [PMID: 37157105 PMCID: PMC10410381 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diplozoidae are common monogenean ectoparasites of cyprinoid fish, with the genus Paradiplozoon being the most diversified. Despite recent studies on Diplozoidae from Europe, Africa and Asia, the diversity, distribution and phylogeny of this parasite group appears to be still underestimated in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity, endemism and host specificity of diplozoids parasitizing cyprinoid fish from the Middle East, considering this region as an important historical interchange of fish fauna, and to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Middle Eastern Paradiplozoon species within Diplozoidae. Four Paradiplozoon species were collected from 48 out of 94 investigated cyprinoid species. Three known species, Paradiplozoon homoion, Paradiplozoon bliccae and Paradiplozoon bingolensis, were recorded on new cyprinoid host species, and a new species, Paradiplozoon koubkovae n. sp., was recorded on Luciobarbus capito and Capoeta capoeta from the Caspian Sea basin in Iran and Turkey. Paradiplozoon bliccae, exhibiting a wide host range in the Middle East, expressed both morphological and genetic intraspecific variabilities. The four Paradiplozoon species collected in the Middle East were placed in divergent clades, showing the rich evolutionary history of diplozoid parasites in the Middle East. Our study also revealed that two lineages of African diplozoids have a Middle Eastern origin. We stress the importance of applying an integrative approach combining morphological, ecological and molecular methods to reveal the real diversity of diplozoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Nejat
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jasna Vukić
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šanda
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum, Václavské náměstí 68, Prague 1 110 00, Czech Republic
| | - Cüneyt Kaya
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Ali Serhan Tarkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000 Menteşe, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Shahriari Sq. Velenjak, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadi Aksu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Büyükdere Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26040 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Benovics M, Vukić J, Šanda R, Nejat F, Charmpila EA, Buj I, Shumka S, Porcelloti S, Tarkan SA, Aksu S, Emiroğlu O, Šimková A. Monogeneans and chubs: Ancient host-parasite system under the looking glass. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 179:107667. [PMID: 36400419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite coevolution is one of the fundamentals of evolutionary biology. Due to the intertwined evolutionary history of two interacting species and reciprocal coadaptation processes of hosts and parasites, we can expect that studying parasites will shed more light onto the evolutionary processes of their hosts. Monogenea (ectoparasitic Platyhelminthes) and their cyprinoid fish hosts represent one of the best models for studying host-parasite evolutionary relationships using a cophylogenetic approach. These parasites have developed remarkably high host specificity, where each host species often serves as a potential host for its own host-specific monogenean species. Here, the cophylogenetic relationships in the Dactylogyrus-Squalius system was investigated, as Squalius is one of several cyprinoid genera with puzzling phylogeography and inhabits all four major peri-Mediterranean peninsulas. Of 29 endemic Squalius species examined for the presence of Dactylogyrus parasites, a total of 13 Dactylogyrus species were collected from the gills of 20 Squalius species across a wide range of distribution. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed a polyphyletic origin for Dactylogyrus species parasitizing congeneric Squalius, with four major clades being recognized. On the basis of the delimitation of host specificity, strict specialists parasitizing single host species, geographic specialists parasitizing congeners in a limited geographical region, and true generalists parasitizing congeners in various geographical regions were recognized in Dactylogyrus species parasitizing Squalius. The phylogenetic reconstruction of Squalius hosts revealed two major clades, the first encompassing only peri-Mediterranean species and the second including species from other Euro-Asian regions. Distance-based cophylogenetic methods did not reveal a statistically significant global cophylogenetic structure in the studied system; however, several host-parasite links among Iberian endemic species contributed significantly to the overall structure. The widest host range and associated genetic variability were recorded for D. folkmanovae, parasitizing nine Squalius species, and D. vistulae, parasitizing 13 Squalius species. Two different dispersion mechanisms and morphological adaptations to Squalius hosts were clearly reflected in the contrasting cophylogenetic patterns for these two species with different levels of host specificity. While host-parasite cospeciation plays an important role in diversification within D. folkmanovae, diversification within D. vistulae is driven mainly by host switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Vukić
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
| | - R Šanda
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, National Museum, Václavské Náměstí 68, Prague 1 110 00, Czech Republic.
| | - F Nejat
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - E A Charmpila
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
| | - I Buj
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 100 00 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - S Shumka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
| | - S Porcelloti
- Associazione Ichthyos Italia, Via. A Cecchi 12, 52100 Arezzo, Italy.
| | - S A Tarkan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Menteşe 480 00, Muğla, Turkey; Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | - S Aksu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Büyükdere Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26040 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - O Emiroğlu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Büyükdere Meşelik Yerleşkesi, 26040 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - A Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Dedić N, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Monogeneans in intergeneric hybrids of leuciscid fish: Is parasite infection driven by hybrid heterosis, genetic incompatibilities, or host-parasite coevolutionary interactions? Front Zool 2023; 20:5. [PMID: 36703186 PMCID: PMC9881282 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain parasite infection in parental species and their hybrids. Hybrid heterosis is generally applied to explain the advantage for F1 generations of hybrids exhibiting a lower level of parasite infection when compared to parental species. Post-F1 generations often suffer from genetic incompatibilities potentially reflected in the higher level of parasite infection when compared to parental species. However, the presence of specific parasites in an associated host is also limited by close coevolutionary genetic host-parasite associations. This study focused on monogenean parasites closely associated with two leuciscid fish species-common bream and roach-with the aim of comparing the level of monogenean infection between parental species and hybrids representing two F1 generations with different mtDNA and two backcross generations with different cyto-nuclear compositions. RESULTS Monogenean infection in F1 generations of hybrids was lower when compared to parental species, in line with the hybrid heterosis hypothesis. Monogenean infection in backcross generations exhibited similarities with the parental species whose genes contributed more to the backcross genotype. The distribution of monogeneans associated with one or the other parental species showed the same asymmetry with a higher proportion of roach-associated monogeneans in both F1 generations and backcross generation with roach in the paternal position. A higher proportion of common bream-associated monogeneans was found in backcross generation with common bream in the paternal position. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that cyto-nuclear incompatibilities in hybrids do not induce higher monogenean infection in backcross generations when compared to parental species. However, as backcross hybrids with a higher proportion of the genes of one parental taxon also exhibited high level of this parental taxon-associated parasites, host-parasite coevolutionary interactions seem to play an obvious role in determining the level of infection of host-specific monogeneans in hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neira Dedić
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Seidlová L, Benovics M, Šimková A. Gill monogeneans of neotropical cichlid fish: diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and host-parasite cophylogenetic associations. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:603-615. [PMID: 35760375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite coevolution is one of the main topics of the evolutionary biology of host-parasite associations. The majority of monogeneans parasitizing fish exhibit a high degree of host specificity. As a result, their evolutionary history might be intertwined with that of their fish hosts. The Cichlidae represent a diverse group of secondary freshwater fish with disjunctive distribution. Host-specific dactylogyrid monogeneans commonly parasitize cichlid fish. Their high diversity is associated with the main areas of cichlid distribution, i.e., Neotropical America and Africa. Nevertheless, the parasite fauna of cichlids from Neotropical America is still underexplored. A total of 31 cichlid species were examined for the presence of monogeneans, with 20 of them being parasitized. On these cichlids, 30 monogeneans belonging to the genera Gussevia, Trinidactylus, and Scadicleithrum were identified, 17 of them potentially representing new species for science. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three monophyletic groups of Neotropic cichlid monogeneans. Genus Gussevia was monophyletic, while Sciadicleithrum resulted polyphyletic. Sciedicleithrum from South America and Sciadicleithrum from Mexico represented two divergent lineages. The plesiomorphic Neotropical cichlid host group for dactylogyrid monogeneans was Cichlini, from which the representatives of other Neotropical cichlid tribes were colonized. Cophylogenetic analyses revealed a statistically significant cophylogenetic signal in the investigated host-parasite system, with host switch and duplication representing the main coevolutionary events for monogeneans parasitizing Neotropical cichlids. This scenario is in accordance with previous studies focussed on dactylogyridean monogeneans parasitizing freshwater fish in Europe and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Seidlová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Rahmouni C, Vanhove MPM, Šimková A, Van Steenberge M. Morphological and Genetic Divergence in a Gill Monogenean Parasitizing Distant Cichlid Lineages of Lake Tanganyika: Cichlidogyrus nshomboi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Representatives of Boulengerochromini and Perissodini. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rahmouni C, Vanhove MP, Koblmüller S, Šimková A. Molecular phylogeny and speciation patterns in host-specific monogeneans (Cichlidogyrus, Dactylogyridae) parasitizing cichlid fishes (Cichliformes, Cichlidae) in lake tanganyika. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:359-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Šimková A, Řehulková E, Choudhury A, Seifertová M. Host-Specific Parasites Reveal the History and Biogeographical Contacts of Their Hosts: The Monogenea of Nearctic Cyprinoid Fishes. Biology 2022; 11:biology11020229. [PMID: 35205096 PMCID: PMC8869197 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasites exhibiting close associations with their hosts may represent a useful tool when investigating historical biogeography, especially in the case of hosts associated with a once contiguous landmass. Host-specific gill parasites (Monogenea) were applied as a supplementary tool to reveal the historical biogeographical contacts between freshwater fish from North America and Europe and their contemporary contacts in North America. Cyprinoidei is the most species-rich lineage of cypriniform fish with Leuciscidae exhibiting a Holarctic distribution. Monogenean parasites of the genus Dactylogyrus are mostly restricted to this freshwater fish group, and the high species diversity of Dactylogyrus follows the high diversity of their cyprinoid fish hosts. Using a phylogenetic approach, two Nearctic clades of Dactylogyrus spp. with different origins were revealed indicating two different historical routes of cyprinoid dispersion to the North American continent. Our study showed that the historical contacts between European and North American leuciscids were accompanied by the host switching of gill monogeneans. The phylogenetic relationships among North American Dactylogyrus spp. indicated numerous colonizations of cypriniform fish resulting from ancient paleogeographic events and contemporary drainage reorganization, thereby, facilitating contacts among phylogenetically distant fish species. Abstract Host-specific parasites exhibit close co-evolutionary associations with their hosts. In the case of fragmented/disjunct host distribution, host-specific parasites may reflect the biogeographical history of regions and/or the role played by contacts of hosts. The present study was focused on Dactylogyrus (Monogenea) species almost exclusively parasitizing cyprinoid fishes. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships between Dactylogyrus parasites of Nearctic cyprinoids (Leuciscidae) and Dactylogyrus parasites of Palearctic cyprinoids and used Dactylogyrus phylogeny to explore the biogeography of fish hosts in Europe and North America. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that two Nearctic clades of Dactylogyrus spp. have different origins. Historical contacts between European and North American leuciscids were accompanied by the host switching of Dactylogyrus species. In the Nearctic region, Dactylogyrus parasites also colonized non-leuciscid fishes. Dactylogyrus spp. of three Nearctic leuciscid clades were included in the phylogenetic reconstruction; only Dactylogyrus spp. of the Plagopterinae had a common origin. Dactylogyrus species did not reflect the phylogenetic relationships among leuciscid clades, suggesting that past co-diversification was overshadowed by colonization events mediated by paleogeographic and climatological changes and extensive drainage reorganization. Host-specific monogeneans serve as a supplementary tool to reveal the historical biogeographical contacts between freshwater fish from the North America and Europe and also contemporary contacts of leuciscids in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.Ř.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.Ř.); (M.S.)
| | - Anindo Choudhury
- Division of Natural Sciences, St. Norbert College, De Pere, WI 54115, USA;
| | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.Ř.); (M.S.)
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Benovics M, Gettová L, Šimková A. De novo developed microsatellite markers in gill parasites of the genus Dactylogyrus (Monogenea): Revealing the phylogeographic pattern of population structure in the generalist parasite Dactylogyrus vistulae. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16585-16599. [PMID: 34938459 PMCID: PMC8668815 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches using microsatellite markers are considered the gold standard for modern population genetic studies. However, although they have found application in research into various platyhelminth taxa, they remained substantially underutilized in the study of monogeneans. In the present study, a newly developed set of 24 microsatellite markers was used to investigate the genetic diversity of the generalist monogenean species Dactylogyrus vistulae. The analyzed parasite specimens were collected from 13 cyprinoid species from 11 sites in the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas. A total of 159 specimens were genotyped at each of the loci and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16, with a mean number of 6.958 alleles per locus. Exceptionally high genetic diversity was observed among D. vistulae individuals in the southern Balkans (mean N A per locus = 3.917), suggesting that generalist D. vistulae expanded from the south to the north in the Balkans and later into central Europe. The initial clustering analysis divided all investigated specimens into three major clusters; however, the results of the subsequent analyses revealed the existence of various subpopulations, suggesting that the population structure of D. vistulae is associated with the diversification of their cyprinoid hosts. In addition, the partition of the parasite population was observed in regions of the sympatric occurrence of two host species, indicating that these hosts may represent a barrier for gene flow, even for generalist parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Gettová
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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Fuad MMH, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Is gynogenetic reproduction in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) a major trait responsible for invasiveness? Journal of Vertebrate Biology 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan Fuad
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: ,
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Benovics M, Nejat F, Abdoli A, Šimková A. Molecular and morphological phylogeny of host-specific Dactylogyrus parasites (Monogenea) sheds new light on the puzzling Middle Eastern origin of European and African lineages. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:372. [PMID: 34289869 PMCID: PMC8293574 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Freshwater fauna of the Middle East encompass elements shared with three continents—Africa, Asia, and Europe—and the Middle East is, therefore, considered a historical geographic crossroad between these three regions. Even though various dispersion scenarios have been proposed to explain the current distribution of cyprinids in the peri-Mediterranean, all of them congruently suggest an Asian origin for this group. Herein, we investigated the proposed scenarios using monogenean parasites of the genus Dactylogyrus, which is host-specific to cyprinoid fishes. Methods A total of 48 Dactylogyrus species parasitizing cyprinids belonging to seven genera were used for molecular phylogenetic reconstruction. Taxonomically important morphological features, i.e., sclerotized elements of the attachment organ, were further evaluated to resolve ambiguous relationships between individual phylogenetic lineages. For 37 species, sequences of partial genes coding 18S and 28S rRNA, and the ITS1 region were retrieved from GenBank. Ten Dactylogyrus species collected from Middle Eastern cyprinoids and D. falciformis were de novo sequenced for the aforementioned molecular markers. Results The phylogenetic reconstruction divided all investigated Dactylogyrus species into four phylogenetic clades. The first one encompassed species with the “varicorhini” type of haptoral ventral bar with a putative origin linked to the historical dispersion of cyprinids via the North African coastline. The second clade included the majority of the investigated species parasitizing various phylogenetically divergent cyprinid hosts. The morphological and molecular data suggest the ancestral diversification of the species of this clade into two groups: (1) the group possessing the haptoral ventral bar of the “cornu” type, and (2) the group possessing the “wunderi” type. Dactylogyrus diversification apparently occurred in the Middle East, which is indicated by the presence of species with all morphotypes in the region. The last two clades included species parasitizing cyprinids with an East Asian origin, and species possessing the “magnihamatus” type of ventral bar. Conclusions The molecular data suggest that some morphological characters of host-specific parasites may undergo convergent evolution in the divergent lineages, and therefore, to fully resolve the phylogenetic relationships among host-specific parasites, an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular data is still needed. In addition, our study indicates that parasite diversity in many regions is still under-explored, and thus we highlight the importance of studies of host-associated parasites, especially in the context of freshwater fish biogeography. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Farshad Nejat
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Shahriari Sq. Velenjak, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Šimková A, Janáč M, Hyršl P, Krasnovyd V, Vetešník L. Vigour-related traits and immunity in hybrids of evolutionary divergent cyprinoid species: advantages of hybrid heterosis? J Fish Biol 2021; 98:1155-1171. [PMID: 33340100 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid advantage, described as the superiority of hybrids in some traits over their parents and termed the "heterosis effect," is widely documented in the case of reciprocal crosses of parental species (i.e., hybrids representing the F1 generation). In fish, high survival, fast growth and better health status have been widely documented in F1 hybrids. Nonetheless, the effects of interspecific hybridization on vigour, physiology and immunity-related traits in fish are largely unknown, especially concerning native systems of coexisting parental and hybrid genomes in the same habitat. The present study examined the potential physiological and immune aspects of hybrid heterosis by comparing condition status (measured especially by indexes), haematological profile, glucose concentration and selected parameters of non-specific and specific immunity between the evolutionarily divergent non-congeneric cyprinoid species Abramis brama and Rutilus rutilus and their hybrids representing the F1 generation, all of them caught in nature. Clear differences were documented for vigour-related, physiological and immune parameters between the two divergent species. Hybrids generally tended to express intermediate characters of the measured traits, likely generated by the evolutionary divergence of the hybridizing species; nonetheless, for some traits, hybrids exhibited a character that was more similar to one parental species than to the other. This was interpreted as the heterozygote advantage for F1 hybrids. It is suggested that a maternally inherited genetic background may potentially influence the expression of some branches of non-specific immunity or other aspects related to the fish health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Janáč
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vadym Krasnovyd
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Řehulková E, Rahmouni I, Pariselle A, Šimková A. Integrating morphological and molecular approaches for characterizing four species of Dactylogyrus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Moroccan cyprinids, with comments on their host specificity and phylogenetic relationships. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10867. [PMID: 33828906 PMCID: PMC8000462 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid fishes are known to harbour highly host-specific gill-associated parasites of Dactylogyrus. High similarity in the morphology of sclerotized structures among Dactylogyrus species, especially those parasitizing congeneric cyprinoids, makes their identification difficult. In this paper, four previously known species of Dactylogyrus are characterized and illustrated under a reliable taxonomic framework integrating morphological and molecular evidence, and their phylogenetic relationships are investigated using molecular data. The species are as follows: D. borjensis from Luciobarbus zayanensis; D. draaensis from Luciobarbus lepineyi; D. ksibii from Luciobarbus ksibi and Luciobarbus rabatensis; and D. marocanus from Carasobarbus fritschii, L. ksibi, L. zayanensis and Pterocapoeta maroccana. Our results revealed intraspecific genetic variability among specimens of D. ksibii collected from two different hosts and geographically distant basins. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing Moroccan cyprinids are representatives of three main lineages corresponding to morphological differences and host specificity. Our records of D. marocanus on L. zayanensis and P. maroccana increase the range of available host species i.e.,eight species of four cyprinid genera representing two phylogenetic lineages (i.e., Barbinae and Torinae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Imane Rahmouni
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- Institute of Evolutionary Sciences of Montpellier (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Benovics M, Koubková B, Civáňová K, Rahmouni I, Čermáková K, Šimková A. Diversity and phylogeny of Paradiplozoon species (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) parasitising endemic cyprinoids in the peri-Mediterranean area, with a description of three new Paradiplozoon species. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:481-496. [PMID: 33409627 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Diplozoidae are monogenean parasites of mainly cyprinoid fishes with a unique life cycle, whereby two larvae undergo anastomosis and fuse into a single cross-shaped specimen. Paradiplozoon is the most species rich and widespread genus of the family, with a distribution range covering Eurasia and Africa; however, some areas remain underexplored and their diplozoid fauna is uncertain. In the present study, the Paradiplozoon diversity was investigated in the peri-Mediterranean region, which has the highest levels of cyprinoid diversity and endemism in Europe. A total of 36 endemic cyprinoid species were sampled from sites in north-west Africa and the southern European peninsulas and investigated for the presence of diplozoid parasites. Of five Paradiplozoon species collected, three were identified as new to science: Paradiplozoon moroccoensis n. sp. from the Moroccan endemic Luciobarbus lepineyi; Paradiplozoon ibericus n. sp. from Iberian endemic cyprinids and leuciscids and Paradiplozoon helleni n. sp. from the Greek endemic Scardinius acarnicus and Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus (descriptions provided herein). In addition, new host records for P. homoion and P. megan are presented, with the former being most prevalent in the investigated region. Phylogenetic analysis supported paraphyly of the genus Paradiplozoon, and suggests the need for a careful taxonomic re-evaluation of this genus. Furthermore, the results showed that endemic Paradiplozoon of the peri-Mediterranean do not form a monophyletic group, suggesting multiple origins of this parasite groups in different peri-Mediterranean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Božena Koubková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Civáňová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Imane Rahmouni
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Řehulková E, Benovics M, Šimková A. Uncovering the diversity of monogeneans (Platyhelminthes) on endemic cypriniform fishes of the Balkan Peninsula: new species of Dactylogyrus and comments on their phylogeny and host-parasite associations in a biogeographic context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:66. [PMID: 33231549 PMCID: PMC7685236 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Seven new species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Dactylogyridae) are described from the gills of seven endemic species of cyprinoids (Cyprinidae, Leuciscidae) inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula: Dactylogyrus romuli n. sp. from Luciobarbus albanicus (Greece), Dactylogyrus remi n. sp. from Luciobarbus graecus (Greece), Dactylogyrus recisus n. sp. from Pachychilon macedonicum (Greece), Dactylogyrus octopus n. sp. from Tropidophoxinellus spartiaticus (Greece), Dactylogyrus vukicae n. sp. from Delminichthys adspersus (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Dactylogyrus leptus n. sp. from Chondrostoma knerii (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Dactylogyrus sandai n. sp. from Telestes karsticus (Croatia). To delineate species boundaries, we used an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological and genetic data. With these tools, we illustrate that some species of monogeneans considered as cryptic might be designated as pseudocryptic (morphologically similar, not easily differentiated) after a posteriori detailed morphological examination, as happened with D. romuli n. sp. and D. remi n. sp. Thus, for accurate species characterization, it is particularly important to acquire both morphological and molecular data from the same individual specimens, ideally along with illustrations of taxonomically important structures directly taken from hologenophores. Using phylogenetic reconstruction, we investigated the phylogenetic position of newly described Dactylogyrus species within Dactylogyrus species from Balkan cyprinoids with regard to morphological characteristics, host range, and geographical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Krasnovyd V, Vetešník L, Šimková A. Distribution of host-specific parasites in hybrids of phylogenetically related fish: the effects of genotype frequency and maternal ancestry? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:402. [PMID: 32771040 PMCID: PMC7414675 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host specificity is one of the outputs of the coevolution between parasites and their associated hosts. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain the pattern of parasite distribution in parental and hybrid genotypes ranging from hybrid resistance to hybrid susceptibility. We hypothesized that host-parasite co-adaptation limits the infection of host-specific parasites in hybrid genotypes even under the condition of the high frequency of hybrids. The experimental monogenean infection in pure breeds of Blicca bjoerkna and Abramis brama and cross-breeds (the F1 generation of hybrids) under the condition of similar frequencies of pure and hybrid genotypes was investigated. We also examined the potential effect of the maternal origin of hybrids (potential co-adaptation at the level of mitochondrial genes) on monogenean abundance. Methods Pure breeds of two cyprinids and two cross-breeds (one with B. bjoerkna, the next with A. brama in the maternal positions) were exposed to infection by monogeneans naturally occurring in B. bjoerkna and A. brama. The experiment was run under similar frequencies of the four breed lines. Results We showed similar levels of monogenean infection in B. bjoerkna and A. brama. However, each species harboured specific monogenean fauna. Hybrids harboured all monogenean species specifically infecting one or the other species. Monogenean infection levels, especially those of Dactylogyrus specific to A. brama, were lower in hybrids. For the majority of host-specific parasites, there was no effect of the maternal origin of hybrids on monogenean abundance. Asymmetry was found in the distribution of specific parasites in favour of specialists of B. bjoerkna in the monogenean communities of hybrids. Conclusions Our results indicate that the maternal mtDNA of hybrids is not an important predictor of host-specific monogenean infection, which may suggest that mitochondrial genes are not strongly involved in the coadaptation between monogeneans and their associated hosts. The asymmetry of species-specific parasites suggests similarity between the molecular components of the immune mechanisms in hybrids and B. bjoerkna. Our results revealed a difference between the degree of host-parasite coadaptation in specific parasites of A. brama and the degree of host-parasite coadaptation in specific parasites of B. bjoerkna and their associated hosts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Krasnovyd
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kuchta R, Řehulková E, Francová K, Scholz T, Morand S, Šimková A. Diversity of monogeneans and tapeworms in cypriniform fishes across two continents. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:771-786. [PMID: 32687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cypriniformes, which exhibit a wide geographical distribution, are the most species-rich group of freshwater fishes. Despite considerable research on their parasites, no reliable estimates of their parasite diversity on a large geographical scale are available. In the present review, we analyse species richness of two parasitic flatworm groups (monogeneans and tapeworms) reported from cypriniform fishes in the two most intensively studied parts of the Holarctic region, Europe and North America. We also review knowledge on parasite speciation and host-parasite coevolution, and emphasise the risk of parasite co-introduction resulting from transfers of cypriniforms among different continents. As parasite diversity in European cypriniforms has been more intensively explored, we predicted a lower level of knowledge on parasite diversity in North American fishes, despite North America having a higher diversity of cypriniforms than Europe. Our data revealed a higher mean species richness of monogeneans and tapeworms per cypriniform species in Europe compared with North America. We showed that species richness of both parasite taxa in both continents is strongly affected by sample size, but that fish traits also play an important role in determining monogenean and tapeworm species richness in European cyprinoids. We recorded higher host specificity for cypriniform parasites in North America, even within parasite genera shared by cypriniforms on both continents. The host range of monogeneans parasitising cyprinoids on both continents was affected by phylogeny, indicating an effect of parasite life history on host specificity. The difference in parasite host range between the two continents could potentially be explained by either the low overall level of sampling activity in North America or an underestimation of parasite diversity in Europe. We suggest that future research efforts be focussed on cypriniforms in order to obtain reliable data for robust assessments of parasite species richness and phylogenies, to assess host-parasite coevolution and to reveal fish biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Francová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Serge Morand
- CNRS ISEM - CIRAD ASTRE, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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22
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Benovics M, Vukić J, Šanda R, Rahmouni I, Šimková A. Disentangling the evolutionary history of peri-Mediterranean cyprinids using host-specific gill monogeneans. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:969-984. [PMID: 32619430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversification of Mediterranean fish appears to be far more complex than could be explained by a single dispersion model. Cyprinids represent one of the most species-rich groups of freshwater fishes living in this region. The current distribution of several highly divergent cyprinid taxa is most likely the result of multiple dispersion events. Cyprinid fish serve as hosts for the highly diversified and host-specific monogenean parasites of the genus Dactylogyrus. On the assumption that the distribution of Dactylogyrus spp. reflects the biogeography and evolutionary history of their hosts, we used these parasites as an additional tool to shed new light on the evolutionary history of peri-Mediterranean cyprinids of the subfamily Barbinae. The degree of congruence between host and parasite phylogenies was investigated using 29 Dactylogyrus spp. and 34 Barbinae hosts belonging to the genera Aulopyge, Barbus and Luciobarbus. We showed that the morphological adaptation of Dactylogyrus (i.e. of the ventral bar, representing the most variable morphological character of the attachment organ) is linked with parasite phylogeny. By applying distance-based and event-based cophylogenetic approaches, we revealed a significant global coevolutionary signal. A total of 62% of individual host-parasite links contributed significantly to the coevolutionary structure evidenced between hosts of Barbus spp. and Iberian Luciobarbus spp., and their host-specific Dactylogyrus spp. The host switching of parasites was revealed as the most important coevolutionary event in the Dactylogyrus-Barbinae system in the peri-Mediterranean region. Cophylogenetic analyses and the mapping of the morphological character of the parasite attachment organ onto the phylogeny of Dactylogyrus indicate that endemic southern European Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing cyprinids of Barbinae have multiple origins. We suggest that continental bridges connecting southern Europe and North Africa played a crucial role in the dispersion of cyprinids, affecting the distribution of their host-specific gill parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jasna Vukić
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šanda
- National Museum, Václavské Náměstí 68, 115 79 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Imane Rahmouni
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Benovics M, Desdevises Y, Šanda R, Vukić J, Šimková A. Cophylogenetic relationships betweenDactylogyrus(Monogenea) ectoparasites and endemic cyprinoids of the north‐eastern European peri‐Mediterranean region. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Yves Desdevises
- CNRS Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM) Observatoire Océanologique Sorbonne Université Banyuls/Mer France
| | | | - Jasna Vukić
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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24
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Moreira J, Luque JL, Šimková A. The phylogenetic position of Anacanthorus (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) parasitizing Brazilian serrasalmids (Characiformes). Parasite 2019; 26:44. [PMID: 31335315 PMCID: PMC6650203 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anacanthorus (Anacanthorinae) is one of the most speciose and common genera of neotropical monogeneans, yet there are still many gaps in our knowledge concerning their diversity and phylogeny. We performed phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequences in order to investigate the phylogenetic position within the Dactylogyridae of Anacanthorus spp. infesting serrasalmids from two Brazilian river basins. Sequences of partial 28S rDNA obtained for nine species of Anacanthorus and Mymarothecium viatorum parasitizing serrasalmids and the published sequences of other members of the Dactylogyridae were included in the phylogenetic reconstruction. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of anacanthorine monogeneans. The Anacanthorinae (represented in this study by Anacanthorus spp.) formed a monophyletic group included in a large clade together with a group of solely freshwater Ancyrocephalinae and species of the Ancylodiscoidinae. Mymarothecium viatorum (Ancyrocephalinae) was placed within the clade of freshwater Ancyrocephalinae. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that the relationships among species of Anacanthorus reflect those of their serrasalmid hosts: the first subgroup includes a species specific to hosts assigned to Piaractus, a member of the "pacus" lineage; the second subgroup includes a species parasitizing the "Myleus-like pacus" lineage; and the third subgroup includes species parasitizing the lineage of the "true piranhas". We suggest that Anacanthorus and their serrasalmid hosts can be considered a useful model to assess host-parasite biogeography and coevolution in the neotropics. However, future studies focusing on a wider spectrum of host species and their specific Anacanthorus spp. are needed in order to investigate coevolution in this highly diversified system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Moreira
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro BR 465, Km 7, Caixa Postal 74.540 23890-000 Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - José L. Luque
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro BR 465, Km 7, Caixa Postal 74.540 23890-000 Seropédica RJ Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Caixa Postal 74.540 23851-970 Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 Brno 611 37 Czech Republic
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25
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Rahmouni C, Vanhove MPM, Šimková A. Seven new species of Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) parasitizing the gills of Congolese cichlids from northern Lake Tanganyika. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5604. [PMID: 30370182 PMCID: PMC6202960 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new species of Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) isolated from the gills of six cichlid host species belonging to four tribes and sampled from the Congolese coastline of Lake Tanganyika (LT) are described: Cichlidogyrus adkoningsi sp. nov. from Cyphotilapia frontosa (tribe Cyphotilapiini); C. koblmuelleri sp. nov. from Cardiopharynx schoutedeni (Ectodini); C. habluetzeli sp. nov. from C. schoutedeni and C. frontosa; C. antoineparisellei sp. nov. from Interochromis loocki (Tropheini); C. masilyai sp. nov. from Petrochromis orthognathus (Tropheini); C. salzburgeri sp. nov. from P. trewavasae, and C. sergemorandi sp. nov. from Tylochromis polylepis (Tylochromini). This study represents the first parasitological examination of cyphotilapiine cichlid hosts. Representatives of the Tanganyikan ectodine, tropheine, and tylochromine cichlids previously sampled from various localities in the lake yielded nine, twelve, and two described species of Cichlidogyrus, respectively. The study further includes a morphological characterization of the male copulatory organ of six undescribed species of Cichlidogyrus found on the gills of the tropheines I. loocki and P. orthognathus, and on those of Callochromis melanostigma and Xenotilapia flavipinnis (both Ectodini). Geographical variation in the monogenean fauna of I. loocki was observed. The most closely related cichlid species investigated in this study harboured Cichlidogyrus spp. exhibiting some similarities in their sclerotized structures. Thus, our paper provides additional evidence of the high species richness of Cichlidogyrus and the link with their hosts’s phylogenetic affinities in LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Rahmouni
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Šimková A, Řehulková E, Rasoloariniaina JR, Jorissen MWP, Scholz T, Faltýnková A, Mašová Š, Vanhove MPM. Transmission of parasites from introduced tilapias: a new threat to endemic Malagasy ichthyofauna. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Benovics M, Desdevises Y, Vukić J, Šanda R, Šimková A. The phylogenetic relationships and species richness of host-specific Dactylogyrus parasites shaped by the biogeography of Balkan cyprinids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13006. [PMID: 30158640 PMCID: PMC6115452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites exhibiting a high degree of host specificity are expected to be intimately associated with their hosts. Therefore, the evolution of host-specific parasites is at least partially shaped by the evolutionary history and distribution of such hosts. Gill ectoparasites of Dactylogyrus (Monogenea) are specific to cyprinid fish. In the present study, we investigated the evolutionary history of 47 Dactylogyrus species from the Balkan Peninsula, the Mediteranean region exhibiting the highest cyprinid diversity in Europe, and from central European cyprinids. Phylogenetic analyses revealed four well-supported clades of endemic and non-endemic Dactylogyrus spp. with four basal taxa. Endemic cyprinids with a limited distribution range were parasitized by endemic Dactylogyrus species, but some of them shared several Dactylogyrus species with central European cyprinids. Species delimitation analyses based on molecular data suggest that Dactylogyrus diversity is higher than that defined from morphology. Some endemic cyprinid species harboured Dactylogyrus species of different origins, this probably resulting from multiple host switching. Our results support the view that the evolution of Dactylogyrus in the Balkans has been influenced not only by the historical dispersion and distribution of their cyprinid hosts, but also by recent contacts of non-native cyprinid species with endemic cyprinid fauna in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Yves Desdevises
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls/Mer, F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Jasna Vukić
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šanda
- National Museum, Václavské Náměstí 68, 115 79, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Scholz T, Tavakol S, Uhrová L, Brabec J, Přikrylová I, Mašová Š, Šimková A, Halajian A, Luus-Powell WJ. An annotated list and molecular data on larvae of gryporhynchid tapeworms (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from freshwater fishes in Africa. Syst Parasitol 2018; 95:567-590. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-018-9796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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29
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Scholz T, Šimková A, Rasamy Razanabolana J, Kuchta R. The First Record of the Invasive Asian Fish Tapeworm ( Schyzocotyle Acheilognathi) from An Endemic Cichlid Fish in Madagascar. Helminthologia 2018; 55:84-87. [PMID: 31662631 PMCID: PMC6799532 DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian fish tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea), is an invasive parasite of freshwater fishes that have been reported from more than 200 freshwater fish worldwide. It was originally described from a small cyprinid, Acheilognathus rombeus, in Japan but then has spread, usually with carp, minnows or guppies, to all continents including isolated islands such as Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba or Sri Lanka. In the present account, we report the first case of the infection of a native cichlid fish, Ptychochromis cf. inornatus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), endemic to Madagascar, with S. acheilognathi. The way of introduction of this parasite to the island, which is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - A. Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Rasamy Razanabolana
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - R. Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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30
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Rahmouni C, Vanhove MPM, Šimková A. Underexplored diversity of gill monogeneans in cichlids from Lake Tanganyika: eight new species of Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960 (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from the northern basin of the lake, with remarks on the vagina and the heel of the male copulatory organ. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:591. [PMID: 29197419 PMCID: PMC5712084 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lake Tanganyika harbours the most diverse cichlid assemblage of the Great African Lakes. Considering its cichlid flocks consist of approximately 250 endemic species, we can hypothesize a high species-richness in their often quite host-specific monogenean ectoparasites belonging to Cichlidogyrus Paperna, 1960. Yet, only 24 species were described from Tanganyikan hosts and some host tribes have never been investigated for monogeneans. This study presents the first parasitological examination of species of the tribes Cyprichromini (Cyprichromis microlepidotus (Poll, 1956)), Eretmodini (Eretmodus marksmithi Burgess, 2012 and Tanganicodus irsacae Poll, 1950) and Ectodini (Aulonocranus dewindti (Boulenger, 1899)). Specimens of the ectodine Ophthalmotilapia nasuta (Poll & Matthes, 1962) from which four Cichlidogyrus spp. have been previously described from more southern localities were also studied. Further, we discuss the haptor configuration in Tanganyikan Cichlidogyrus spp. and highlight the morphological diversity of the vagina, and that of the heel, a sclerotized part of the male copulatory organ, absent in some species of Cichlidogyrus. Methods Cichlidogyrus spp. were isolated from gills and fixed using GAP. Haptoral and genital hard parts were measured and drawn by means of a phase contrast microscopic examination. Results We describe eight new species: Cichlidogyrus milangelnari n. sp. on C. microlepidotus; C. jeanloujustinei n. sp. on E. marksmithi; C. evikae n. sp. on T. irsacae; C. aspiralis n. sp., C. glacicremoratus n. sp. and C. rectangulus n. sp. on O. nasuta; and C. pseudoaspiralis n. sp. and C. discophonum n. sp. on A. dewindti. Three haptoral morphotypes were recognized among the new species. Species of Cichlidogyrus from closely related hosts exhibited the same morphotypes. Geographical variation in Cichlidogyrus spp. fauna as observed in O. nasuta and three morphotypes were distinguished. Finally, we listed 111 Cichlidogyrus species, of which 27 and three Tanganyikan species lack sclerotized vagina and heel, respectively, just like 19 and seven species outside of the lake. Conclusions Haptoral and genital features in the Tanganyikan Cichlidogyrus fauna reflect the phylogenetic relationships of their cichlid hosts. It seems that several lineages of Cichlidogyrus spp. exist in Lake Tanganyika but further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and answer questions related to Lake Tanganyika and its cichlids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2460-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Rahmouni
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.,Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (CEBioS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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31
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Gettová L, Gilles A, Šimková A. Erratum to: Metazoan parasite communities: support for the biological invasion of Barbus barbus and its hybridization with the endemic Barbus meridionalis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:263. [PMID: 28558834 PMCID: PMC5450049 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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32
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Benovics M, Kičinjaová ML, Šimková A. The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Balkan Aulopyge huegelii (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the perspective of host-specific Dactylogyrus parasites (Monogenea), with a description of Dactylogyrus omenti n. sp. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:547. [PMID: 29100541 PMCID: PMC5670733 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host specificity of fish parasites is considered a useful parasite characteristic with respect to understanding the biogeography of their fish hosts. Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea) includes common parasites of cyprinids exhibiting different degrees of host specificity, i.e. from strict specialism to generalism. The phylogenetic relationships and historical dispersions of several cyprinid lineages, including Aulopyge huegelii Heckel, 1843, are still unclear. Therefore, the aims of our study were to investigate (i) the Dactylogyrus spp. parasites of A. huegelii, and (ii) the phylogenetic relationships of Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing A. huegelii as a possible tool for understanding the phylogenetic position of this fish species within the Cyprininae lineage. RESULTS Two species of Dactylogyrus, D. vastator Nybelin, 1924 and D. omenti n. sp., were collected from 14 specimens of A. huegelii from the Šujica River (Bosnia and Herzegovina). While D. vastator is a typical species parasitizing Carassius spp. and Cyprinus carpio L, D. omenti n. sp. is, according to phylogenetic reconstruction, closely related to Dactylogyrus species infecting European species of Barbus and Luciobarbus. The genetic distance revealed that the sequence for D. vastator from A. huegelii is identical with that for D. vastator from Barbus plebejus Bonaparte, 1839 (Italy) and Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Croatia). Dactylogyrus omenti n. sp. was described as a species new to science. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the phylogenetic position of A. huegelii within the Cyprininae lineage and suggest that A. huegelii is phylogenetically closely related to Barbus and Luciobarbus species. The morphological similarity between D. omenti n. sp. and Dactylogyrus species of Middle Eastern Barbus suggests historical contact between cyprinid species recently living in allopatry and the possible diversification of A. huegelii from a common ancestor in this area. On other hand, the genetic similarity between D. vastator ex A. huegelii and D. vastator ex C. gibelio collected in Balkan Peninsula suggests that A. huegelii was secondarily parasitized by D. vastator, originating from C. gibelio after introduction of this fish species from Asia to Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Maria Lujza Kičinjaová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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Krasnovyd V, Vetešník L, Gettová L, Civáňová K, Šimková A. Patterns of parasite distribution in the hybrids of non-congeneric cyprinid fish species: is asymmetry in parasite infection the result of limited coadaptation? Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:471-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Remeňová Z, Canigová M, Kročko M, Ducková V, Šimková A. Effects of floral honey and pressed flax seeds on intensity of yogurt aroma, sweetness and sour taste of yogurts during storage. Potr S J F Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.5219/760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate chosen sensory properties of yogurts without any additions of honey and pressed flax seeds (K) and with the different addition of floral honey (1, 3 and 5%) and with the same addition (0.5%) of pressed flax seeds (PA, PB and PC) during storage. These samples were analysed during 14 days of storage at cooling temperature (6 ±1 °C). Sensory properties - intensity of yogurt aroma, sweetness and sour taste were evaluated. Sensory evaluation was carried out in the 1st, 7th and 14th day following the yogurts production. The control samples had the most significant yogurt aroma this sample had also the highest sour taste and the lowest sweet taste throughout the storage. In all of analysed samples, the sourest taste was observed 14th day of storage. The sweet taste of yogurts with honey addition increased compared to control samples however the sweetest taste of samples with addition of honey was 1st day following the yogurt production. Optimum sweetness was determined with the samples of yogurts containing 5% of floral honey. Floral honey added into the yogurts has positive effect on their sensory properties. The pressed flax seeds have no effect on sensory properties of yogurts. The enrichment of yogurts with honey and pressed flax seeds is high recommended because they have a lot of beneficial nutritional properties and improve the sensory quality of the final product.
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Gettová L, Gilles A, Šimková A. Metazoan parasite communities: support for the biological invasion of Barbus barbus and its hybridization with the endemic Barbus meridionalis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:588. [PMID: 27855708 PMCID: PMC5114731 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, human intervention enabled the introduction of Barbus barbus from the Rhône River basin into the Barbus meridionalis habitats of the Argens River. After an introduction event, parasite loss and lower infection can be expected in non-native hosts in contrast to native species. Still, native species might be endangered by hybridization with the incomer and the introduction of novel parasite species. In our study, we aimed to examine metazoan parasite communities in Barbus spp. populations in France, with a special emphasis on the potential threat posed by the introduction of novel parasite species by invasive B. barbus to local B. meridionalis. Methods Metazoan parasite communities were examined in B. barbus, B. meridionalis and their hybrids in three river basins in France. Microsatellites were used for the species identification of individual fish. Parasite abundance, prevalence, and species richness were compared. Effects of different factors on parasite infection levels and species richness were tested using GLM. Results Metazoan parasites followed the expansion range of B. barbus and confirmed its introduction into the Argens River. Here, the significantly lower parasite number and lower levels of infection found in B. barbus in contrast to B. barbus from the Rhône River supports the enemy release hypothesis. Barbus barbus × B. meridionalis hybridization in the Argens River basin was confirmed using both microsatellites and metazoan parasites, as hybrids were infected by parasites of both parental taxa. Trend towards higher parasite diversity in hybrids when compared to parental taxa, and similarity between parasite communities from the Barbus hybrid zone suggest that hybrids might represent “bridges” for parasite infection between B. barbus and B. meridionalis. Risk of parasite transmission from less parasitized B. barbus to more parasitized B. meridionalis indicated from our study in the Argens River might be enhanced in time as higher infection levels in B. barbus from the Rhône River were revealed. Hybrid susceptibility to metazoan parasites varied among the populations and is probably driven by host-parasite interactions and environmental forces. Conclusions Scientific attention should be paid to the threatened status of the endemic B. meridionalis, which is endangered by hybridization with the invasive B. barbus, i.e. by genetic introgression and parasite transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1867-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gettová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - A Gilles
- Aix-Marseille Université, IMBE, UMR CNRS 7263, Evolution Génome Environnement, Case 36, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - A Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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Papežíková I, Mareš J, Vojtek L, Hyršl P, Marková Z, Šimková A, Bartoňková J, Navrátil S, Palíková M. Seasonal changes in immune parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brook trout × Arctic charr hybrids (Salvelinus fontinalis × Salvelinus alpinus alpinus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 57:400-405. [PMID: 27566100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high number of studies concerning seasonality of immune response in fish, information for some fish species is still scarce. Here, we assess seasonal changes in leukocyte counts and several immune parameters in three groups of farmed salmonids, i.e. brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brook trout x Arctic charr hybrids (Salvelinus fontinalis x Salvelinus alpinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under the same conditions and fed with the same feed. Fish were sampled in five periods of the year (late April, early July, late August, early November and early February) and leukocyte counts, respiratory burst of blood phagocytes, lysozyme concentration in skin mucus and total complement activity were measured. Generalized linear models using fish body length as a continuous predictor and sampling period and fish species as categorical predictors, were significant for each of the parameters analysed. The highest seasonal variations in measured parameters were found in rainbow trout and lowest in hybrids. Our results confirm that measures of innate and adaptive immunity are strongly affected by season in all three groups of salmonids. The results will contribute to the improved assessment of immunocompetence in farmed fishes, essential for future sustainable development in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Mareš
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vojtek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Marková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bartoňková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Navrátil
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Vanhove MPM, Hablützel PI, Pariselle A, Šimková A, Huyse T, Raeymaekers JAM. Cichlids: A Host of Opportunities for Evolutionary Parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:820-832. [PMID: 27595383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to high species diversity and a broad range of speciation mechanisms, cichlid fishes represent a textbook model in evolutionary biology. They are also of substantial economic value. Despite this importance, cichlid parasites remain understudied, although some are more diverse than their hosts. They may offer important insights into cichlid evolution and the evolution of host-parasite interactions. We review five major lines of research conducted on cichlid parasites so far: the study of parasite diversity and speciation; the role of parasites in cichlid diversification; the evolutionary ecology of host specificity; historical biogeography; and biological invasions. We call for more research in these areas and suggest approaches to valorise the potential that cichlid parasites hold for the study of evolutionary parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P M Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pascal I Hablützel
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, CC 063, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tine Huyse
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Joost A M Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Seifertová M, Jarkovský J, Šimková A. Does the parasite-mediated selection drive the MHC class IIB diversity in wild populations of European chub (Squalius cephalus)? Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1401-15. [PMID: 26693717 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) provide an excellent opportunity to study host-parasite relationships because they are expected to evolve in response to parasites and variation in parasite communities. In this study, we investigated the potential role of parasite-mediated selection acting on MHC class IIB (DAB) genes in European chub (Squalius cephalus) natural populations. We found significant differences between populations in metazoan parasites, neutral and adaptive genetic diversities. The analyses based on pairwise data revealed that populations with dissimilar MHC allelic profiles were geographically distant populations with significantly different diversity in microsatellites and a dissimilar composition of parasite communities. The results from the generalized estimating equations method (GEE) on the level of individuals revealed that metazoan parasite load in European chub was influenced by the diversity of DAB alleles as well as by the diversity of neutral genetic markers and host traits reflecting condition and immunocompetence. The multivariate co-inertia analysis showed specific associations between DAB alleles and parasite species. DAB1-like alleles were more involved in associations with ectoparasites, while DAB3-like alleles were positively associated with endoparasites which could suggest potential differences between DAB genes caused by different selection pressure. Our study revealed that parasite-mediated selection is not the only variable affecting MHC diversity in European chub; however, we strongly support the role of neutral processes as the main driver of DAB diversity across populations. In addition, our study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of MHC genes in wild living fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Jarkovský
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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Šimková A, Hyršl P, Halačka K, Vetešník L. Physiological and condition-related traits in the gynogenetic-sexual Carassius auratus complex: different investments promoting the coexistence of two reproductive forms? BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:154. [PMID: 26245328 PMCID: PMC4545816 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carassius auratus complex is an extraordinary species complex including the diploid and polyploid forms exhibiting asexual and sexual reproduction modes. The coexistence of both forms in the same habitats is currently reported. The stable coexistence of asexual and sexual forms assumes some disadvantages for asexuals that balance the costs of sex. In our study, we hypothesized and tested the differences in physiological (including heamatological and immunological), growth-related, condition-related, and fitness-related traits between gynogenetic females and sexuals. RESULTS Our results revealed similar growth performance in gynogenetic females and sexuals measured by body size and weight, or expressed by condition factor. The energy allocation in reproduction measured by the relative size of gonads revealed no difference between gynogenetic and sexual females; in addition, both females in spawning expressed the same estradiol levels in blood plasma. We found a gender specific trade-off between investment in reproduction and immunocompetence (measured by the spleen-somatic index). Higher aerobic performance expressed by the heart index and higher oxygen-carrying capacity were found in sexual males, with increasing values before and during spawning. Our study evidenced significantly lower aerobic performance but higher oxygen-carrying capacity per erythrocyte in gynogenetic females when compared to sexuals. IgM production differed between gynogens and sexuals of C. auratus complex. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that a similar amount of energy is invested by both gynogenetic and sexual females of C. auratus complex in reproductive behaviour. We suggest that lower aerobic performance in gynogens may represent their physiological disadvantage balancing the cost of sexual reproduction. A trade-off between the number of erythrocytes and the oxygen-carrying capacity per erythrocyte in sexual males and gynogenetic females may contribute to the coexistence of gynogenetic and sexual forms. In addition, the differences in specific immunity between gynogens and sexuals may also reduce the evolutionary disadvantage of sexual reproduction. In conclusion, we propose that several mechanisms contribute to the coexistence of the gynogenetic-sexual C. auratus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Halačka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Vetešník
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The patterns and processes linked to the host specificity of parasites represent one of the central themes in the study of host-parasite interactions. We investigated the evolution and determinants of host specificity in gill monogeneans of Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus species parasitizing African freshwater fish of Cichlidae. METHODS We analyzed (1) the link between host specificity and parasite phylogeny, (2) potential morphometric correlates of host specificity (i.e. parasite body size and the morphometrics of the attachment apparatus), and (3) potential determinants of host specificity following the hypothesis of ecological specialization and the hypothesis of specialization on predictable resources (i.e. host body size and longevity were considered as measures of host predictability), and (4) the role of brooding behavior of cichlids in Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus diversification. RESULTS No significant relationships were found between host specificity and phylogeny of Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus species. The mapping of host specificity onto the parasite phylogenetic tree revealed that an intermediate specialist parasitizing congeneric cichlid hosts represents the ancestral state for the Cichlidogyrus/Scutogyrus group. Only a weak relationship was found between the morphometry of the parasites' attachment apparatus and host specificity. Our study did not support the specialization on predictable resources or ecological specialization hypotheses. Nevertheless, host specificity was significantly related to fish phylogeny and form of parental care. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that host specificity is not a derived condition for Cichlidogyrus/Scutogyrus parasites and may reflect other than historical constraints. Attachment apparatus morphometry reflects only partially (if at all) parasite adaptation to the host species, probably because of the morphological similarity of rapidly evolved cichlids (analyzed in our study). However, we showed that parental care behavior of cichlids may play an important role linked to host specificity of Cichlidogyrus/Scutogyrus parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mendlová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Šimková A, Serbielle C, Pariselle A, Vanhove MPM, Morand S. Speciation in Thaparocleidus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) parasitizing Asian Pangasiid catfishes. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:353956. [PMID: 24350263 PMCID: PMC3853038 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phylogeny of monogeneans of the genus Thaparocleidus that parasitize the gills of Pangasiidae in Borneo and Sumatra was inferred from molecular data to investigate parasite speciation. The phylogeny of the Pangasiidae was also reconstructed in order to investigate host-parasite coevolutionary history. The monophyly of Thaparocleidus parasitizing Pangasiidae was confirmed. Low intraspecies molecular variability was observed in three Thaparocleidus species collected from geographically distant localities. However, a high intraspecies molecular variability was observed in two Thaparocleidus species suggesting that these species represent a complex of species highly similar in morphology. Distance-based and tree-based methods revealed a significant global fit between parasite and host phylogenies. Parasite duplication (i.e., intrahost speciation) was recognized as the most common event in Thaparocleidus, while the numbers of cospeciation and host switches were lower and similar to each other. When collapsing nodes correspond to duplication cases, our results suggest host switches in the Thaparocleidus-Pangasiidae system precluding congruence between host and parasite trees. We found that the morphometric variability of the parasite attachment organ is not linked to phylogeny, suggesting that the attachment organ is under adaptive constraint. We showed that haptor morphometry is linked to host specificity, whereby nonspecific parasites display higher morphometric variability than specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Celine Serbielle
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UMR CNRS 6035, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, IRD-CNRS-UM2, Université Montpellier 2, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Maarten P. M. Vanhove
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, IRD-CNRS-UM2, Université Montpellier 2, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Agostini C, Albaladejo RG, Aparicio A, Arthofer W, Berrebi P, Boag PT, Carbone I, Conroy GC, Cortesero AM, Costa Gonçalves E, Costa D, Couto A, Girolamo MI, Du H, Fu S, Garrido‐Garduño T, Gettová L, Gilles A, Guerreiro Hamoy I, Herrera CM, Heussler C, Isidro E, Josso C, Krapf P, Lamont RW, Ralec A, Lopes S, Luís C, Luo H, Mahéo F, Marino IAM, Mieuzet L, Murray BW, Ogbourne SM, Pallavicini A, Parejo‐Farnés C, Patarnello T, Paty C, Pereira C, Pinho C, Pinto P, Poinsot D, Powell A, Putman AI, Santoro A, Santos S, Schlick‐Steiner BC, Scott C, Silvanira Barbosa M, Šimková A, Simon J, Solé‐Cava A, Steiner FM, Sun Z, Torboli V, Tredway LP, Coeverden de Groot PJ, Vasconcellos A, Vázquez‐Domínguez E, Wang D, Wang Y, Wei Q, Zane L, Zhang S. Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 April 2013–31 May 2013. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 13:966-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Šimková A, Civáňová K, Gettová L, Gilles A. Genomic Porosity between Invasive Chondrostoma nasus and Endangered Endemic Parachondrostoma toxostoma (Cyprinidae): The Evolution of MHC IIB Genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65883. [PMID: 23824831 PMCID: PMC3688810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two cyprinid species, Parachondrostoma toxostoma, an endemic threatened species, and Chondrostoma nasus, an invasive species, live in sympatry in southern France and form two sympatric zones where the presence of intergeneric hybrids is reported. To estimate the potential threat to endemic species linked to the introduction of invasive species, we focused on the DAB genes (functional MHC IIB genes) because of their adaptive significance and role in parasite resistance. More specifically, we investigated (1) the variability of MHC IIB genes, (2) the selection pattern shaping MHC polymorphism, and (3) the extent to which trans-species evolution and intergeneric hybridization affect MHC polymorphism. In sympatric areas, the native species has more diversified MHC IIB genes when compared to the invasive species, probably resulting from the different origins and dispersal of both species. A similar level of MHC polymorphism was found at population level in both species, suggesting similar mechanisms generating MHC diversity. In contrast, a higher number of DAB-like alleles per specimen were found in invasive species. Invasive species tended to express the alleles of two DAB lineages, whilst native species tended to express the alleles of only the DAB3 lineage. Hybrids have a pattern of MHC expression intermediate between both species. Whilst positive selection acting on peptide binding sites (PBS) was demonstrated in both species, a slightly higher number of positively selected sites were identified in C. nasus, which could result from parasite-mediated selection. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed a similar pattern of structuring for the genetic variation when using microsatellites or the MHC approach. We confirmed the importance of trans-species evolution for MHC polymorphism. In addition, we demonstrated bidirectional gene flow for MHC IIB genes in sympatric areas. The positive significant correlation between MHC and microsatellites suggests that demographic factors may contribute to MHC variation on a short time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Civáňová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Gettová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - André Gilles
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, UMR Centre national de la recherche scientifique 7263, Evolution Génome Environnement, Marseille, France
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Šimková A, Košař M, Vetešník L, Vyskočilová M. MHC genes and parasitism in Carassius gibelio, a diploid-triploid fish species with dual reproduction strategies. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:122. [PMID: 23768177 PMCID: PMC3691641 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gibel carp is a fish species with dual reproduction modes, gynogenesis and sexual reproduction, coexisting in mixed diploid-polyploid populations. Following the Red Queen (RQ) assumption, asexual organisms are, due to their low genetic diversity, targets for parasite adaptation. Because MHC polymorphism is maintained by selection from parasites and sexual selection, MHC genes are considered as a suitable candidate for testing the RQ hypothesis. In this study, we investigated MHC variability and the selection pressure acting on MHC genes in sexual diploids and asexual triploids. In addition, we tested whether the asexual form of gibel carp suffers from higher parasite loads than the sexual form. Results At the population level, genotype and allelic diversity of MHC were reduced in gynogenetic triploids when compared to sexual diploids. Different patterns in positively selected sites (PSS) between gynogens and sexual gibel carp were also found. A weak difference in parasite species richness was found between sexual fish and gynogens. However, two common clones of gynogens were significantly more parasitized than sexual diploids or other gynogens with rare MHC genotypes. At the individual level, the higher number of alleles was not associated with higher parasitism in either sexual diploids or gynogens. Conclusions The differences in MHC diversity between gynogenetic triploids and sexual diploids are in accordance with the hypothesis of sexually-mediated selection increasing MHC diversity and fulfil a prerequisite of the Red Queen hypothesis. The different patterns in PSS between gynogens and sexual gibel carp also suggest the potential role of sexual selection and supports parasite-mediated selection maintaining MHC diversity. We showed that the most common MHC genotypes of gynogenetic triploids are the target of parasite selection. Our results suggest that the MHC genotype in gibel carp is more important than allelic number for immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic.
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Guilhem R, Šimková A, Morand S, Gourbière S. Within-host competition and diversification of macro-parasites. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2936-46. [PMID: 22696483 PMCID: PMC3479921 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although competitive speciation is more and more regarded as a plausible mechanism for sympatric speciation of non-parasite species, virtually no empirical or theoretical study has considered this evolutionary process to explain intra-host diversification of parasites. We expanded the theory of competitive speciation to parasite species looking at the effect of macro-parasite life history on the conditions for sympatric speciation under the so-called pleiotropic scenario. We included within-host competition in the classical Anderson and May framework assuming that individuals exploit within-host resources according to a quantitative trait. We derived the invasion fitness function of mutants considering different distributions of individuals among hosts. Although the mutant fitness depends on parameters describing the key features of macro-parasite life history, and on the relative distributions of mutant and residents in hosts, the conditions for competitive speciation of macro-parasites are exactly the same as those previously established for free-living species. As an interesting by-product, within-host competitive speciation is expected not to depend on the aggregation level of the parasites. This theoretical pattern is confirmed by comparing the speciation rate of weakly and strongly aggregated monogenean parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rascalou Guilhem
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD ‘Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions’, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66100, France
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution—CNRS, Département Génétique Environnement, CC065, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD ‘Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions’, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66100, France
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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Mendlová M, Desdevises Y, Civáňová K, Pariselle A, Šimková A. Monogeneans of West African cichlid fish: evolution and cophylogenetic interactions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37268. [PMID: 22662139 PMCID: PMC3356412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this paper were to investigate phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of cichlid fish from West Africa and their Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus monogenean parasites, to uncover the presence of host-parasite cospeciation and to assess the level of morphological adaptation in parasites. This required the following steps, each one representing specific objectives of this paper: (1) to build phylogenetic trees for Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus species based on ribosomal DNA sequences, (2) to investigate phylogenetic relationships within West African cichlid fish based on the analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences, (3) to investigate host-parasite cophylogenetic history to gain clues on parasite speciation process, and (4) to investigate the link between the morphology of the attachment apparatus and parasite phylogeny. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyletic origin of the Cichlidogyrus/Scutogyrus group, and suggested that Cichlidogyrus is polyphyletic and that Scutogyrus is monophyletic. The phylogeny of Cichlidae supported the separation of mouthbrooders and substrate-brooders and is consistent with the hypothesis that the mouthbrooding behavior of Oreochromis and Sarotherodon evolved from substrate-brooding behavior. The mapping of morphological characters of the haptor onto the parasite phylogenetic tree suggests that the attachment organ has evolved from a very simple form to a more complex one. The cophylogenetic analyses indicated a significant fit between trees using distance-based tests, but no significant cospeciation signal using tree-based tests, suggesting the presence of parasite duplications and host switches on related host species. This shed some light on the diversification process of Cichlidogyrus species parasitizing West African cichlids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mendlová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yves Desdevises
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - Kristína Civáňová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, IRD-CNRS-UM2, Université Montpellier 2 CC065, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Seifertová M, Šimková A. Structure, diversity and evolutionary patterns of expressed MHC class IIB genes in chub (Squalius cephalus), a cyprinid fish species from Europe. Immunogenetics 2010; 63:167-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wenger M, Ondračková M, Machala M, Neča J, Hyršl P, Šimková A, Jurajda P, von der Ohe P, Segner H. Assessing relationships between chemical exposure, parasite infection, fish health, and fish ecological status: a case study using chub (Leuciscus cephalus) in the Bílina River, Czech Republic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:453-466. [PMID: 20821465 DOI: 10.1002/etc.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple stressor scenarios, as they are relevant in many watersheds, call for approaches extending beyond conventional chemical-focused approaches. The present study, investigated the fish population, represented by chub (Leuciscus cephalus), in the Bílina River (Czech Republic), which is impacted by various pollution sources and might pose a risk on the fish population. To confirm or reject this hypothesis it was examined whether there exists an association between abundance of chub and exposure to toxic chemicals as well as natural stressors, represented by parasites, and whether health-related suborganismal traits, namely, organ indices, tissue histopathology, and immune parameters, would help in revealing relationships between stressor impact and population status. Toxic pressure was assessed by the toxic unit approach, which gives an integrative estimate of toxic effect concentrations and by measuring the biomarkers cytochrome P4501A and vitellogenin, which indicate exposure to bioavailable arylhydrocarbon- or estrogen receptor ligands. Parasite pressure was estimated by determining abundance and species composition of ecto- and endoparasites of chub. Chub abundance was high upstream in the Bílina, low to zero in the middle stretches, and increased again downstream. Toxic pressure increased in the downstream direction, while parasite intensity decreased in this direction. Health status of chub did not differ clearly between up-, middle-, and downstream sites. Thus, it appears that neither toxic pressure nor parasite pressure nor their combination translates into a change of chub health status. By using varied assessment tools, this study provides evidence against a presumed causative role of toxicants impairing the fish ecological status of the Bílina River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wenger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markéta Ondračková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jurajda
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter von der Ohe
- Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ), Department of Effect-Directed Analysis; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Šimková A, Verneau O, Gelnar M, Morand S. SPECIFICITY AND SPECIALIZATION OF CONGENERIC MONOGENEANS PARASITIZING CYPRINID FISH. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/05-521.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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