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Rossi LF, Solari AJ. Large lamellar bodies and their role in the growing oocytes of the armadillo Chaetophractus villosus. J Morphol 2021; 282:1330-1338. [PMID: 34164851 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oogenesis in the armadillo Chaetophractus villosus, a representative species of a mammalian basal clade, was investigated by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical localization of keratin. At the beginning of the growth phase, oocyte follicles showed one, and sometimes several, large bodies composed of lamellae (multilamellar bodies [MLBs]), which entrap other cytoplasmic organelles at more advanced stages. Lamellae diameter is described in cross-section (37 nm) and tangential sections (50 nm). The MLB of early oocytes is most frequently located close to the nucleus. In large oocytes, both, this body and the free organelles are relocated at the oocyte periphery. The MLB grows from the primary follicle up to its full development at the follicular phase characterized by tall granulosa cells. Mitochondria, smooth small vesicles, and lipofuscin granules are trapped between lamellae. MLBs engage in the formation of different sets of organelles, both trapped and free ones. When oocytes are well developed and the zona pellucida is formed, the MLB is reduced to small remnants detected only by transmission electron microscopy. The MLB disintegrates when an antrum develops. Immunohistochemical localization techniques showed the presence of cytokeratin in the MLBs. This cytokeratin pool may be involved in the filament and desmosome formation found in the periphery of late oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina (C1121ABG), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto J Solari
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Segunda Unidad Académica de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina (C1121ABG), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Matveevsky SN, Pavlova SV, Atsaeva MM, Searle JB, Kolomiets OL. Dual mechanism of chromatin remodeling in the common shrew sex trivalent (XY 1Y 2). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:727-745. [PMID: 29114363 PMCID: PMC5672328 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i4.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we focus on the XY1Y2 condition in male common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758, applying electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for a comprehensive analysis of structure, synapsis and behaviour of the sex trivalent in pachytene spermatocytes. The pachytene sex trivalent consists of three distinct parts: short and long synaptic SC fragments (between the X and Y1 and between the X and Y2, respectively) and a long asynaptic region of the X in-between. Chromatin inactivation was revealed in the XY1 synaptic region, the asynaptic region of the X and a very small asynaptic part of the Y2. This inactive part of the sex trivalent, that we named the 'head', forms a typical sex body and is located at the periphery of the meiotic nucleus at mid pachytene. The second part or 'tail', a long region of synapsis between the X and Y2 chromosomes, is directed from the periphery into the nucleus. Based on the distribution patterns of four proteins involved in chromatin inactivation, we propose a model of meiotic silencing in shrew sex chromosomes. Thus, we conclude that pachytene sex chromosomes are structurally and functionally two different chromatin domains with specific nuclear topology: the peripheral inactivated 'true' sex chromosome regions (part of the X and the Y1) and more centrally located transcriptionally active autosomal segments (part of the X and the Y2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N. Matveevsky
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin str. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Pavlova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Maret M. Atsaeva
- Chechen State University, A. Sheripov str. 32, Grozny 364051, Chechen Republic, Russia
| | - Jeremy B. Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Oxana L. Kolomiets
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin str. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Casey AE, Daish TJ, Barbero JL, Grützner F. Differential cohesin loading marks paired and unpaired regions of platypus sex chromosomes at prophase I. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4217. [PMID: 28652620 PMCID: PMC5484699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are vital for chromosome organisation during meiosis and mitosis. In addition to the important function in sister chromatid cohesion, these complexes play key roles in meiotic recombination, DSB repair, homologous chromosome pairing and segregation. Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) feature an unusually complex sex chromosome system, which raises fundamental questions about organisation and segregation during meiosis. We discovered a dynamic and differential accumulation of cohesins on sex chromosomes during platypus prophase I and specific reorganisation of the sex chromosome complex around a large nucleolar body. Detailed analysis revealed a differential loading of SMC3 on the chromatin and chromosomal axis of XY shared regions compared with the chromatin and chromosomal axes of asynapsed X and Y regions during prophase I. At late prophase I, SMC3 accumulation is lost from both the chromatin and chromosome axes of the asynaptic regions of the chain and resolves into subnuclear compartments. This is the first report detailing unpaired DNA specific SMC3 accumulation during meiosis in any species and allows speculation on roles for cohesin in monotreme sex chromosome organisation and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Casey
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tasman J Daish
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jose Luis Barbero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC)/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Grützner
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Raudsepp T, Chowdhary BP. The Eutherian Pseudoautosomal Region. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 147:81-94. [PMID: 26730606 DOI: 10.1159/000443157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is a unique segment of sequence homology between differentiated sex chromosomes where recombination occurs during meiosis. Molecular and functional properties of the PAR are distinctive from the autosomes and the remaining regions of the sex chromosomes. These include a higher rate of recombination than genome average, bias towards GC-substitutions and increased interindividual nucleotide divergence and mutations. As yet, the PAR has been physically demarcated in only 28 eutherian species representing 6 mammalian orders. Murid rodents have the smallest, gene-poorest and most diverged PARs. Other eutherian PARs are largely homologous but differ in size and gene content, being the smallest in equids and human/simian primates and much larger in other eutherians. Because pseudoautosomal genes escape X inactivation, their dosage changes with sex chromosome aneuploidies, whereas phenotypic effects of the latter depend on the size and gene content of the PAR. Thus, X monosomy is more viable in mice, humans and horses than in species with larger PARs. Presently, little is known about the functions of PAR genes in individual species, though human studies suggest their involvement in early embryonic development. The PAR is, thus, of evolutionary, genetic and biomedical significance and a 'research hotspot' in eutherian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, CVM, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
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Chaetophractus villosus as a sentinel organism: Baseline values of mitotic index, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 796:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Protein markers of synaptic behavior and chromatin remodeling of the neo-XY body in phyllostomid bats. Chromosoma 2015; 125:701-8. [PMID: 26661581 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The XX/XY system is the rule among mammals. However, many exceptions from this general pattern have been discovered since the last decades. One of these non-conventional sex chromosome mechanisms is the multiple sex chromosome system, which is evolutionary fixed among many bat species of the family Phyllostomidae, and has arisen by a translocation between one original gonosome (X or Y chromosome), and an autosome, giving rise to a "neo-XY body." The aim of this work is to study the synaptic behavior and the chromatin remodeling of multiple sex chromosomes in different species of phyllostomid bats using electron microscopy and molecular markers. Testicular tissues from adult males of the species Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris, Uroderma bilobatum, and Vampyrodes caraccioli from the eastern Amazonia were analyzed by optical/electron microscopy and immunofluorescence of meiotic proteins involved in synapsis (SYCP3 and SYCE3), sister-chromatid cohesion (SMC3), and chromatin silencing (BRCA1, γ-H2AX, and RNApol 2). The presence of asynaptic axes-labeled by BRCA1 and γ-H2AX-at meiotic prophase in testes that have a normal development of spermatogenesis, suggests that the basic mechanism that arrests spreading of transcriptional silencing (meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI)) to the autosomal segments may be per se the formation of a functional synaptonemal complex between homologous or non-homologous regions, and thus, this SC barrier might be probably related to the preservation of fertility in these systems.
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Federici F, Mulugeta E, Schoenmakers S, Wassenaar E, Hoogerbrugge JW, van der Heijden GW, van Cappellen WA, Slotman JA, van IJcken WFJ, Laven JSE, Grootegoed JA, Baarends WM. Incomplete meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in the domestic dog. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:291. [PMID: 25884295 PMCID: PMC4399420 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammalian meiotic prophase, homologous chromosome recognition is aided by formation and repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Subsequently, stable associations form through homologous chromosome synapsis. In male mouse meiosis, the largely heterologous X and Y chromosomes synapse only in their short pseudoautosomal regions (PARs), and DSBs persist along the unsynapsed non-homologous arms of these sex chromosomes. Asynapsis of these arms and the persistent DSBs then trigger transcriptional silencing through meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), resulting in formation of the XY body. This inactive state is partially maintained in post-meiotic haploid spermatids (postmeiotic sex chromatin repression, PSCR). For the human, establishment of MSCI and PSCR have also been reported, but X-linked gene silencing appears to be more variable compared to mouse. To gain more insight into the regulation and significance of MSCI and PSCR among different eutherian species, we have performed a global analysis of XY pairing dynamics, DSB repair, MSCI and PSCR in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), for which the complete genome sequence has recently become available, allowing a thorough comparative analyses. RESULTS In addition to PAR synapsis between X and Y, we observed extensive self-synapsis of part of the dog X chromosome, and rapid loss of known markers of DSB repair from that part of the X. Sequencing of RNA from purified spermatocytes and spermatids revealed establishment of MSCI. However, the self-synapsing region of the X displayed higher X-linked gene expression compared to the unsynapsed area in spermatocytes, and was post-meiotically reactivated in spermatids. In contrast, genes in the PAR, which are expected to escape MSCI, were expressed at very low levels in both spermatocytes and spermatids. Our comparative analysis was then used to identify two X-linked genes that may escape MSCI in spermatocytes, and 21 that are specifically re-activated in spermatids of human, mouse and dog. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that MSCI is incomplete in the dog. This may be partially explained by extensive, but transient, self-synapsis of the X chromosome, in association with rapid completion of meiotic DSB repair. In addition, our comparative analysis identifies novel candidate male fertility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Federici
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eskeatnaf Mulugeta
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Present address: Institut Curie, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Unit 11 et 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France.
| | - Sam Schoenmakers
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Evelyne Wassenaar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos W Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Godfried W van der Heijden
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiggert A van Cappellen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan A Slotman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joop S E Laven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Anton Grootegoed
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO BOX 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hinch AG, Altemose N, Noor N, Donnelly P, Myers SR. Recombination in the human Pseudoautosomal region PAR1. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004503. [PMID: 25033397 PMCID: PMC4102438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is a short region of homology between the mammalian X and Y chromosomes, which has undergone rapid evolution. A crossover in the PAR is essential for the proper disjunction of X and Y chromosomes in male meiosis, and PAR deletion results in male sterility. This leads the human PAR with the obligatory crossover, PAR1, to having an exceptionally high male crossover rate, which is 17-fold higher than the genome-wide average. However, the mechanism by which this obligatory crossover occurs remains unknown, as does the fine-scale positioning of crossovers across this region. Recent research in mice has suggested that crossovers in PAR may be mediated independently of the protein PRDM9, which localises virtually all crossovers in the autosomes. To investigate recombination in this region, we construct the most fine-scale genetic map containing directly observed crossovers to date using African-American pedigrees. We leverage recombination rates inferred from the breakdown of linkage disequilibrium in human populations and investigate the signatures of DNA evolution due to recombination. Further, we identify direct PRDM9 binding sites using ChIP-seq in human cells. Using these independent lines of evidence, we show that, in contrast with mouse, PRDM9 does localise peaks of recombination in the human PAR1. We find that recombination is a far more rapid and intense driver of sequence evolution in PAR1 than it is on the autosomes. We also show that PAR1 hotspot activities differ significantly among human populations. Finally, we find evidence that PAR1 hotspot positions have changed between human and chimpanzee, with no evidence of sharing among the hottest hotspots. We anticipate that the genetic maps built and validated in this work will aid research on this vital and fascinating region of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali G. Hinch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Altemose
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nudrat Noor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Myers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rossi L, Luaces J, Alonso F, Merani M. Karyotype and Chromosome Variability in the Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus in Argentina. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:101-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000357219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sciurano RB, Solari AJ. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescent methods for the study of the XY body as a biomarker. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1094:137-149. [PMID: 24162985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-706-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural and immunohistochemical methods have been extremely useful for the characterization of the XY body (the structure formed by the XY pair during meiotic prophase) in Man and in other mammals. These methods are widely used at the present time for the detection of abnormalities leading to human infertility. The basic ultrastructural methods are spreading of pachytene spermatocytes, thin-sectioning techniques with or without 3-D reconstructions, and the monitoring of all specimens with semi-thin sections. Immunofluorescent techniques also use spreading of meiotic cells for the analysis of the XY body, and they can be combined with the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, in the so-called immuno-FISH. Epitope retrieval techniques are also used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta B Sciurano
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Das PJ, Mishra DK, Ghosh S, Avila F, Johnson GA, Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. Comparative organization and gene expression profiles of the porcine pseudoautosomal region. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:26-36. [PMID: 23735614 DOI: 10.1159/000351310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) has important biological functions in spermatogenesis, male fertility and early development. Even though pig (Sus scrofa, SSC) is an agriculturally and biomedically important species, and its genome is sequenced, current knowledge about the porcine PAR is sparse. Here we defined the PAR in SSCXp/Yp by demarcating the sequence of the pseudoautosomal boundary at X:6,743,567 bp in intron 3-4 of SHROOM2 and showed that SHROOM2 is truncated in SSCY. Cytogenetic mapping of 20 BAC clones containing 15 PAR and X-specific genes revealed that the pig PAR is largely collinear with other mammalian PARs or Xp terminal regions. The results improved the current SSCX sequence assembly and facilitated distinction between the PAR and X-specific genes to study their expression in adult and embryonic tissues. A pilot analysis showed that the PAR genes are expressed at higher levels than X-specific genes during early development, whereas the expression of PAR genes was higher at day 60 compared to day 26, and higher in embryonic tissues compared to placenta. The findings advance the knowledge about the comparative organization of the PAR in mammals and suggest that the region might have important functions in early development in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Das
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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