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Zhang S, Chen C, Zhou Y, Pan M, Li H, Zhao M, Dong M, Si F, Liu L, Wang Y, Qian Q. The Chinese Version of the Compensatory ADHD Behaviors Scale (CABS): A Study on Reliability, Validity, and Clinical Utility. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1025-1040. [PMID: 38764747 PMCID: PMC11102070 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s463974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose With the further development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research, more and more assessment tools related to ADHD have been used. However, there is still no measurement instrument to evaluate the compensatory behavior of ADHD in China. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Compensatory ADHD Behaviors Scale (CABS) adapted in Chinese and explore ecological characteristics in adults with ADHD using the CABS. Patients and Methods Data were collected from a sample of 306 adults (Mage = 26.43 years, SD = 5.32; 46.08% male). The original version CABS was translated into Chinese using the forward and backward translation procedures. Participants completed the CABS and questionnaires assessing ADHD symptoms and executive function. We utilized content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and criterion validity to test the validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were employed to test the reliability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare ADHD subgroups based on gender, ADHD subtype, comorbidities, and medication status, while controlling for demographic variables as covariates. Results CABS exhibited good construct validity (two factors: present-oriented and future-oriented), content validity (content validity index: 0.98), internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.85 to 0.87) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.59 to 0.88). The results of CFA showed acceptable fitness for each subscale. CABS demonstrated significant associations with inattention symptoms and plan/organizational abilities. Medicated ADHD individuals scored higher on future-oriented effectiveness subscale of CABS than non-medicated (F = 6.106, p = 0.014). Conclusion The results indicate that the Chinese CABS exhibited good validity and reliability. It can be considered a valid tool for assessing compensatory behaviors in Chinese adults with ADHD. Further research is needed to explore the connection between medication and compensatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caili Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meirong Pan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
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Baroni D, Caccico L, Ciandri S, Di Gesto C, Di Leonardo L, Fiesoli A, Grassi E, Lauretta F, Lebruto A, Marsigli N, Policardo GR, Rosadoni M, Chiorri C. Measurement invariance of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self-Report. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:391-414. [PMID: 35809258 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) is a self-report measure of social anxiety (SA), which has shown adequate psychometric properties across cultures. However, no study has systematically evaluated its measurement invariance (MI) between (a) individuals with and without a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and (b) males and females. The current study addresses this issue. METHODS We collected data on 257 (158 females) Italian individuals diagnosed with SAD and 356 (232 females) community-dwelling adults. RESULTS We initially found support for the unidimensionality of the Italian LSAS-SR measurement model in all samples. Using the Graded Response Model, we obtained evidence of partial MI and differential item functioning between community-dwelling and SAD-diagnosed individuals and evidence of strong MI between male and female participants. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the Italian LSAS-SR measures the same trait in the same way across the symptom continuum and sexes, making it a psychometrically sound tool for assessment, screening, and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Baroni
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Caccico
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Ciandri
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristian Di Gesto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Di Leonardo
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Fiesoli
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Grassi
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Lauretta
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Lebruto
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Marsigli
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Rosa Policardo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Rosadoni
- Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology and Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Chiorri
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Leigh E, Clark DM. Establishing the Psychometric Properties of the Self-Report Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents in a General Population Adolescent Sample. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents (LSAS-CA) is a valid and reliable clinician-administered measure of social anxiety symptoms in young people. It has been adapted for self-report completion, and although the psychometric properties of this version of the scale have been examined in Spanish, Hebrew, and French language versions, this has not yet been done for the English language version. In the present study, we examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the self-report version of the scale (LSAS-CA-SR) in a sample of UK adolescents recruited from schools. The factor structure of the scale was determined in our sample of N = 829; a four-factor structure, with interaction anxiety, interaction avoidance, performance anxiety, and performance-avoidance subscales, provided the best fit to the data. Measurement invariance of the scale was demonstrated across age and gender. Psychometric properties of the scale were sound, with good internal consistency (.88–.97), acceptable test-retest reliability (.45–.57), and evidence for convergent and divergent validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chiu K, Clark DM, Leigh E. Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety. Behav Res Ther 2021; 137:103801. [PMID: 33421893 PMCID: PMC7846721 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Identifying psychological processes that maintain social anxiety holds promise for improving treatment outcomes for young people. Experimental and prospective studies in adults suggest negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and pre- and post-event processing are all implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety. Despite social anxiety typically starting in adolescence, prospective studies examining these cognitive processes in youth are lacking. The current study examined prospective associations between these five cognitive processes and social anxiety in a sample of 614 participants (53% girls; aged 11–14 years). Methods Psychological processes, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report questionnaires at two time points. Results Negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and post-event processing predicted prospective levels of social anxiety over and above the effect of baseline levels of social anxiety. When these process variables were entered together in a regression model, three of them were independently associated with prospective social anxiety. Neither pre- nor post-event processing independently predicted later social anxiety over and above the effects of other psychological process variables. Conclusions The findings indicate that these psychological processes are promising targets for treatment in adolescent social anxiety. The applicability of the cognitive model of Clark & Wells was tested in a sample of 614 adolescents. Negative social cognitions independently predicted increases in social anxiety. Safety behaviours independently predicted increases in social anxiety. Self-focused attention independently predicted increases in social anxiety. Unexpectedly, neither pre- or post-event processing was an independent predictor of social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King'sCollege London, London, UK
| | - David M Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101842. [PMID: 32179341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits that individual differences in reward and punishment processing predict differences in cognition, behavior, and psychopathology. We performed a quantitative review of the relationships between reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety, in two separate sets of analyses. First, we reviewed 204 studies that reported either correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and self-reported symptom severity or differences in reinforcement sensitivity between diagnosed and healthy participants, yielding 483 effect sizes. Both depression (Hedges' g = .99) and anxiety (g = 1.21) were found to be high on punishment sensitivity. Reward sensitivity negatively predicted only depressive disorders (g = -.21). More severe clinical states (e.g., acute vs remission) predicted larger effect sizes for depression but not anxiety. Next, we reviewed an additional 39 studies that reported correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and both depression and anxiety, yielding 156 effect sizes. We then performed meta-analytic structural equation modeling to simultaneously estimate all covariances and control for comorbidity. Again we found punishment sensitivity to predict depression (β = .37) and anxiety (β = .35), with reward sensitivity only predicting depression (β = -.07). The transdiagnostic role of punishment sensitivity and the discriminatory role of reward sensitivity support a hierarchical approach to RST and psychopathology.
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Wong QJJ, Gregory B, McLellan LF. A Review of Scales to Measure Social Anxiety Disorder in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:38. [PMID: 26893236 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To advance research into social anxiety disorder (SAD) and provide efficacious treatments for individuals with SAD, researchers and clinicians must have effective assessment instruments for identifying the disorder in terms of its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, and the presence of specific maintaining factors. This review highlights the main lines of existing adult and youth research on scales that form part of diagnostic instruments that assess SAD, scales that measure social anxiety symptoms, and scales that measure theory-based psychological maintaining factors associated with SAD. The review also highlights methodological issues that impact on the use of the aforementioned scales. The continued refinement and comparative evaluation of measures for SAD, culminating in the ascertainment of optimal measures, will improve the assessment and identification of the disorder. Improved identification of the disorder will contribute to the advancement of SAD research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy J J Wong
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Bree Gregory
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lauren F McLellan
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Lowe PA. The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition Short Form. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282915580763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The psychometric properties of a new, brief measure, the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) Short Form, were examined in a sample of 1,003 U.S. elementary and secondary students. The RCMAS-2 Short Form consists of the first 10 items of the RCMAS-2. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the modified one-factor model provided an adequate fit for students in Grades 2 to 12. The results of tests of measurement invariance supported configural, weak, and strong invariance of the RCMAS-2 Short Form across gender and configural, weak, and partial strong invariance of the RCMAS-2 Short Form across age. Gender and age differences were also examined on the RCMAS-2 Short Form. The results of latent mean analyses indicated that adolescents (ages 12-19) and females had significantly higher factor means than children (ages 7-11) and males, respectively, on the RCMAS-2 Short Form. Moderate correlations between the RCMAS-2 Short Form scores and scores of measures of test anxiety were found. Implications of the findings for researchers and clinicians who work with children and adolescents are discussed.
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Beidas RS, Stewart RE, Walsh L, Lucas S, Downey MM, Jackson K, Fernandez T, Mandell DS. Free, brief, and validated: Standardized instruments for low-resource mental health settings. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2015; 22:5-19. [PMID: 25642130 PMCID: PMC4310476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based assessment has received little attention despite its critical importance to the evidence-based practice movement. Given the limited resources in the public sector, it is necessary for evidence-based assessment to utilize tools with established reliability and validity metrics that are free, easily accessible, and brief. We review tools that meet these criteria for youth and adult mental health for the most prevalent mental health disorders to provide a clinical guide and reference for the selection of assessment tools for public sector settings. We also discuss recommendations for how to move forward the evidence-based assessment agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinad S. Beidas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucia Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Margaret Mary Downey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kamilah Jackson
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual DisAbility Services, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tara Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S. Mandell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, 3015, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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