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Pansare K, Mohanty B, Dhotre R, Pettiwala AM, Parab S, Gupta N, Gera P, Gardi N, Dugge R, Sahu P, Alhans R, Kowtal P, Chaudhari P, Sarin R. Aspirin Inhibition of Group VI Phospholipase A2 Induces Synthetic Lethality in AAM Pathway Down-Regulated Gingivobuccal Squamous Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010123. [PMID: 35011685 PMCID: PMC8750243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To elucidate the role of iPLA2/PLA2G6 in gingivobuccal squamous cell carcinoma (GB-SCC) and to ascertain the synthetic lethality-based chemoprevention role of aspirin in arachidonic acid metabolism (AAM) pathway down-regulated GB-SCC. Methods: The in vitro efficacy of aspirin on GB-SCC cells (ITOC-03 and ITOC-04) was assessed by cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell cycle assay and RNA-seq, while inhibition of PLA2G6 and AAM pathway components was affirmed by qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The in vivo effect of aspirin was evaluated using NOD-SCID mice xenografts and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: We found that aspirin, which has been reported to act through the COX pathway, is inhibiting PLA2G6, and thereby the COX and LOX components of the AAM pathway. The findings were validated using PLA2G6 siRNA and immunohistochemical marker panel. Moreover, a pronounced effect in ITOC-04 cells and xenografts implied aspirin-induced synthetic lethality in the AAM pathway down-regulated GB-SCC. Conclusions: This study reveals that aspirin induces the anti-tumor effect by a previously unrecognized mechanism of PLA2G6 inhibition. In addition, the effect of aspirin is influenced by the baseline AAM pathway status and could guide precision prevention clinical trials of AAM pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Pansare
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Bhabani Mohanty
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (B.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Ranjeeta Dhotre
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Aafrin M. Pettiwala
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Saili Parab
- Biorepository, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India;
| | - Neha Gupta
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Poonam Gera
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
- Biorepository, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India;
| | - Nilesh Gardi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai 400012, India;
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rucha Dugge
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Priyanka Sahu
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Ruby Alhans
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pradnya Kowtal
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
- Sarin Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Pradip Chaudhari
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (B.M.); (P.C.)
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rajiv Sarin
- ICGC Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; (K.P.); (R.D.); (A.M.P.); (N.G.); (P.G.); (R.D.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (P.K.)
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India
- Sarin Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +91-22-2740-5085
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Zhang J, Zhang F, Fan J, Feng B. TGIF1 Knockdown Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Gastric Cancer via AKT Signaling Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2603-2612. [PMID: 33776478 PMCID: PMC7987261 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastric cancer is a kind of cancer with high mortality. TGIF1, as a transcription inhibitor, can inhibit the transcription of specific genes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TGIF1 in gastric cancer by knocking down TGIF1. Methods The expression of TGIF1 was detected by qPCR and Western blotting; CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell, and wound-healing assay were used to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells; cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and Hoechst-PI double staining; cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Gelatinase experiment was performed to detect the expression level of MMP-2; apoptosis related proteins and AKT singling pathway were assessed by Western blotting. Results Knockdown of TGIF1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells and promoted apoptosis. TGIF1 knockdown down-regulated the expression levels of MMP-2, Bcl2, CyclinD1, and p-Akt, and up-regulated the expression levels of Bax and Caspase3. These data suggested that knockdown of TGIF1 inhibited the development of gastric cancer via AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion TGIF1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via the AKT signaling pathway, suggesting that TGIF1 is considered a potential inhibitor in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Pharmacy Department, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050026, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Zhang
- Department of Outpatient Operating Room, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, Shandong Province, 274000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050026, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze City, 274000 Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Yang HL, Kuo YT, Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Lin KY, Hsu LS, Huang PJ, Lin HC, Hseu YC. The Leaf Extracts of Toona sinensis and Fermented Culture Broths of Antrodia camphorata Synergistically Cause Apoptotic Cell Death in Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420923734. [PMID: 32618215 PMCID: PMC7336824 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420923734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toona sinensis is a common edible vegetable that is used in
certain Chinese dishes and has importance in folk medicine. The leaf extracts of
T sinensis possess and exhibit anticancer efficacy against
various cancer cell types. In Taiwanese folklore, Antrodia
camphorata, also known as “Niu-Cheng-Zi,” is used in traditional
medicine to treat various illnesses. Its fruit and mycelium possess various
potent antiproliferative properties. Two studies from our group have reported
that T sinensis or A camphorata has the
ability to cause apoptosis in various cancer cells. Conversely, underlying
molecular mechanisms and any beneficial effects remain unknown. This study shows
anticancer efficacy for both T sinensis and A
camphorata co-treatments that target HL-60 cells. The combination
index values indicate that 40 µg/mL of T sinensis and 25 µg/mL
of A camphorata as a combined treatment shows a synergetic
effect, which reduces HL-60 cell proliferation. Alternately, this treatment
exhibited no cytotoxic effects for human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Western blot data showed that T sinensis and A
camphorata as a combined treatment result in augmented expression
of apoptosis, cytochrome c release, Bcl-2 inhibition, expression of Bax, Fas,
and FasL, as well as the cleavage of Bid in HL-60 cells. Moreover, this combined
treatment overshadowed monotherapy in its ability to inhibit uPAR, MMP-9, MMP-2,
COX-2 expression, and PGE2 secretions. Our study strongly implies
that this combined treatment offers more beneficial effects to suppress and
treat leukemia due to apoptosis-mediated cell inhibition. Further in
vivo studies related to the combined treatment could establish its
future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ling Yang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Kuo
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Xv L, Qian X, Wang Y, Yu C, Qin D, Zhang Y, Jin P, Du Q. Structural Modification of Nanomicelles through Phosphatidylcholine: The Enhanced Drug-Loading Capacity and Anticancer Activity of Celecoxib-Casein Nanoparticles for the Intravenous Delivery of Celecoxib. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030451. [PMID: 32131561 PMCID: PMC7153595 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to stabilize loaded celecoxib (CX) by modifying the structure of casein nanoparticles through phosphatidylcholine. The results show that Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine PC98T (PC) significantly increased the stability of CX-PC-casein nanoparticles (NPs) (192.6 nm) from 5 min (CX-β-casein-NPs) to 2.5 h at 37 °C. In addition, the resuspended freeze-dried NPs (202.4 nm) remained stable for 2.5 h. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that PC may block the micropore structures in nanoparticles by ultrasonic treatment and hence improve the physicochemical stability of CX-PC-casein-NPs. The stability of the NPs was positively correlated with their inhibiting ability for human malignant melanoma A375 cells. The structural modification of CX-PC-casein-NPs resulted in an increased intracellular uptake of CX by 2.4 times than that of the unmodified ones. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the Area Under Curve (AUC) of the CX-PC-casein-NPs was 2.9-fold higher in rats than that of the original casein nanoparticles. When CX-PC-casein-NPs were intravenously administrated to mice implanted with A375 tumors (CX dose = 16 mg/kg bodyweight), the tumor inhibition rate reached 56.2%, which was comparable to that of paclitaxel (57.3%) at a dose of 4 mg/kg bodyweight. Our results confirm that the structural modification of CX-PC-casein-NPs can effectively prolong the remaining time of specific drugs, and may provide a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuli Xv
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xinxin Qian
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chenghuan Yu
- Experimental Animal Center of the Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China;
| | - Dingkui Qin
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yahui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Peng Jin
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (Q.D.)
| | - Qizhen Du
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.); (Y.W.); (D.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (Q.D.)
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Sarma H, Jahan T, Sharma HK. Progress in Drug and Formulation Development for the Chemoprevention of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:16-36. [PMID: 30806332 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190222182824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a life-threatening global problem with high incidence rates. Prioritizing the prevention of cancer, chemopreventive agents have drawn much attention from the researchers. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the discussion of the progress in the development of chemopreventive agents and formulations related to the prevention of oral cancer. METHODS In this perspective, an extensive literature survey was carried out to understand the mechanism, control and chemoprevention of oral cancer. Different patented agents and formulations have also exhibited cancer preventive efficacy in experimental studies. This review summarizes the etiology of oral cancer and developments in prevention strategies. RESULTS The growth of oral cancer is a multistep activity necessitating the accumulation of genetic as well as epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Many risk factors are associated with oral cancer. Genomic technique for sequencing all tumor specimens has been made available to help detect mutations. The recent development of molecular pathway and genetic tools has made the process of diagnosis easier, better forecast and efficient therapeutic management. Different chemical agents have been studied for their efficacy to prevent oral cancer and some of them have shown promising results. CONCLUSION Use of chemopreventive agents, either synthetic or natural origin, to prevent carcinogenesis is a worthy concept in the management of cancers. Preventive measures are helpful in controlling the occurrence or severity of the disease. The demonstrated results of preventive agents have opened an arena for the development of promising chemopreventive agents in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Taslima Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
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Velmurugan BK, Hua CH, Tsai MH, Lee CP, Chung CM, Ko YC. Combination of celecoxib and calyculin-A inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human oral cancer cells. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95:341-348. [PMID: 31937145 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1700429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) deactivation occurs frequently in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We initially assessed COX-2 and PP2A protein expression in OSCC specimens using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and western blot analysis. We found strong COX-2 and phosphorylated PP2A (p-PP2A) expression in OSCC samples. No significant difference in total PP2A expression was observed between cancer and nontumor tissues. The effect of combining COX-2 inhibitor and celecoxib (CXB) with the PP2A inhibitor, calyculin-A (CLA) on the OSCC cell line, HSC3, was evaluated in vitro. We found that a combination of 1 nM CLA and 50 µM CXB significantly inhibited cell viability, and migration and invasion of HSC3 cells. Western blots for AKT, p-AKT, ERK, p-ERK, E-cadherin, vimentin and β-catenin were conducted after treatment with CXB and/or CLA. Increased E-cadherin and decreased β-catenin expression were found in CXB or CLA treated hsc-3 cells, whereas the combined CXB and CLA treatment showed no difference in E-cadherin or β-catenin expression. Our findings suggest that CLA alone was more effective than CXB alone, but not in the combined drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kumar Velmurugan
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Pin Lee
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Morganti R, Carpi A. Treatment of Metastatic or High-Risk Solid Cancer Patients by Targeting the Immune System and/or Tumor Burden: Six Cases Reports. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235986. [PMID: 31795079 PMCID: PMC6929121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the histories of six patients with different solid tumors treated with a new strategy based on tumor burden reduction and immune evasion as potential targets. All six patients were at a high risk of relapse and were likely to have a minimal residual disease following conventional therapy: biochemical recurrence (BCR) following radical prostatectomy (RP) (two prostate cancers patients), removal of distant metastases (one colorectal and one breast cancer), and complete response (CR) of distant metastases to conventional therapy (one breast cancer and one esophageal–gastric junction cancer). Four of the patients, two after RP and BCR, one after removal of a single pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer, and one after CR to chemotherapy of peritoneal metastases and ascites from an esophageal–gastric junction primary cancer, regularly received cycles of a new drug schedule with the aim of inhibiting immune suppression (IT). In these four patients, preliminary laboratory tests of peripheral blood suggested an interleukin (IL)-2/IL-12 mediated stimulation of cellular immune response with a concomitant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immune suppression. The fifth case was a breast cancer patient with distant metastases in CR, while receiving beta-interferon and interleukin-2 in addition to conventional hormone therapy. To date, all five patients are alive and doing well and they have been unexpectedly disease-free for 201 and 78 months following BCR, 28 months following the removal of a single pulmonary metastases, 32 months following CR to chemotherapy of peritoneal metastases and ascites, and 140 months following diagnosis of multiple bone metastases, respectively. The sixth patient, who had colorectal cancer and multiple synchronous liver metastases and underwent nine surgical interventions for metastatic disease, although not disease-free, is doing well 98 months after primary surgery. Our six cases reports can be interpreted with the hypothesis that immune manipulation and/or a concomitant low tumor burden favored their clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantation and New technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantation and New technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Morganti
- Section of Statistics, University Hospital of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Angelo Carpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
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Hu C, Peng J, Lv L, Wang X, Zhou Y, Huo J, Liu D. miR-196a regulates the proliferation, invasion and migration of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells by targeting ANXA1. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5201-5209. [PMID: 31186736 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-196a is upregulated in various types of malignancy, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, its role in ESCC is currently unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the biological role and molecular mechanism of miR-196a in ESCC. The expression levels of miR-196a in 25 tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues from patients with ESCC were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, miR-196a expression levels were assessed in the human normal esophageal epithelial cell line Het-1A and the ESCC cell line EC109. The effects of miR-196a on the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of EC109 cells were determined by MTT, flow cytometry and Transwell assays, respectively. A luciferase reporter assay and western blotting were performed to confirm the target gene of miR-196a, and to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of miR-196a on regulation of ESCC cell phenotypes. The results demonstrated that miR-196a was markedly upregulated in ESCC tissues and EC109 cells. In addition, miR-196a downregulation suppressed EC109 cell proliferation, invasion and migration, but did not affect apoptosis. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) was demonstrated to be a direct target gene of miR-196a. ANXA1 protein knockdown reversed the effects of miR-196a inhibition on EC109 cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Furthermore, alongside the downregulation of miR-196a and the increase in ANXA1 expression, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and Snail were downregulated, and E-cadherin was upregulated in EC109 cells. The results of the present study suggested that miR-196a may act as an oncogene in ESCC, and that miR-196a may regulate the proliferation, invasion and migration of ESCC cells by targeting ANXA1. Subsequently, ANXA1 may further modulate the expression levels of COX2, MMP-2, Snail and E-cadherin. In conclusion, the miR-196a/ANXA1 axis may represent a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Haematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410078, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jirong Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
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Hallmarks of Cancer-Related Newly Prognostic Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082413. [PMID: 30115834 PMCID: PMC6121568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the sixth leading malignancy worldwide. OSCC is an aggressive tumor and its prognosis has exhibited little improvement in the last three decades. Comprehensive elucidation of OSCC's molecular mechanism is imperative for early detection and treatment, improving patient survival. Based on broadly accepted notions, OSCC arises from multiple genetic alterations caused by chronic exposure to carcinogens. In 2011, research revealed 10 key alterations fundamental to cancer cell development: sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, avoiding immune destruction, activating invasion and metastasis, tumor-promoting inflammation, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, and deregulating energetics. This review describes molecular pathological findings on conventional and novel hallmarks of OSCC prognostic factors. In addition, the review summarizes the functions and roles of several molecules as novel OSCC prognosticators.
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CD147 and Cyclooxygenase Expression in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5030072. [PMID: 30104530 PMCID: PMC6163611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly invasive form of cancer in cats. In human OSCC, cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) contributes to inflammation and tumor invasiveness. CD147 is a potential therapeutic target, but the expression of CD147 in feline OSCC has not been examined. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine if cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and CD147 expression in feline OSCC biopsies was coordinated. Tumor cells were more likely to express COX-2 (22/43 cases or 51%) compared to stroma (8/43 or 19%) and adjacent oral epithelium (9/31 cases or 29%) (p < 0.05). CD147 was also more likely to occur in tumor cells compared to stroma and adjacent mucosa, with 21/43 (49%) of cases having >50% tumor cells with mild or moderate CD147 expression, compared to 9/28 (32%) in adjacent epithelium and only 5/43 (12%) in adjacent stroma (p < 0.05). In feline OSCC cell lines (SCCF1, SCCF2, and SCCF3), CD147 gene expression was more consistently expressed compared to COX-2, which was 60-fold higher in SCCF2 cells compared to SCCF1 cells (p < 0.05). CD147 expression did not correlate with COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, indicating that they may be independently regulated. CD147 potentially represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of feline OSCC and further study of CD147 is warranted.
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11
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Jalota A, Kumar M, Das BC, Yadav AK, Chosdol K, Sinha S. A drug combination targeting hypoxia induced chemoresistance and stemness in glioma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18351-18366. [PMID: 29719610 PMCID: PMC5915077 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic of solid tumors especially Glioblastoma and is critical to chemoresistance. Cancer stem cells present in hypoxic niches are known to be a major cause of the progression, metastasis and relapse. We tried to identify synergistic combinations of drugs effective in both hypoxia and normoxia in tumor cells as well as in cancer stem cells. Since COX-2 is over-expressed in subset of glioblastoma and is also induced in hypoxia, we studied combinations of a prototype Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor, NS-398 with various drugs (BCNU, Temozolomide, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose and Cisplatin) for their ability to abrogate chemoresistance under both severe hypoxia (0.2% O2) and normoxia (20% O2) in glioma cells. The only effective combination was of NS-398 and BCNU which showed a synergistic effect in both hypoxia and normoxia. This synergism was evident at sub-lethal doses for either of the single agent. The effectiveness of the combination resulted from increased pro- apoptotic and decreased anti-apoptotic molecules and increased caspase activity. PGE2 levels, a manifestation of COX-2 activity were increased during hypoxia, but were reduced by the combination during both hypoxia and normoxia. The combination reduced the levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. It also resulted in a greater reduction of cell migration. While single drugs could reduce the number of gliomaspheres, the combination successfully abrogated their formation. The combination also resulted in a greater reduction of the cancer stem cell marker CD133. This combination could be a prototype of possible therapy in a tumor with a high degree of hypoxia like glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Jalota
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon-122051, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon-122051, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.,Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida-201313, India
| | - Ajay K Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Kunzang Chosdol
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon-122051, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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12
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Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in head and neck cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47265-47277. [PMID: 27323811 PMCID: PMC5216940 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have assessed the clinicopathological and prognostic value of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), but their results remain controversial. To address this issue, a meta-analysis was carried out. A total of 29 studies involving 2430 patients were subjected to final analysis. Our results indicated that COX-2 expression was not statistically associated with advanced tumor stage (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.98–1.55) but correlated with high risk of lymph node metastasis (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03–1.60) and advanced TNM stage (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06–1.66). Moreover, COX-2 expression had significant effect on poor OS (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.29–2.90), RFS (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.00–4.08) and DFS (HR, 5.14; 95% CI, 2.84–9.31). The results of subgroup analyses revealed that COX-2 expression was related with high possibility of lymph node metastasis in oral cancer (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.01–2.20) and advanced TNM stage in oral cancer (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.05–2.37) and no site-specific HNC (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.02–2.62). However, subgroup analyses only showed a tendency without statistically significant association between COX-2 expression and survival. Significant heterogeneity was not found when analyzing clinicopathological data, but it appeared when considering survival data. No publication bias was detected in this study. This meta-analysis suggested that COX-2 expression could act as a prognostic factor for patients with HNC.
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13
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Cha BK, Kim YS, Hwang KE, Cho KH, Oh SH, Kim BR, Jun HY, Yoon KH, Jeong ET, Kim HR. Celecoxib and sulindac inhibit TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppress lung cancer migration and invasion via downregulation of sirtuin 1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57213-57227. [PMID: 27528025 PMCID: PMC5302984 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) celecoxib and sulindac have been reported to suppress lung cancer migration and invasion. The class III deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) possesses both pro- and anticarcinogenic properties. However, its role in inhibition of lung cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by NSAIDs is not clearly known. We attempted to investigate the potential use of NSAIDs as inhibitors of TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 cells, and the underlying mechanisms of suppression of lung cancer migration and invasion by celecoxib and sulindac. We demonstrated that celecoxib and sulindac were effective in preventing TGF-β1-induced EMT, as indicated by upregulation of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, and downregulation of mesenchymal markers and transcription factors. Moreover, celecoxib and sulindac could inhibit TGF-β1-enhanced migration and invasion of A549 cells. SIRT1 downregulation enhanced the reversal of TGF-β1-induced EMT by celecoxib or sulindac. In contrast, SIRT1 upregulation promoted TGF-β1-induced EMT. Taken together, these results indicate that celecoxib and sulindac can inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT and suppress lung cancer cell migration and invasion via downregulation of SIRT1. Our findings implicate overexpressed SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target to reverse TGF-β1-induced EMT and to prevent lung cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Ki Cha
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine 344-2 shinyong-dong Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Ki-Eun Hwang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine 344-2 shinyong-dong Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Cho
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine 344-2 shinyong-dong Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Oh
- Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byoung-Ryun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Hong-Young Jun
- Imaging Science Research Center, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Departments of Radiology, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Eun-Taik Jeong
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine 344-2 shinyong-dong Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Hak-Ryul Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine 344-2 shinyong-dong Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
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14
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Kong F, Zhang R, Zhao X, Zheng G, Wang Z, Wang P. Resveratrol raises in vitro anticancer effects of paclitaxel in NSCLC cell line A549 through COX-2 expression. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:465-474. [PMID: 28883751 PMCID: PMC5587597 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.5.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the raising anticancer effects of resveratrol (Res) on paclitaxel (PA) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549. The 10 µg/ml of Res had no effect on human fetal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells or on A549 cancer cells and the 5 or 10 µg/ml of PA also had no effect on MRC-5 normal cells. PA-L (5 µg/ml) and PA-H (10 µg/ml) had the growth inhibitory effects in NSCLC cell line A549, and Res increased these growth inhibitory effects. By flow cytometry experiment, after Res (5 µg/ml)+PA-H (10 µg/ml) treatment, the A549 cells showed the most apoptosic cells compared to other group treatments, and after additional treatment with Res, the apoptosic cells of both two PA concentrations were raised. Res+PA could reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2, and Res+PA could reduce the COX-2 related genes of VEGF, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, NF-κB, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, procollagen I, collagen I, collagen III and CTGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and raise the TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, IκB-α, p53, p21, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax genes compared to the control cells and the PA treated cells. From these results, it can be suggested that Res could raise the anticancer effects of PA in A549 cells, thus Res might be used as a good sensitizing agent for PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Kong
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, Shandong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Guanlin Zheng
- Taian Vocational College of Nursing, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
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15
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Association between cyclooxygenase-2 gene polymorphisms and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 25:333-7. [PMID: 24469360 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes prostaglandins through inflammatory response, which may be involved in autoimmune diseases and cancer pathogenesis. Two potentially functional genetic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (COX-2 -1195G>A and 8473T>C) were supposed to contribute to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) susceptibility. The aim of this study was to determine the association of these polymorphisms with HNSCC susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. In this study, 2 SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan methods in a patient-control study including 260 patients with HNSCC and 1047 cancer-free controls in a Chinese Han population. We found significant difference in the frequency of alcohol consumption between the patients with HNSCC and controls (P < 0.001), but the genotype frequencies of the 2 polymorphisms were not significantly different between the patients and controls. Further stratified analysis indicated that none of the genotypes were associated with increased risk for HNSCC. This research indicated that the COX-2 -1195G>A and 8473T>C polymorphisms may not be involved in the development of HNSCC in the Chinese Han population. However, further perspective studies are warranted to test these findings and further investigate the potential interactions involving the COX-2 polymorphism and HNSCC.
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16
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Jimenez L, Jayakar SK, Ow TJ, Segall JE. Mechanisms of Invasion in Head and Neck Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1334-48. [PMID: 26046491 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0498-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The highly invasive properties demonstrated by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are often associated with locoregional recurrence and lymph node metastasis in patients and is a key factor leading to an expected 5-year survival rate of approximately 50% for patients with advanced disease. It is important to understand the features and mediators of HNSCC invasion so that new treatment approaches can be developed. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the characteristics, mediators, and mechanisms of HNSCC invasion. DATA SOURCES A literature review of peer-reviewed articles in PubMed on HNSCC invasion. CONCLUSIONS Histologic features of HNSCC tumors can help predict prognosis and influence clinical treatment decisions. Cell surface receptors, signaling pathways, proteases, invadopodia function, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, microRNAs, and tumor microenvironment are all involved in the regulation of the invasive behavior of HNSCC cells. Identifying effective HNSCC invasion inhibitors has the potential to improve outcomes for patients by reducing the rate of spread and increasing responsiveness to chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey E Segall
- From the Departments of Pathology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Drs Ow and Segall) and Anatomy and Structural Biology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Dr Segall), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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17
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Zou Y, Li J, Chen Z, Li X, Zheng S, Yi D, Zhong A, Chen J. miR-29c suppresses pancreatic cancer liver metastasis in an orthotopic implantation model in nude mice and affects survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:676-84. [PMID: 25863127 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated mechanisms of pancreatic cancer metastasis and defined the biological role of miR-29c in pancreatic cancer metastasis. After two rounds of cell selection in vivo, pancreatic cancer cells with various metastatic potentials derived from spontaneous liver metastases were used as a model of pancreatic cancer to determine the role of miR-29c in pancreatic cancer metastasis. Pancreatic cancer samples were analyzed for miRNA-29c expression, and these levels were associated with survival between groups. miR-29c suppresses cell migration and invasion by targeting the MMP2 3'UTR. Overexpression of miR-29c suppresses pancreatic cancer liver metastasis in a nude mouse orthotopic implantation model. miR-29c expression was associated with metastasis and pancreatic cancer patient survival. miR-29c plays an important role in mediating pancreatic cancer metastasis to the liver by targeting MMP2. Therefore, miR-29c may serve as a novel marker of pancreatic cancer metastasis and possibly as a therapeutic target to treat pancreatic cancer liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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18
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Caballero FJ, Soler-Torronteras R, Lara-Chica M, García V, Fiebich BL, Muñoz E, Calzado MA. AM404 inhibits NFAT and NF-κB signaling pathways and impairs migration and invasiveness of neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:221-32. [PMID: 25460026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404), a paracetamol lipid metabolite, is a modulator of the endocannabinoid system endowed with pleiotropic activities. AM404 is a dual agonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and the Cannabinoid Receptor type 1 (CB₁) and inhibits anandamide (AEA) transport and degradation. In addition, it has been shown that AM404 also exerts biological activities through TRPV1- and CB₁ -independent pathways. In the present study we have investigated the effect of AM404 in the NFAT and NF-κB signaling pathways in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. AM404 inhibited NFAT transcriptional activity through a CB₁- and TRPV1-independent mechanism. Moreover, AM404 inhibited both the expression of COX-2 at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and the synthesis of PGE₂. AM404 also inhibited NF-κB activation induced by PMA/Ionomycin in SK-N-SH cells by targeting IKKβ phosphorylation and activation. We found that Cot/Tlp-2 induced NFAT and COX-2 transcriptional activities were inhibited by AM404. NFAT inhibition paralleled with the ability of AM404 to inhibit MMP-1, -3 and -7 expression, cell migration and invasion in a cell-type specific dependent manner. Taken together, these data reveal that paracetamol, the precursor of AM404, can be explored not only as an antipyretic and painkiller drug but also as a co-adjuvant therapy in inflammatory and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Caballero
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Soler-Torronteras
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maribel Lara-Chica
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Victor García
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg Medical School, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/ Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/ Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Alsaegh MA, Miyashita H, Zhu SR. Expression of human papillomavirus is correlated with Ki-67 and COX-2 expressions in keratocystic odontogenic tumor. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:65-71. [PMID: 24831259 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and evaluate its association with Ki-67 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT). Nineteen cases were included in the present study. Conventional PCR method and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for the detection of HPV-DNA and HPV-L1 capsid protein. Moreover, the expressions of Ki-67 and COX-2 proteins were analyzed immunohistochemically. HPV-DNA was detected in 36.8% (7/19) of tumor samples, whilst HPV-L1 protein was identified in 68.4% (13/19) of them. The Kappa coefficient statistical test showed a moderate agreement (κ 0.424) between PCR and IHC assays for HPV detection. Expression of HPV-DNA was positively correlated with Ki-67 and COX-2 expressions (p < 0.05), whereas HPV-L1 positive staining was positively correlated with COX-2 (p < 0.05) and highly associated with those of Ki-67 (p < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between the presence of HPV and the recurrence of the studied lesions. The results of the current study showed that active HPV infection was present in the odontogenic epithelium of KCOT, and it was associated with increased proliferation rate and COX-2 expression. These findings suggest that HPV may have a role in the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of KCOT. Based on these conclusions, we recommend further investigations of HPV vaccine or antiviral therapy and COX-2 inhibitors as nonsurgical options in the prevention and management of KCOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China,
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20
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Fujii R, Imanishi Y, Shibata K, Sakai N, Sakamoto K, Shigetomi S, Habu N, Otsuka K, Sato Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa H, Tomita T, Kameyama K, Fujii M, Ogawa K. Restoration of E-cadherin expression by selective Cox-2 inhibition and the clinical relevance of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:40. [PMID: 24887090 PMCID: PMC4030015 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by the downregulation of E-cadherin has been thought to promote metastasis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is presumed to contribute to cancer progression through its multifaceted function, and recently its inverse relationship with E-cadherin was suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective Cox-2 inhibitors restore the expression of E-cadherin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and to examine the possible correlations of the expression levels of EMT-related molecules with clinicopathological factors in HNSCC. METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR to examine the effects of three selective Cox-2 inhibitors, i.e., celecoxib, NS-398, and SC-791 on the gene expressions of E-cadherin (CDH-1) and its transcriptional repressors (SIP1, Snail, Twist) in the human HNSCC cell lines HSC-2 and HSC-4. To evaluate the changes in E-cadherin expression on the cell surface, we used a flowcytometer and immunofluorescent staining in addition to Western blotting. We evaluated and statistically analyzed the clinicopathological factors and mRNA expressions of Cox-2, CDH-1 and its repressors in surgical specimens of 40 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). RESULTS The selective Cox-2 inhibitors upregulated the E-cadherin expression on the cell surface of the HNSCC cells through the downregulation of its transcriptional repressors. The extent of this effect depended on the baseline expression levels of both E-cadherin and Cox-2 in each cell line. A univariate analysis showed that higher Cox-2 mRNA expression (p = 0.037), lower CDH-1 mRNA expression (p = 0.020), and advanced T-classification (p = 0.036) were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in TSCC. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that lower CDH-1 mRNA expression was the independent risk factor affecting lymph node metastasis (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the appropriately selective administration of certain Cox-2 inhibitors may have an anti-metastatic effect through suppression of the EMT by restoring E-cadherin expression. In addition, the downregulation of CDH-1 resulting from the EMT may be closely involved in lymph node metastasis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yorihisa Imanishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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21
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Chaudhry SI, Hooper S, Nye E, Williamson P, Harrington K, Sahai E. Autocrine IL-1β-TRAF6 signalling promotes squamous cell carcinoma invasion through paracrine TNFα signalling to carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Oncogene 2013; 32:747-58. [PMID: 22450746 PMCID: PMC3446864 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Here, we identify an E3 ligase, Traf6 and a de-ubiquitinating enzyme, Cezanne/ZA20D1, as important regulators of this process in organotypic models. Traf6 can promote the formation of Cdc42-dependent F-actin microspikes. Furthermore, Traf6 has a key role in autocrine interleukin-1β signalling in SCC cells, which in turn is required to drive the expression of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). TNFα acts in a paracrine manner to increase the invasion-promoting potential of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Exogenous TNFα signalling can restore invasion in cells depleted of Traf6. In conclusion, Traf6 has two important roles in SCC invasion: it promotes cell intrinsic Cdc42-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and enables production of the paracrine signal, TNFα, that enhances the activity of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Chaudhry
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
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van der Vijver RJ, van Laarhoven CJHM, Lomme RMLM, Hendriks T. Carprofen for perioperative analgesia causes early anastomotic leakage in the rat ileum. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:247. [PMID: 23270317 PMCID: PMC3582476 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that perioperative use of NSAIDs may compromise the integrity of intestinal anastomoses. This study aims to characterize the negative effects of carprofen on early anastomotic healing in the rat ileum. Results In 159 male Wistar rats an anastomosis was constructed in the ileum. In experiment 1 eighty-four rats were divided over control and experimental groups, which received daily buprenorphine or carprofen, respectively, as an analgesic and were killed on day 1, 2 or 3 after surgery. In experiment 2 three groups of 15 rats received carprofen either immediately after surgery or with a delay of 1 or 2 days. Animals were killed after 3 days of carprofen administration. In experiment 3 three groups of 10 rats received different doses (full, half or quarter) of carprofen from surgery. In significant contrast to buprenorphine, which never did so, carprofen induced frequent signs of anastomotic leakage, which were already present at day 1. If first administration was delayed for 48 hours, the leakage rate was significantly reduced (from 80 to 20%; p = 0.0028). Throughout the study, the anastomotic bursting pressure was lowest in animals who displayed signs of anastomotic leakage. Loss of anastomotic integrity did not coincide with reduced levels of hydroxyproline or increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Conclusions Carprofen interferes with wound healing in the rat ileum at a very early stage. Although the mechanisms responsible remain to be fully elucidated, one should be aware of the potential of NSAIDs to interfere with the early phase of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozemarijn J van der Vijver
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Shan Y, Zhang L, Bao Y, Li B, He C, Gao M, Feng X, Xu W, Zhang X, Wang S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a novel target of sulforaphane via COX-2/MMP2, 9/Snail, ZEB1 and miR-200c/ZEB1 pathways in human bladder cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:1062-9. [PMID: 23159064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence of bladder cancer are the main reasons for its poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Because of its biological activity and high metabolic accumulation in urine, sulforaphane, a phytochemical exclusively occurring in cruciferous vegetables, has a powerful and specific potential for preventing bladder cancer. In this paper, sulforaphane is shown to significantly suppress a variety of biochemical pathways including the attachment, invasion, migration and chemotaxis motion in malignant transitional bladder cancer T24 cells. Transfection with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression plasmid largely abolished inhibition of MMP2/9 expression as well as cell invasive capability by sulforaphane. Moreover, sulforaphane inhibited the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process which underlies tumor cell invasion and migration mediated by E-cadherin induction through reducing transcriptional repressors, such as ZEB1 and Snail. Under conditions of over-expression of COX-2 and/or MMP2/9, sulforaphane was still able to induce E-cadherin or reduce Snail/ZEB1 expression, suggesting that additional pathways might be involved. Further studies indicated that miR-200c played a role in the regulation of E-cadherin via the ZEB1 repressor but not by the Snail repressor. In conclusion, the EMT and two recognized signaling pathways (COX-2/MMP2,9/ ZEB1, Snail and miR-200c/ZEB1) are all targets for sulforaphane. This study indicated that sulforaphane may possess therapeutic potential in preventing recurrence of human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Shan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
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24
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van der Vijver RJ, van Laarhoven CJHM, de Man BM, Lomme RMLM, Hendriks T. Perioperative pain relief by a COX-2 inhibitor affects ileal repair and provides a model for anastomotic leakage in the intestine. Surg Innov 2012; 20:113-8. [PMID: 22532618 DOI: 10.1177/1553350612442793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The authors examined the potential of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor carprofen to reproducibly induce anastomotic leakage. In experiment 1, an anastomosis was constructed in both ileum and colon of 20 rats, and they were given carprofen (5 mg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours) or buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours). In another 20 rats an anastomosis was constructed in either ileum or colon, and all received carprofen (experiment 2). Animals were sacrificed after 3 days. In experiment 1, the ileal dehiscence rate was 60% in the carprofen group and 0% in the buprenorphine group (P = .0108). Colonic anastomoses in both groups remained patent. In experiment 2, the anastomotic leakage rate was 80% in ileum and 0% in colon. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors can severely interfere with intestinal healing, particularly in the ileum. Perioperative administration of carprofen yields a unique model for anastomotic leakage, which allows translational research on the effectiveness of perisuture line reinforcement.
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Sung S, Park Y, Jo JR, Jung NK, Song DK, Bae J, Keum DY, Kim JB, Park GY, Jang BC, Park JW. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in NCI-H292 human alveolar epithelial carcinoma cells: roles of p38 MAPK, ERK-1/2, and PI3K/PKB signaling proteins. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3015-24. [PMID: 21678473 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests overexpression of COX-2 and its role in many human cancers, including lung. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying COX-2 overexpression in lung cancer is not fully understood. We herein investigated whether COX-2 is overexpressed in human airway cancer cell lines, including A549 (lung), Hep-2 (bronchial), and NCI-H292 (alveolar). When grown in cell culture medium containing 10% FBS (serum), of note, there was strong and transient induction of COX-2 protein and mRNA in NCI-H292 cells, but little or low COX-2 expression is seen in A549 or Hep-2 cells. Interestingly, strong and sustained activities of ERK-1/2, JNK-1/2, p38 MAPK, and PKB were also shown in NCI-H292 cells grown in presence of serum. Profoundly, results of pharmacological inhibition studies demonstrated that the serum-dependent COX-2 up-regulation in NCI-H292 cells is attributed to not only the p38 MAPK-, PI3K/PKB-, and ERK-1/2-mediated COX-2 transcriptional up-regulation but also the p38 MAPK- and ERK-1/2-mediated post-transcriptional COX-2 mRNA stabilization. Of further note, it was shown that the ERK-1/2 and PI3K/PKB (but not COX-2, p38 MAPK, and JNK-1/2) activities are necessary for growth of NCI-H292 cells. These findings collectively demonstrate for the first time that COX-2 expression is transiently up-regulated by serum addition in NCI-H292 cells and the serum-induced COX-2 expression is closely linked to the p38 MAPK-, ERK-1/2-, and PI3K/PKB-mediated COX-2 transcriptional and post-transcriptional up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaeng Sung
- Department of Medical Genetic Engineering, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1000 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Korea
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Pérez-Sayáns M, Suárez-Peñaranda JM, Gayoso-Diz P, Barros-Angueira F, Gándara-Rey JM, García-García A. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in oral squamous cell carcinomas - a therapeutic target? Cancer Lett 2012; 323:11-19. [PMID: 22484495 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteases responsible for remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) and enabling spreading and metastasis of tumor cells, a common phenomenon in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). They are strongly blocked by several inhibitors, among which we must highlight, for their specificity and potency, the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4). The goal of this paper is to describe the expression of TIMPs in OSCC, determining their relation with clinical, histological and prognostic factors, delving into OSCC regulation mechanisms and discussing the use of exogenous TIMPs to treat this type of tumors. Expression of TIMPs in OSCC is higher in tumors than in normal tissue, which correlates with an increase of metastatic risk and regional lymph node affectation. Although some metalloproteinases inhibitors (MMIs) have shown promising results in the treatment of these tumors, their use in OSCC has not been widely tested; and although some indirect MMIs, like COX-2 inhibitors, flavonoids and endostatin seem to have beneficial effects on the invasive capacity of OSCC through regulation of MMPs and TIMP levels, routine clinical use has not been accepted yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Entrerríos s/n, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Suárez-Peñaranda
- Servicio de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15706, Spain.
| | - Pilar Gayoso-Diz
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), A Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Francisco Barros-Angueira
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Edificio de Consultas planta-2, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15706, Spain.
| | | | - Abel García-García
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Entrerríos s/n, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain.
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Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and pathological human oral mucosa. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 48:555-63. [PMID: 21478098 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxigenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (PGs). Two isoforms of COX have been identified: COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many cells and is involved in cell homeostasis, angiogenesis and cell-cell signalling; COX-2 is not expressed in normal condition however it is strongly expressed in inflammation. The oral cavity is constantly exposed to physical and chemical trauma that could lead to mucosal reactions such as hyperplasia, dysplasia and cancer. Early diagnosis is the most important issue to address for a positive outcome of oral cancer; therefore it would be useful to identify molecular markers whose expression is associated with the various stages of oral cancer progression. Since COX enzyme has been involved, with different mechanisms, in the development and progression of malignancies we decided to investigate the expression and localization of COX-1 and COX-2 in normal human oral mucosa and three different pathologies (hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma) by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. COX-1 mRNA and protein have been detected already in normal oral mucosa and their expression progressively increases from normal samples towards hyperplasia, dysplasia and finally carcinoma. On the contrary, COX-2 is not expressed in the normal tissue, starts to be expressed in hyperplasia, reaches the maximum activation in dysplasia and then starts to be downregulated in carcinoma.
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Kang JH, Song KH, Jeong KC, Kim S, Choi C, Lee CH, Oh SH. Involvement of Cox-2 in the metastatic potential of chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:334. [PMID: 21813027 PMCID: PMC3199868 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A major problem with the use of current chemotherapy regimens for several cancers, including breast cancer, is development of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, which results in disease recurrence and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying this drug resistance are unknown. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying the invasive and metastatic activities of drug-resistant cancer cells, we generated a doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (MCF-7/DOX). Methods We used MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, flow cytometry assays, DNA fragmentation assays, Western blot analysis, cell invasion assays, small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, experimental lung metastasis models, and gelatin and fibrinogen/plasminogen zymography to study the molecular mechanism of metastatic activities in MCF-7/DOX cells. Results We found that MCF-7/DOX acquired invasive activities. In addition, Western blot analysis showed increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Cox-2 in MCF-7/DOX cells. Inhibition of Cox-2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways effectively inhibited the invasive activities of MCF-7/DOX cells. Gelatin and fibrinogen/plasminogen zymography analysis showed that the enzymatic activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator were markedly higher in MCF-7/DOX cells than in the MCF-7 cells. In vitro invasion assays and mouse models of lung metastasis demonstrated that MCF-7/DOX cells acquired invasive abilities. Using siRNAs and agonists specific for prostaglandin E (EP) receptors, we found that EP1 and EP3 played important roles in the invasiveness of MCF-7/DOX cells. Conclusions We found that the invasive activity of MCF-7/DOX cells is mediated by Cox-2, which is induced by the EGFR-activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. In addition, EP1 and EP3 are important in the Cox-2-induced invasion of MCF-7/DOX cells. Therefore, not only Cox-2 but also EP1 and EP3 could be important targets for chemosensitization and inhibition of metastasis in breast cancers that are resistant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Kang
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Ilsan-ro 323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Qi Y, Huang D, Zhang Y. Arsenic trioxide inhibits invasion/migration in SGC-7901 cells by activating the reactive oxygen species-dependent cyclooxygenase-2/matrix metalloproteinase-2 pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:592-7. [PMID: 21540248 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been shown to inhibit invasion/migration in cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To identify the role of As(2)O(3) in regulating invasion/migration activity in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, the effects of As(2)O(3) on cell invasion/migration activity, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. Furthermore, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, a radical scavenger) and celecoxib (a Cox-2 inhibitor) were used to explore the molecular mechanism. The results demonstrated that As(2)O(3) (1 and 2 μmol/L) inhibited invasion/migration activity in SGC-7901 cells at 24 h and suppressed the expression of Cox-2, PGE2 and MMP-2 (P < 0.05), whereas the same treatment had no significant effect on TXB2 and LTB4 expression. In contrast, intracellular ROS were increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, NAC eliminated the excessive ROS and restored the expression of Cox-2 and MMP-2 and invasion/migration activity in As(2)O(3)-treated cells (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ROS may be a critical factor in regulating the invasion/migration process. Moreover, celecoxib significantly decreased Cox-2, MMP-2 and PGE2 expression and inhibited invasion/migration activity in As(2)O(3)-treated cells (P < 0.05), indicating that As(2)O(3) inhibits invasion/migration by regulating the expression of Cox-2/PGE2/MMP-2. In conclusion, these results suggest that increased ROS play a critical role in inhibiting invasion/migration by suppressing the Cox-2/MMP-2 pathway in As(2)O(3)-treated SGC-7901 cells and regulating intracellular ROS levels may be a promising strategy in gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, Ministry of Education/Arid Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
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Tseng YH, Chang KW, Yang CC, Liu CJ, Kao SY, Liu TY, Lin SC. Association between areca-stimulated vimentin expression and the progression of head and neck cancers. Head Neck 2011; 34:245-53. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Van Tubergen E, Vander Broek R, Lee J, Wolf G, Carey T, Bradford C, Prince M, Kirkwood KL, D'Silva NJ. Tristetraprolin regulates interleukin-6, which is correlated with tumor progression in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2011; 117:2677-89. [PMID: 21656745 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived cytokines play a significant role in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Targeting proteins, such as tristetraprolin (TTP), that regulate multiple inflammatory cytokines may inhibit the progression of HNSCC. However, TTP's role in cancer is poorly understood. The goal of the current study was to determine whether TTP regulates inflammatory cytokines in patients with HNSCC. METHODS TTP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were determined by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. mRNA stability and cytokine secretion were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, respectively, after overexpression or knockdown of TTP in HNSCC. HNSCC tissue microarrays were immunostained for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TTP. RESULTS TTP expression in HNSCC cell lines was found to be inversely correlated with the secretion of IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2) )(.) Knockdown of TTP increased mRNA stability and the secretion of cytokines. Conversely, overexpression of TTP in HNSCC cells led to decreased secretion of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE(2) . Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays for IL-6 demonstrated that staining intensity is prognostic for poor disease-specific survival (P = .023), tumor recurrence and development of second primary tumors (P = .014), and poor overall survival (P = .019). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrated that down-regulation of TTP in HNSCC enhances mRNA stability and promotes secretion of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE(2) . Furthermore, high IL-6 secretion in HNSCC tissue is a biomarker for poor prognosis. In as much as enhanced cytokine secretion is associated with poor prognosis, TTP may be a therapeutic target to reduce multiple cytokines concurrently in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Van Tubergen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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Ji RL, Di Y, Xia SH, Li F. Oxymatrine inhibits MMP-2 expression and reduces cell invasion in human pancreatic carcinoma cell line SW1990. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:19-24. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effects of treatment with oxymatrine (OM) on MMP-2 expression and cell invasion in human pancreatic carcinoma cell line SW1990.
METHODS: Cultured SW1990 cells were randomly divided into two groups: control group and OM group. The OM group was further divided into three subgroups, which were treated with three different doses of OM (1, 2 and 4 g/L). MMP-2 expression in SW1990 cells was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Cell invasion, migration and proliferation were measured by scratch assay, transwell invasion assay and MTT assay, respectively.
RESULTS: The expression levels of MMP-2 mRNA in SW1990 cells in the three OM subgroups were significantly lower than that in the control group (0.53 ± 0.03, 0.42 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.03 vs 0.70 ± 0.03, all P < 0.05). The invasion of cells in the three OM subgroups was markedly lower than that in the control group (325 ± 64.43, 206 ± 84.76, 124 ± 46.78 vs 498 ± 78.54, all P < 0.05). The mobility of cells in the three OM subgroups was also significantly lower than that in the control group (385.0 ± 58.9, 287.0 ± 79.8, 186.0 ± 60.9 vs 586.0 ± 85.8, all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: OM reduces the invasion of SW1990 cells possibly by inhibiting the expression of MMP-2.
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Abstract
Anoikis - apoptotic cell death triggered by loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts - is dysregulated in many chronic debilitating and fatal diseases. Mechanisms rendering tumor cells resistant to anoikis, although not completely understood, possess significant therapeutic promise. In death receptor-mediated anoikis mechanisms, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) dissociate, leading to association of RIP with Fas, formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), activation of caspase-3, and propagation of anoikis. In contrast, anoikis resistance is accomplished through constitutive activation of survival pathways that include integrin-dependent activation of FAK and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, FAK and RIP association confers anoikis resistance by inhibiting the association of RIP with Fas and formation of the death signaling complex, which allows cells to escape anoikis. Up-regulation of CD44 also contributes to survival signals and promotes anoikis resistance. This review will focus on the roles of death receptors, prosurvival pathways, and the molecular players involved in anoikis escalation and resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bunek
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Park SW, Kim HS, Choi MS, Jeong WJ, Heo DS, Kim KH, Sung MW. The effects of the stromal cell-derived cyclooxygenase-2 metabolite prostaglandin E2 on the proliferation of colon cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:516-23. [PMID: 21062968 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.173278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that tumor-surrounding stromal tissues support tumor development through secreting soluble factors such as various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. It has also been suggested that tumor-associated fibroblast and immune cells have a high expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and produce and secrete several prostaglandins (PGs) to adjacent cancer tissues. From these findings, we assumed that COX-2 inhibition might have an anticancer effect on cancer cells even without COX-2 expression in COX-2-dependent mechanisms through blocking the effect of stroma-derived PGs. Here, because of the complex involvement of various factors in vivo, we investigated this possibility with an in vivo-mimicking model using a Transwell system. To test our hypothesis, we used COX-2-transfected cell lines as stromal cells in our model. When we cocultured cancer cells (LS174T cells without COX-2 expression) with COX-2-high stromal cells in the Transwell membrane system, we observed that the proliferation of cancer cells was promoted and vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis was up-regulated significantly. These effects were blocked completely by COX-2 inhibitors and phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitors and partially by the PG E(2) receptor 4 antagonist. Even if some cancer cells did not express COX-2, they were found to have expression of PG receptors and PG-related downstream signaling molecules associated with cell viability. Our observation suggests that these cells can be influenced by PGs derived from stromal tissues. These findings also suggest that COX-2 inhibitors can be used to control the interaction between cancer and surrounding stromal tissues and suppress the proliferation of cancer cells regardless of the expression of COX-2 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Woo Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Inhibitive effect of celecoxib on the adhesion and invasion of human tongue squamous carcinoma cells to extracellular matrix via down regulation of MMP-2 expression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2010; 93:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mishra R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: can it be a target for oral cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:144. [PMID: 20537194 PMCID: PMC2906469 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in treatment approaches for oral cancer, there has been only modest improvement in patient outcomes in the past three decades. The frequent treatment failure is due to the failure to control tumor recurrence and metastasis. These failures suggest that new targets should be identified to reverse oral epithelial dysplastic lesions. Recent developments suggest an active role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 β) in various human cancers either as a tumor suppressor or as a tumor promoter. GSK3β is a Ser/Thr protein kinase, and there is emerging evidence that it is a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. The evidence suggests a link between key players in oral cancer that control transcription, accelerated cell cycle progression, activation of invasion/metastasis and anti-apoptosis, and regulation of these factors by GSK3β. Moreover, the major upstream kinases of GSK3β and their oncogenic activation by several etiological agents of oral cancer support this hypothesis. In spite of all this evidence, a detailed analysis of the role of GSK3β in oral cancer and of its therapeutic potential has yet to be conducted by the scientific community. The focus of this review is to discuss the multitude of roles of GSK3β, its possible role in controlling different oncogenic events and how it can be targeted in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Dept, of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Bldg 102, Maywood, IL-60153, USA.
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Yin JB, Li BX, Xie XY, Liu BR, Lv ZW, Guan JM, Gao SL. Celecoxib inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and ICAM-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1206-1210. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i12.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the antitumor effects of celecoxib (a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) against hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo.
METHODS: Human hepatoma cells (HepG2, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721) were injected beneath the hepatic capsule of six-week-old nude mice. The mice were then randomly divided into three groups: negative control group (intragastrically given normal saline), experimental group (intragastrically given celecoxib), and positive control group (intragastrically given normal saline and intraperitoneally injected with adriamycin). Three weeks later, tumor tissue samples were taken for immunohistochemical analysis to examine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).
RESULTS: Compared to the negative control group, the expression of MMP-2 was down-regulated (P < 0.05) and that of TIMP-2 was up-regulated (P < 0.05) in hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts derived from HepG2, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721 cells in the experimental group. The expression of ICAM-1 was also down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts derived from BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721 cells in the experimental group when compared with the negative control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Celecoxib may be able to inhibit the metastasis and improve the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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