1
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Fallah J, Gittleman H, Weinstock C, Chang E, Agrawal S, Tang S, Pazdur R, Kluetz PG, Suzman DL, Amiri-Kordestani L. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a US Food and Drug Administration pooled analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2024; 116:1043-1050. [PMID: 38486364 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This pooled analysis of patient-level data from trials evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with or without cytoreductive nephrectomy before a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor and antiangiogenic therapy. METHODS Data from 5 trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus antiangiogenic therapy were pooled. Only patients with stage 4 disease at initial diagnosis were included to ensure that nephrectomy was performed for cytoreductive purposes and not to previously treat an earlier stage of disease. The effect of cytoreductive nephrectomy before immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy on outcomes was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox proportional hazards regression model, adjusted for age, sex, risk group, performance status, and the presence of sarcomatoid differentiation. RESULTS A total of 981 patients were included. The estimated median progression-free survival with and without nephrectomy was 15 and 11 months, respectively; the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.71 (95% confidence interval = 0.59 to 0.85). The estimated median overall survival with and without nephrectomy was 46 and 28 months, respectively; the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.63 (95% confidence interval = 0.51 to 0.77). Objective response was 60% of patients with vs 46% of patients without cytoreductive nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who undergo cytoreductive nephrectomy before immune checkpoint inhibitor plus antiangiogenic therapy had improved outcomes compared with patients without cytoreductive nephrectomy. Selection factors for cytoreductive nephrectomy may be prognostic and could not be fully controlled for in this retrospective analysis. Prospective determination of and stratification by prior cytoreductive nephrectomy may be considered when designing clinical trials to assess the impact of this factor on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Fallah
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Chana Weinstock
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elaine Chang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sundeep Agrawal
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shenghui Tang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Richard Pazdur
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Oncology Center of Excellence, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul G Kluetz
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Oncology Center of Excellence, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Suzman
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Laleh Amiri-Kordestani
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Oncology Center of Excellence, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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2
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Niu L, Jang E, Chin AL, Huo Z, Wang W, Cai W, Tong R. Noncovalently particle-anchored cytokines with prolonged tumor retention safely elicit potent antitumor immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7695. [PMID: 38640236 PMCID: PMC11029804 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that immunostimulatory cytokines elicit antitumor immune responses but their clinical use is limited by severe immune-related adverse events upon systemic administration. Here, we report a facile and versatile strategy for noncovalently anchoring potent Fc-fused cytokine molecules to the surface of size-discrete particles decorated with Fc-binding peptide for local administration. Following intratumoral injection, particle-anchored Fc cytokines exhibit size-dependent intratumoral retention. The 1-micrometer particle prolongs intratumoral retention of Fc cytokine for over a week and has minimal systemic exposure, thereby eliciting antitumor immunity while eliminating systemic toxicity caused by circulating cytokines. In addition, the combination of these particle-anchored cytokines with immune checkpoint blockade antibodies safely promotes tumor regression in various syngeneic tumor models and genetically engineered murine tumor models and elicits systemic antitumor immunity against tumor rechallenge. Our formulation strategy renders a safe and tumor-agnostic approach that uncouples cytokines' immunostimulatory properties from their systemic toxicities for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Eungyo Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ai Lin Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ziyu Huo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 445 Old Turner Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wenjun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 445 Old Turner Street, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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3
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Kaskas A, Clavijo P, Friedman J, Craveiro M, Allen CT. Complete tumor resection reverses neutrophilia-associated suppression of systemic anti-tumor immunity. Oral Oncol 2024; 150:106705. [PMID: 38280289 PMCID: PMC10939739 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor infiltrating neutrophils suppress T cell function, but whether neutrophils in circulation contribute to systemic immunosuppression is unclear. We aimed to study whether peripheral neutrophils that accumulate with tumor progression contribute to systemic immunosuppression, and if observed suppression of systemic anti-tumor immunity could be reversed with complete surgical tumor removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Syngeneic murine oral cancers were established in immunocompetent mice. Proteomic and functional immune assays were used to study plasma cytokine concentration, peripheral immune frequencies, and systemic anti-tumor immunity with and without complete primary tumor resection. RESULTS Ly6G+ neutrophilic cells, but not other myeloid cell types, accumulated in the periphery of mice with progressing tumors. This accumulation positively associated with plasma G-CSF concentration. Circulating neutrophils were functionally immunosuppressive. Complete surgical tumor removal reversed the observed neutrophilia, with neutrophil frequencies returning to baseline in 21 days. Multiple independent functional assays revealed enhanced systemic anti-tumor immunity in mice following tumor resection compared to tumor-bearing mice, and the observed enhanced systemic immunity could be reproduced with selective neutrophil depletion. CONCLUSIONS Complete primary tumor resection can reverse neutrophilia that develops during tumor progression and result in enhanced systemic anti-tumor immunity. Primary tumor removal relieves neutrophil-driven systemic immunosuppression and may itself contribute to the clinical benefit observed with neoadjuvant immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kaskas
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Clavijo
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay Friedman
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marco Craveiro
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Liu H, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Yang Y. MDSCs in breast cancer: an important enabler of tumor progression and an emerging therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199273. [PMID: 37465670 PMCID: PMC10350567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Women worldwide are more likely to develop breast cancer (BC) than any other type of cancer. The treatment of BC depends on the subtype and stage of the cancer, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Although significant progress has been made in recent years, advanced or metastatic BC presents a poor prognosis, due to drug resistance and recurrences. During embryonic development, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) develop that suppress the immune system. By inhibiting anti-immune effects and promoting non-immune mechanisms such as tumor cell stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and angiogenesis, MDSCs effectively promote tumor growth and metastasis. In various BC models, peripheral tissues, and tumor microenvironments (TME), MDSCs have been found to amplification. Clinical progression or poor prognosis are strongly associated with increased MDSCs. In this review, we describe the activation, recruitment, and differentiation of MDSCs production in BC, the involvement of MDSCs in BC progression, and the clinical characteristics of MDSCs as a potential BC therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuntao Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanming Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Klinman DM, Goguet E, Tross D. TLR Agonist Therapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Mice. J Immunother 2023; 46:170-177. [PMID: 37103328 PMCID: PMC10168108 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 and 9 agonists stimulate an innate immune response that supports the development of tumor-specific immunity. Previous studies showed that either agonist individually could cure mice of small tumors and that when used in combination, they could prevent the progression of larger tumors (>300 mm 3 ). To examine whether these agents combined could control metastatic disease, syngeneic mice were challenged with the highly aggressive 66cl4 triple-negative breast tumor cell line. Treatment was not initiated until pulmonary metastases were established, as verified by bioluminescent imaging of luciferase-tagged tumor cells. Results show that combined therapy with TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists delivered to both primary and metastatic tumor sites significantly reduced tumor burden and extended survival. The inclusion of cyclophosphamide and anti-PD-L1 resulted in optimal tumor control, characterized by a 5-fold increase in the average duration of survival.
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6
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Blood Stasis Syndrome Accelerates the Growth and Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Promoting Hypoxia and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Mice. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7222638. [PMID: 35711625 PMCID: PMC9197668 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7222638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood stasis syndromes (BSSs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, although the mechanism is still unclear. This study was aimed at exploring the effect and mechanism underlying different BSSs on tumor growth and metastasis. We established four BSS mouse models bred with breast cancer: qi deficiency and blood stasis (QDBS), cold coagulation blood stasis (CCBS), heat toxin and blood stasis (HTBS), and qi stagnation and blood stasis (QSBS). The results showed that microcirculation in the lower limb, abdominal wall, and tumor in situ decreased by varying degrees in the BSS groups. In addition, BSS promoted tumor growth and lung metastasis. The ratio of regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment was downregulated. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, Wnt1, β-catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Cyclin D1 levels increased in the tumors of BSS mice. In conclusion, BSS not only promoted the formation of a hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment but also promoted the neovascularization.
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7
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Zhu X, Wei C, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Hu B, Zhang F, Wei X, Ying T. Monitoring radiofrequency therapy-induced tumor cell dissemination by in vivo flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 99:593-600. [PMID: 33619834 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental findings have disclosed a high recurrence rate after radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which might be due to the dissemination of malignant cells into the vasculature during ablation. Here, we apply in vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) to monitor circulating tumor cells (CTCs) while performing ablation in a real-time and noninvasive way in an orthotopic model of prostate cancer. We report that CTCs are dramatically increased during RFA. The CTCs induced by ablation eventually translate into enhanced distant metastasis and reduced survival as compared to resection. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals that RFA significantly increases the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the lung. Our study thus suggests that the ablative procedure of prostate tumors causes immediate tumor cell dissemination and increases distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheying Meng
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ying
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Allen BM, Hiam KJ, Burnett CE, Venida A, DeBarge R, Tenvooren I, Marquez DM, Cho NW, Carmi Y, Spitzer MH. Systemic dysfunction and plasticity of the immune macroenvironment in cancer models. Nat Med 2020; 26:1125-1134. [PMID: 32451499 PMCID: PMC7384250 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the factors governing immune responses in cancer remains incomplete, limiting patient benefit. In this study, we used mass cytometry to define the systemic immune landscape in response to tumor development across five tissues in eight mouse tumor models. Systemic immunity was dramatically altered across models and time, with consistent findings in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. Changes in peripheral tissues differed from those in the tumor microenvironment. Mice with tumor-experienced immune systems mounted dampened responses to orthogonal challenges, including reduced T cell activation during viral or bacterial infection. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) mounted weaker responses in this context, whereas promoting APC activation rescued T cell activity. Systemic immune changes were reversed with surgical tumor resection, and many were prevented by interleukin-1 or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor blockade, revealing remarkable plasticity in the systemic immune state. These results demonstrate that tumor development dynamically reshapes the composition and function of the immune macroenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna M Allen
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kamir J Hiam
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra E Burnett
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Venida
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel DeBarge
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iliana Tenvooren
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diana M Marquez
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Woo Cho
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Microbiology & Immunology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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HE DANHUA, XU WEINAN, LI XUEFANG, XU JIANXIN. A PROGNOSTIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MODEL FOR 4T1 BREAST CANCER WITH COMBINED CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND TLR AGONIST. J BIOL SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339020500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on experimental results of a mouse model provided in the literature, we develop a mathematical model by using system biology approach, aiming to investigate immunotherapy for 4T1 breast cancer. It is worth to mention that only 4 types of cells (tumor cells, CD8[Formula: see text] T cells, regular T cells (Tregs), and tumoricidal myeloid CD11b[Formula: see text]Gr1dim cells) are quantitatively measured in experiments, which make the immunotherapy modelling more difficult since only limited system knowledge is available. To overcome the difficulty, the mathematical model is proposed by employing Evolutionary Computation to optimize the system parameters. Furthermore, with the mathematical model, analysis can be conducted to capture the inherent properties of the model, such as the number and stability of equilibria, and parameter sensitivity analysis, which disclose the nature of 4T1 breast cancer from a system biological perspective. Not limited to replication of experimental results, we further show that the mathematical model is in fact a prognostic immunotherapy model that can predict treatment outcomes of various cases; for instance, different combinations of drug delivery schedules. By virtue of computational convenience, it is relatively easy to intensively investigate most of the treatments that are impossible for animal models or clinical trials. In other words, a mathematical model based on system biology can provide meaningful reference when exploiting more effective treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- DANHUA HE
- Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - WEINAN XU
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - XUEFANG LI
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation System, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - JIAN-XIN XU
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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10
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Bosiljcic M, Cederberg RA, Hamilton MJ, LePard NE, Harbourne BT, Collier JL, Halvorsen EC, Shi R, Franks SE, Kim AY, Banáth JP, Hamer M, Rossi FM, Bennewith KL. Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in combination with primary mammary tumor resection reduces metastatic growth in the lungs. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:103. [PMID: 31488209 PMCID: PMC6727565 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid tumors produce proteins that can induce the accumulation of bone marrow-derived cells in various tissues, and these cells can enhance metastatic tumor growth by several mechanisms. 4T1 murine mammary tumors are known to produce granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and increase the numbers of immunosuppressive CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tissues such as the spleen and lungs of tumor-bearing mice. While surgical resection of primary tumors decreases MDSC levels in the spleen, the longevity and impact of MDSCs and other immune cells in the lungs after tumor resection have been less studied. METHODS We used mass cytometry time of flight (CyTOF) and flow cytometry to quantify MDSCs in the spleen, peripheral blood, and lungs of mice bearing orthotopic murine mammary tumors. We also tested the effect of primary tumor resection and/or gemcitabine treatment on the levels of MDSCs, other immune suppressor and effector cells, and metastatic tumor cells in the lungs. RESULTS We have found that, similar to mice with 4T1 tumors, mice bearing metastatic 4T07 tumors also exhibit accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ MDSCs in the spleen and lungs, while tissues of mice with non-metastatic 67NR tumors do not contain MDSCs. Mice with orthotopically implanted 4T1 tumors have increased granulocytic (G-) MDSCs, monocytic (M-) MDSCs, macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells in the lungs. Resection of primary 4T1 tumors decreases G-MDSCs, M-MDSCs, and macrophages in the lungs within 48 h, but significant numbers of functional immunosuppressive G-MDSCs persist in the lungs for 2 weeks after tumor resection, indicative of an environment that can promote metastatic tumor growth. The chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine depletes G-MDSCs, M-MDSCs, macrophages, and eosinophils in the lungs of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, and we found that treating mice with gemcitabine after primary tumor resection decreases residual G-MDSCs in the lungs and decreases subsequent metastatic growth. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the development of therapeutic strategies to target MDSCs and to monitor MDSC levels before and after primary tumor resection to enhance the effectiveness of immune-based therapies and improve the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momir Bosiljcic
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel A Cederberg
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melisa J Hamilton
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nancy E LePard
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Bryant T Harbourne
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jenna L Collier
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rocky Shi
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - S Elizabeth Franks
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ada Y Kim
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judit P Banáth
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mark Hamer
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fabio M Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin L Bennewith
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Room 10-108, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada. .,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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11
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Xu W, Xu JX, He D, Tan KC. An Evolutionary Constraint-Handling Technique for Parametric Optimization of a Cancer Immunotherapy Model. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EMERGING TOPICS IN COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/tetci.2018.2880516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Goulart MR, Hlavaty SI, Chang YM, Polton G, Stell A, Perry J, Wu Y, Sharma E, Broxholme J, Lee AC, Szladovits B, Turmaine M, Gribben J, Xia D, Garden OA. Phenotypic and transcriptomic characterization of canine myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3574. [PMID: 30837603 PMCID: PMC6400936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key players in immune evasion, tumor progression and metastasis. MDSCs accumulate under various pathological states and fall into two functionally and phenotypically distinct subsets that have been identified in humans and mice: polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs and monocytic (M)-MDSCs. As dogs are an excellent model for human tumor development and progression, we set out to identify PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs in clinical canine oncology patients. Canine hypodense MHC class II-CD5-CD21-CD11b+ cells can be subdivided into polymorphonuclear (CADO48A+CD14-) and monocytic (CADO48A-CD14+) MDSC subsets. The transcriptomic signatures of PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs are distinct, and moreover reveal a statistically significant similarity between canine and previously published human PMN-MDSC gene expression patterns. As in humans, peripheral blood frequencies of canine PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs are significantly higher in dogs with cancer compared to healthy control dogs (PMN-MDSCs: p < 0.001; M-MDSCs: p < 0.01). By leveraging the power of evolution, we also identified additional conserved genes in PMN-MDSCs of multiple species that may play a role in MDSC function. Our findings therefore validate the dog as a model for studying MDSCs in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Goulart
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sabina I Hlavaty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James Perry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Avery C Lee
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mark Turmaine
- Division of Bioscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Khadge S, Thiele GM, Sharp JG, McGuire TR, Klassen LW, Black PN, DiRusso CC, Cook L, Talmadge JE. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease mammary tumor growth, multiorgan metastasis and enhance survival. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:797-818. [PMID: 30327985 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show a reduced risk of breast cancer (BC) in women consuming high levels of long-chain (LC) omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) compared with women who consumed low levels. However, the regulatory and mechanistic roles of dietary ω-6 and LC-ω-3 FAs on tumor progression, metastasis and survival are poorly understood. Female BALB/c mice (10-week old) were pair-fed with a diet containing ω-3 or an isocaloric, isolipidic ω-6 diet for 16 weeks prior to the orthotopic implantation of 4T1 mammary tumor cells. Major outcomes studied included: mammary tumor growth, survival analysis, and metastases analyses in multiple organs including pulmonary, hepatic, bone, cardiac, renal, ovarian, and contralateral MG (CMG). The dietary regulation of the tumor microenvironment was evaluated in mice autopsied on day-35 post tumor injection. In mice fed the ω-3 containing diet, there was a significant delay in tumor initiation and prolonged survival relative to the ω-6 diet-fed group. The tumor size on day 35 post tumor injection in the ω-3 group was 50% smaller and the frequencies of pulmonary and bone metastases were significantly lower relative to the ω-6 group. Similarly, the incidence/frequencies and/or size of cardiac, renal, ovarian metastases were significantly lower in mice fed the ω-3 diet. The analyses of the tumor microenvironment showed that tumors in the ω-3 group had significantly lower numbers of proliferating tumor cells (Ki67+)/high power field (HPF), and higher numbers of apoptotic tumor cells (TUNEL+)/HPF, lower neo-vascularization (CD31+ vessels/HPF), infiltration by neutrophil elastase+ cells, and macrophages (F4/80+) relative to the tumors from the ω-6 group. Further, in tumors from the ω-3 diet-fed mice, T-cell infiltration was 102% higher resulting in a neutrophil to T-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) that was 76% lower (p < 0.05). Direct correlations were observed between NLR with tumor size and T-cell infiltration with the number of apoptotic tumor cells. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that tumor IL10 mRNA levels were significantly higher (six-fold) in the tumors from mice fed the ω-3 diet and inversely correlated with the tumor size. Our data suggest that dietary LC-ω-3FAs modulates the mammary tumor microenvironment slowing tumor growth, and reducing metastases to both common and less preferential organs resulting in prolonged survival. The surrogate analyses undertaken support a mechanism of action by dietary LC-ω-3FAs that includes, but is not limited to decreased infiltration by myeloid cells (neutrophils and macrophages), an increase in CD3+ lymphocyte infiltration and IL10 associated anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswoti Khadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.,Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John Graham Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lynell W Klassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.,Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Concetta C DiRusso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Leah Cook
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6495, USA.
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14
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Fu H, Jin L, Shao X, Li Y, Chen F, Shou Z, Tang X, Ji B, Shou Q. Hirsutella sinensis Inhibits Lewis Lung Cancer via Tumor Microenvironment Effector T Cells in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:911-922. [PMID: 29754506 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirsutella sinensis fungus (HSF) is an artificial substitute of the well-known medicine Cordyceps sinensis with similar beneficial effects in humans. We previously found that HSF can regulate immune function and inhibit tumor growth; however, the mechanisms involved in these effects were still unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the effects of HSF on immune cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment in mice. The results showed that HSF inhibited Lewis lung cancer growth, alleviated abnormalities in routine blood tests, and enhanced tumor-infiltrating T cells, particularly the proportion of effector CD8[Formula: see text] T cells. In addition, HSF also ameliorated the immune-suppressive microenvironment and decreased the proportions of regulatory T cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations. To confirm the effects of HSF on promotion of effector CD8[Formula: see text] T-cell production, we further evaluated changes in postoperative metastasis following treatment with HSF. Indeed, orthotopic lung metastasis was significantly suppressed, and survival times were increased in HSF-treated mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that HSF inhibited Lewis lung cancer by enhancing the population of effective CD8[Formula: see text] T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Fu
- * Center Laboratory, Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Lu Jin
- ‡ College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Xia Shao
- ¶ Department of Breast Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313003, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- ‡ College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Fangming Chen
- † Institute of Comparative Medicine & Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Shou
- ¶ Department of Breast Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313003, P. R. China
| | | | - Bing Ji
- ∥ Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou 313003, P. R. China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- * Center Laboratory, Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China.,† Institute of Comparative Medicine & Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
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15
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Shou D, Wen L, Song Z, Yin J, Sun Q, Gong W. Suppressive role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the microenvironment of breast cancer and targeted immunotherapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64505-64511. [PMID: 27542274 PMCID: PMC5325458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a pivotal role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis and can even decrease the efficacy of immunotherapy. In breast cancer, MDSCs are recruited mainly by breast cancer cells to form a tumor-favoring microenvironment to suppress the anti-tumor immune response. In addition, MDSCs can react directly with breast cancer cells. In this paper, we describe several ways to recruit MDSCs in breast cancer, including breast cancer cell-derived cytokines and chemokines. The intracellular pathways in MDSCs during recruitment are classified as the STAT3-NF-κB-IDO pathway, the STAT3/IRF-8 pathway and the PTEN/Akt pathway. MDSCs act on T cells and NK cells to suppress the body's immunity, and via IL-6 trans-signaling, promote breast cancer directly. We further describe MDSC-targeted immune therapies for breast cancer, which are classified as: preventing the formation of MDSCs, eliminating MDSDCs, and reducing the products of MDSCs. Furthermore, MDSC-targeted immunotherapy potentiates the effect of the other immunotherapies. Based on the facts that MSDCs have significant roles in breast cancer malignant behaviors and can be suppressed by various strategies, we do believe MDSC-targeted immunotherapy presents a broad prospect in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Shou
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wen
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Song
- Department of Comprehensive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Gong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
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16
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Choi SH, Stuckey DW, Pignatta S, Reinshagen C, Khalsa JK, Roozendaal N, Martinez-Quintanilla J, Tamura K, Keles E, Shah K. Tumor Resection Recruits Effector T Cells and Boosts Therapeutic Efficacy of Encapsulated Stem Cells Expressing IFNβ in Glioblastomas. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7047-7058. [PMID: 28912136 PMCID: PMC6818096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Despite tumor resection being the first-line clinical care for glioblastoma (GBM) patients, nearly all preclinical immune therapy models intend to treat established GBM. Characterizing cytoreductive surgery-induced immune response combined with the administration of immune cytokines has the potential of offering a new treatment paradigm of immune therapy for GBMs.Experimental Design: We developed syngeneic orthotopic mouse GBM models of tumor resection and characterized the immune response of intact and resected tumors. We also created a highly secretable variant of immune cytokine IFNβ to enhance its release from engineered mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-IFNβ) and assessed whether surgical resection of intracranial GBM tumor significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of targeted on-site delivery of encapsulated MSC-IFNβ.Results: We show that tumor debulking results in substantial reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and simultaneous recruitment of CD4/CD8 T cells. This immune response significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of locally delivered encapsulated MSC-IFNβ via enhanced selective postsurgical infiltration of CD8 T cells and directly induced cell-cycle arrest in tumor cells, resulting in increased survival of mice. Utilizing encapsulated human MSC-IFNβ in resected orthotopic tumor xenografts of patient-derived GBM, we further show that IFNβ induces cell-cycle arrest followed by apoptosis, resulting in increased survival in immunocompromised mice despite their absence of an intact immune system.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of syngeneic tumor resection models in developing cancer immunotherapies and emphasizes the translational potential of local delivery of immunotherapeutic agents in treating cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 7047-58. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hugh Choi
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel W Stuckey
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Pignatta
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Clemens Reinshagen
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jasneet Kaur Khalsa
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolaas Roozendaal
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordi Martinez-Quintanilla
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaoru Tamura
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erhan Keles
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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17
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Baklaushev VP, Kilpeläinen A, Petkov S, Abakumov MA, Grinenko NF, Yusubalieva GM, Latanova AA, Gubskiy IL, Zabozlaev FG, Starodubova ES, Abakumova TO, Isaguliants MG, Chekhonin VP. Luciferase Expression Allows Bioluminescence Imaging But Imposes Limitations on the Orthotopic Mouse (4T1) Model of Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7715. [PMID: 28798322 PMCID: PMC5552689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantation of reporter-labeled tumor cells in an immunocompetent host involves a risk of their immune elimination. We have studied this effect in a mouse model of breast cancer after the orthotopic implantation of mammary gland adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells genetically labelled with luciferase (Luc). Mice were implanted with 4T1 cells and two derivative Luc-expressing clones 4T1luc2 and 4T1luc2D6 exhibiting equal in vitro growth rates. In vivo, the daughter 4T1luc2 clone exhibited nearly the same, and 4T1luc2D6, a lower growth rate than the parental cells. The metastatic potential of 4T1 variants was assessed by magnetic resonance, bioluminescent imaging, micro-computed tomography, and densitometry which detected 100-μm metastases in multiple organs and bones at the early stage of their development. After 3-4 weeks, 4T1 generated 11.4 ± 2.1, 4T1luc2D6, 4.5 ± 0.6; and 4T1luc2, <1 metastases per mouse, locations restricted to lungs and regional lymph nodes. Mice bearing Luc-expressing tumors developed IFN-γ response to the dominant CTL epitope of Luc. Induced by intradermal DNA-immunization, such response protected mice from the establishment of 4T1luc2-tumors. Our data show that natural or induced cellular response against the reporter restricts growth and metastatic activity of the reporter-labelled tumor cells. Such cells represent a powerful instrument for improving immunization technique for cancer vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Baklaushev
- Research and Education Center for Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A Kilpeläinen
- Research and Education Center for Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M A Abakumov
- Research and Education Center for Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Grinenko
- Research and Education Center for Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G M Yusubalieva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Research Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Preparations, Moscow, Russia
| | - I L Gubskiy
- Research and Education Center for Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - F G Zabozlaev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E S Starodubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Preparations, Moscow, Russia
| | - T O Abakumova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Research Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Preparations, Moscow, Russia.
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
- Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - V P Chekhonin
- Research and Education Center for Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Research Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Bone marrow produces sufficient alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells in vivo to cure mice from subcutaneously and intravascularly injected 4T1 breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 161:421-433. [PMID: 27915436 PMCID: PMC5241334 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Administration of 5 million alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells after low-dose chemo-irradiation cured mice of 4T1 breast cancer, supposedly dose dependent. We now explored the efficacy of bone marrow as alternative in vivo source of NK cells for anti-breast cancer treatment, as methods for in vitro clinical scale NK cell expansion are still in developmental phases. Methods Progression-free survival (PFS) after treatment with different doses of spleen-derived alloreactive NK cells to 4T1-bearing Balb/c mice was measured to determine a dose–response relation. The potential of bone marrow as source of alloreactive NK cells was explored using MHC-mismatched mice as recipients of 4T1. Chemo-irradiation consisted of 2× 2 Gy total body irradiation and 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Antibody-mediated in vivo NK cell depletion was applied to demonstrate the NK cell’s role. Results Administration of 2.5 instead of 5 million alloreactive NK cells significantly reduced PFS, evidencing dose responsiveness. Compared to MHC-matched receivers of subcutaneous 4T1, fewer MHC-mismatched mice developed tumors, which was due to NK cell alloreactivity because in vivo NK cell depletion facilitated tumor growth. Application of low-dose chemo-irradiation increased plasma levels of NK cell-activating cytokines, NK cell activity and enhanced NK cell-dependent elimination of subcutaneous tumors. Intravenously injected 4T1 was eliminated by alloreactive NK cells in MHC-mismatched recipients without the need for chemo-irradiation. Conclusions Bone marrow is a suitable source of sufficient alloreactive NK cells for the cure of 4T1 breast cancer. These results prompt clinical exploration of bone marrow transplantation from NK-alloreactive MHC-mismatched donors in patients with metastasized breast cancer.
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19
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Halvorsen EC, Mahmoud SM, Bennewith KL. Emerging roles of regulatory T cells in tumour progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:1025-41. [PMID: 25359584 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer is a complex and life-threatening process that is only partially understood. Immune suppressive cells are recognized as important contributors to tumour progression and may also promote the development and growth of tumour metastases. Specifically, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been found to promote primary tumour progression, and emerging pre-clinical data suggests that Tregs may promote metastasis and metastatic tumour growth. While the precise role that Tregs play in metastatic progression is understudied, recent findings have indicated that by suppressing innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity, Tregs may shield tumour cells from immune detection, and thereby allow tumour cells to survive, proliferate and acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination. This review will highlight our current understanding of Tregs in metastasis, including an overview of pre-clinical findings and discussion of clinical data regarding Tregs and therapeutic outcome. Evolving strategies to directly ablate Tregs or to inhibit their function will also be discussed. Improving our understanding of how Tregs may influence tumour metastasis may lead to novel treatments for metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 9-202, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Gebremeskel S, Clattenburg DR, Slauenwhite D, Lobert L, Johnston B. Natural killer T cell activation overcomes immunosuppression to enhance clearance of postsurgical breast cancer metastasis in mice. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e995562. [PMID: 25949924 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.995562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic lesions are responsible for over 90% of breast cancer associated deaths. Therefore, strategies that target metastasis are of particular interest. This study examined the efficacy of natural killer T (NKT) cell activation as a post-surgical immunotherapy in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Following surgical resection of orthotopic 4T1 mammary carcinoma tumors, BALB/c mice were treated with NKT cell activating glycolipid antigens (α-GalCer, α-C-GalCer or OCH) or α-GalCer-loaded dendritic cells (DCs). Low doses of glycolipids transiently reduced metastasis but did not increase survival. A high dose of α-GalCer enhanced overall survival, but was associated with increased toxicity and mortality at early time points. Treatment with α-GalCer-loaded DCs limited tumor metastasis, prolonged survival, and provided curative outcomes in ∼45% of mice. However, survival was not increased further by additional DC treatments or co-transfer of expanded NKT cells. NKT cell activation via glycolipid-loaded DCs decreased the frequency and immunosuppressive activity of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor-resected mice. In vitro, NKT cells were resistant to the immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs and were able to reverse the inhibitory effects of MDSCs on T cell proliferation. NKT cell activation enhanced antitumor immunity in tumor-resected mice, increasing 4T1-specific cytotoxic responses and IFNγ production from natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells. Consistent with increased tumor immunity, mice surviving to day 150 were resistant to a second tumor challenge. This work provides a clear rationale for manipulating NKT cells to target metastatic disease.
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Key Words
- dendritic cells
- metastatic breast cancer
- myeloid derived suppressor cells
- natural killer T cells
- tumor immunotherapy
- α-GalCer, α-galacotosylceramide; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; DC, dendritic cell; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFNγ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; MDSC, myeloid derived suppressor cell; NK cell, natural killer cell; NKT cell, natural killer T cell; RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium-1640; TCR, T cell receptor; Th, T helper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gebremeskel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel R Clattenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Drew Slauenwhite
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lynnea Lobert
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Pediatrics; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Pathology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Deng S, Wu Q, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Wu N, Pang J, Li X, Bi C, Liu X, Yang L, Liu L, Su W, Wei Y, Gong C. Biodegradable polymeric micelle-encapsulated doxorubicin suppresses tumor metastasis by killing circulating tumor cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5270-80. [PMID: 25721713 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) micelles showed improved anti-metastasis activity by killing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in zebrafish and mouse models, which may have potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Pang
- Department of Medical Oncology
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University
| | - Xuejing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University
| | - Weijun Su
- School of Medicine
- Nankai University
- Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
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Davtyan H, Ghochikyan A, Hovakimyan A, Davtyan A, Cadagan R, Marleau AM, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Agadjanyan MG. A dual vaccine against influenza & Alzheimer's disease failed to enhance anti-β-amyloid antibody responses in mice with pre-existing virus specific memory. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:77-84. [PMID: 25455094 PMCID: PMC4314405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel dual vaccine, WSN-Aβ(1-10), based on the recombinant influenza virus, expressing immunodominant B-cell epitope of β-amyloid, simultaneously induced therapeutically potent anti-Aβ and anti-influenza antibodies. In this study we showed that boosting of WSN-WT primed mice with WSN-Aβ(1-10) enhances anti-viral, but fails to induce anti-Aβ antibody responses. This inhibition is associated with expression of Aβ(1-10) within the context of an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. These results demonstrate that the use of an inactivated influenza virus as a carrier for AD vaccine may not be applicable due to the possible inhibition of anti-Aβ antibody response in individuals previously vaccinated or infected with influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
| | - Arpine Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
| | - Richard Cadagan
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Annette M Marleau
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infection Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; University of California, Irvine, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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23
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Ghochikyan A, Pichugin A, Bagaev A, Davtyan A, Hovakimyan A, Tukhvatulin A, Davtyan H, Shcheblyakov D, Logunov D, Chulkina M, Savilova A, Trofimov D, Nelson EL, Agadjanyan MG, Ataullakhanov RI. Targeting TLR-4 with a novel pharmaceutical grade plant derived agonist, Immunomax®, as a therapeutic strategy for metastatic breast cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:322. [PMID: 25432242 PMCID: PMC4261251 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we demonstrated that the resection of primary 4T1 tumors only slightly prolongs mouse survival, but importantly, creates a "window of opportunity" with attenuated suppressor cell and increased activated T cell populations. This suggests that additional activation of the immune system by immunostimulatory agents during this period may enhance anti-tumor immunity and potentially eradicate micro-metastatic disease in this stringent model. We hypothesized that the immunostimulator Immunomax®, which is comprised of a plant-derived polysaccharide, is non-toxic in humans and stimulates immune defense during the infectious diseases treatment, may have also anti-tumor activity and be beneficial in the adjuvant setting when endogenous anti-tumor responses are present and during the "window of opportunity" in post-resection metastatic breast cancer model. Here we provide the initial report that Immunomax® demonstrates the capacity to eliminate micro-metastatic disease in the post-resection, 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer. METHODS The efficacy of Immunomax® was evaluated by analyzing survival rate and the number of spontaneous clonogenic tumor cells in the lung homogenates of mice. The frequencies of activated NK, CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells were evaluated using flow cytometry. Highly purified mouse and human dendritic and NK cells were sorted and the effect of Immunomax® on activation status of these cells was assessed by flow cytometry. The property of Immunomax® as TLR-4 agonist was determined by NF-κB/SEAP reporter gene assay, WB, RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunomax® injections significantly prolonged overall survival and cured 31% of mice. This immunostimulator activates DCs via the TLR-4, which in turn stimulates tumoricidal NK cells and in vitro, completely inhibits growth of 4T1 cells. Incubation of PBMC from healthy donors with Immunomax® activates NK cells via activation of plasmacytoid DC leading significantly higher efficacy in killing of human NK-target cells K562 compared with non-treated cells. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that Immunomax® is a TLR-4 agonist and the first report of a documented role for this pharmaceutical grade immunostimulator in augmenting anti-tumor activity, suggesting that incorporation of Immunomax® into developing breast cancer therapeutic strategies may be beneficial and with less potential toxicity than checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard Street, Suite H, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.
| | - Alexey Pichugin
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Alexander Bagaev
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Arpine Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard Street, Suite H, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard Street, Suite H, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.
| | - Amir Tukhvatulin
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard Street, Suite H, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.
| | - Dmitry Shcheblyakov
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
| | - Denis Logunov
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
| | - Marina Chulkina
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Savilova
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Trofimov
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16371 Gothard Street, Suite H, Huntington Beach, CA, 92647, USA.
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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