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Li Q, Song Q, Chen Z, Choi J, Moreno V, Ping J, Wen W, Li C, Shu X, Yan J, Shu XO, Cai Q, Long J, Huyghe JR, Pai R, Gruber SB, Casey G, Wang X, Toriola AT, Li L, Singh B, Lau KS, Zhou L, Wu C, Peters U, Zheng W, Long Q, Yin Z, Guo X. Large-scale integration of omics and electronic health records to identify potential risk protein biomarkers and therapeutic drugs for cancer prevention and intervention. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.29.24308170. [PMID: 38853880 PMCID: PMC11160851 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.24308170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Identifying risk protein targets and their therapeutic drugs is crucial for effective cancer prevention. Here, we conduct integrative and fine-mapping analyses of large genome-wide association studies data for breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, and characterize 710 lead variants independently associated with cancer risk. Through mapping protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) for these variants using plasma proteomics data from over 75,000 participants, we identify 365 proteins associated with cancer risk. Subsequent colocalization analysis identifies 101 proteins, including 74 not reported in previous studies. We further characterize 36 potential druggable proteins for cancers or other disease indications. Analyzing >3.5 million electronic health records, we uncover five drugs (Haloperidol, Trazodone, Tranexamic Acid, Haloperidol, and Captopril) associated with increased cancer risk and two drugs (Caffeine and Acetazolamide) linked to reduced colorectal cancer risk. This study offers novel insights into therapeutic drugs targeting risk proteins for cancer prevention and intervention.
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2
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Pillai U J, Ray A, Maan M, Dutta M. Repurposing drugs targeting metabolic diseases for cancer therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103684. [PMID: 37379903 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Hurdles in the identification of new drugs for cancer treatment have made drug repurposing an increasingly appealing alternative. The approach involves the use of old drugs for new therapeutic purposes. It is cost-effective and facilitates rapid clinical translation. Given that cancer is also considered a metabolic disease, drugs for metabolic disorders are being actively repurposed for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the repurposing of such drugs approved for two major metabolic diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which have shown potential as anti-cancer treatment. We also highlight the current understanding of the cancer signaling pathways that these drugs target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Pillai U
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Anindita Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Meenu Maan
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE; New York University-Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE.
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Increased risk of metastasis in patients with incidental use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors: a retrospective analysis for multiple types of cancer based on electronic medical records. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1869-1881. [PMID: 36171325 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors have been shown to prevent cancer metastasis in experimental models, but there are limited data in clinical studies. We aimed to explore whether renin-angiotensin system inhibitors administered during the period of cancer resection can influence the subsequent development of metastasis by analyzing multiple individual types of primary cancers. A total of 4927 patients who had undergone resection of primary cancers at Kyushu University Hospital from 2009 to 2014 were enrolled and categorized into 3 groups based on the use of antihypertensive drugs: renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, other drugs, and none. Cumulative incidence functions of metastasis, treating death as a competing risk, were calculated, and the difference was examined among groups by Gray's test. Fine and Gray's model was employed to evaluate multivariate-adjusted hazards of incidental metastasis. In the multivariate-adjusted analysis, patients with skin and renal cancers showed statistically higher risks of metastasis with the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 5.81 [1.07-31.57] and 4.24 [1.71-10.53], respectively). Regarding pancreatic cancer, patients treated with antihypertensive drugs other than renin-angiotensin system inhibitors had a significantly increased risk of metastasis (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 3.31 [1.43-7.69]). Future larger studies are needed to ascertain whether renin-angiotensin system inhibitors can increase the risk of metastasis in skin and renal cancers, focusing on specific tissue types and potential factors associated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitor use.
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Riddiough GE, Walsh KA, Fifis T, Kastrappis G, Tran BM, Vincan E, Muralidharan V, Christophi C, Gordon CL, Perini MV. Captopril, a Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitor, Attenuates Tumour Progression in the Regenerating Liver Following Partial Hepatectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095281. [PMID: 35563674 PMCID: PMC9105412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) has been linked to tumour recurrence. Inhibition of the renin−angiotensin system (RASi) attenuates CRLM growth in the non-regenerating liver. This study investigates whether RASi exerts an antitumour effect within the regenerating liver following partial hepatectomy for CRLM and examines RASi-induced changes in the tumour immune microenvironment; (2) CRLM in mice was induced via intrasplenic injection of mouse colorectal tumour cells, followed by splenectomy on Day 0. Mice were treated with RASi captopril (250 mg/kg/day), or saline (control) from Day 4 to Day 16 (endpoint) and underwent 70% partial hepatectomy on Day 7. Liver and tumour samples were characterised by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence; (3) captopril treatment reduced tumour burden in mice following partial hepatectomy (p < 0.01). Captopril treatment reduced populations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (CD11b+Ly6CHi p < 0.05, CD11b+Ly6CLo p < 0.01) and increased PD-1 expression on infiltrating hepatic tissue-resident memory (TRM)-like CD8+ (p < 0.001) and double-negative (CD4-CD8-; p < 0.001) T cells; (4) RASi reduced CRLM growth in the regenerating liver and altered immune cell composition by reducing populations of immunosuppressive MDSCs and boosting populations of PD-1+ hepatic TRMs. Thus, RASi should be explored as an adjunct therapy for patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E. Riddiough
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (B.M.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Katrina A. Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Georgios Kastrappis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Bang M. Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (B.M.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (B.M.T.); (E.V.)
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Vijayaragavan Muralidharan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Claire L. Gordon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- North Eastern Public Health Unit, Austin Health, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Marcos V. Perini
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (G.E.R.); (K.A.W.); (T.F.); (G.K.); (V.M.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(3)-9496-3670
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Singhal S, Maheshwari P, Krishnamurthy PT, Patil VM. Drug Repurposing Strategies for Non-Cancer to Cancer Therapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2726-2756. [PMID: 35301945 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220317140557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Global efforts invested for the prevention and treatment of cancer need to be repositioned to develop safe, effective, and economic anticancer therapeutics by adopting rational approaches of drug discovery. Drug repurposing is one of the established approaches to reposition old, clinically approved off patent noncancer drugs with known targets into newer indications. The literature review suggests key role of drug repurposing in the development of drugs intended for cancer as well as noncancer therapeutics. A wide category of noncancer drugs namely, drugs acting on CNS, anthelmintics, cardiovascular drugs, antimalarial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs have come out with interesting outcomes during preclinical and clinical phases. In the present article a comprehensive overview of the current scenario of drug repurposing for the treatment of cancer has been focused. The details of some successful studies along with examples have been included followed by associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priyal Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Vaishali M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
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Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist, Valsartan, Has Beneficial Effect in Lung Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Treated with Fluorouracil. J Gastrointest Cancer 2022; 54:126-134. [PMID: 35083728 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Angiotensin II has been confirmed to facilitate cancer cell progression and metastasis. In this study, the possible anti-metastatic effects of an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) antagonist, valsartan, have been investigated in an experimental CRC lung metastasis model. METHODS An animal CRC lung metastasis model was used, involving intravenous injection of CRC cells. The experimental groups included (1) control group; (2) 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) group (5 mg/kg/every other day; ip); (3) valsartan group (40 mg/kg/day; po); and (4) valsartan + 5-FU group (combination group; valsartan 40 mg/kg/day, oral gavage, and 5-FU 5 mg/kg/every other day; ip). After 11 days, macroscopic and histological evaluations of lung tissues have been done for evaluation of lung metastatic nodules. In addition, inflammatory and angiogenic markers and oxidative stress index were measured in lung tissue. RESULTS Our results showed that administration of valsartan especially in combination with 5-FU significantly reduced lung metastatic nodule and metastatic area (p < 0.05) in macroscopic and histological evaluations stained by hematoxylin-eosin. Measurement of inflammatory, angiogenic, and oxidative/antioxidative markers in lung tissue indicated that the level of IL-6, angiogenic markers (VEGF and VEGFR-1), and antioxidative markers significantly reduced in combination group (p < 0.05) while the MDA as a marker of oxidative stress increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that valsartan in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents can have a synergistic effect in treatment of lung metastasis of CRC.
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Beklen H, Arslan S, Gulfidan G, Turanli B, Ozbek P, Karademir Yilmaz B, Arga KY. Differential Interactome Based Drug Repositioning Unraveled Abacavir, Exemestane, Nortriptyline Hydrochloride, and Tolcapone as Potential Therapeutics for Colorectal Cancers. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:710591. [PMID: 36303724 PMCID: PMC9581026 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.710591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical requirement for alternative strategies to provide the better treatment in colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, our goal was to propose novel biomarkers as well as drug candidates for its treatment through differential interactome based drug repositioning. Differentially interacting proteins and their modules were identified, and their prognostic power were estimated through survival analyses. Drug repositioning was carried out for significant target proteins, and candidate drugs were analyzed via in silico molecular docking prior to in vitro cell viability assays in CRC cell lines. Six modules (mAPEX1, mCCT7, mHSD17B10, mMYC, mPSMB5, mRAN) were highlighted considering their prognostic performance. Drug repositioning resulted in eight drugs (abacavir, ribociclib, exemestane, voriconazole, nortriptyline hydrochloride, theophylline, bromocriptine mesylate, and tolcapone). Moreover, significant in vitro inhibition profiles were obtained in abacavir, nortriptyline hydrochloride, exemestane, tolcapone, and theophylline (positive control). Our findings may provide new and complementary strategies for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Arslan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pemra Ozbek
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Kazim Yalcin Arga,
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Khalili-Tanha G, Khalili-Tanha N, Nazari SE, Chaeichi-Tehrani N, Khazaei M, Aliakbarian M, Hassanian SM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the Angiotensin Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Ameliorating Post-Surgical Adhesions. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:180-186. [PMID: 34176457 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210625153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-surgical adhesion is a common complication after abdominal or pelvic surgeries. Despite improvements in surgical techniques or the application of physical barriers, little improvements have been achieved. It causes bowel obstruction, pelvic pain, and infertility in women and has an adverse effect on the quality of life. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is traditionally considered as a blood pressure regulator. However, recent studies also indicate that the RAS plays a vital role in other processes, including oxidative stress, fibrosis, proliferation, inflammation, and the wound healing process. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main upstream effector of the RAS that can bind to the AT1 receptor (ATIR). A growing body of evidence has revealed that targeting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II type 1 Receptor Blockers (ARBs), and Direct Renin Inhibitors (DRIs) can prevent post-surgical adhesions. Here we provide an overview of the therapeutic effect of RAS antagonists for adhesion. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were reviewed to identify potential agents targeting the RAS system as a potential approach for post-surgical adhesion. RESULTS Available evidence suggests the involvement of the RAS signaling pathway in inflammation, proliferation, and fibrosis pathways as well as in post-surgical adhesions. Several FDA-approved drugs are being used for targeting the RAS system. Some of them are being tested in different models to reduce fibrosis and improve adhesion after surgery, including Telmisartan, valsartan, and enalapril. CONCLUSION Identification of the pathological causes of post-surgical adhesion and the potential role of targeting Renin-Angiotensin System may help prevent this problem. Based on the pathological function of RAS signaling after surgeries, the administration of ARBs may be considered as a novel and efficient approach to prevent postsurgical adhesions. Pre-clinical and clinical studies should be carried out to have better information on the clinical significance of this therapy against post-surgical adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Khalili-Tanha
- Veterinary Medicine Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Elnaz Nazari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Medical Genetics Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aliakbarian
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Captopril, a Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitor, Attenuates Features of Tumor Invasion and Down-Regulates C-Myc Expression in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112734. [PMID: 34073112 PMCID: PMC8199217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Approximately 25% of patients with colorectal cancer will present with or develop colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Surgical resection of CRLM offers these patients the best chance of a cure. However, liver resection and the subsequent regenerative response has been linked to tumor recurrence in the liver remnant. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of many pathways common to both post-hepatectomy liver regeneration and tumorigenesis. Wnt signaling modulates multiple genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and Wnt inhibition can attenuate fibrotic responses and improve cancer outcomes via diverse mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the effects of captopril, a RAS inhibitor (RASi), on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and phenotypic changes associated with tumor progression in the context of the regenerating liver. We show that RASi induced increased Wnt signaling whilst downregulating features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, RASi induced significant down-regulation of Wnt target genes, c-myc and cyclin D1, indicating that expression of these genes can be down-regulated by RASi despite the accumulation of stabilized β-catenin. Abstract (1) Background: Recent clinical and experimental data suggests that the liver’s regenerative response following partial hepatectomy can stimulate tumor recurrence in the liver remnant. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays important roles in both colorectal cancer carcinogenesis and liver regeneration. Studies have shown that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates multiple renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes, whilst RAS inhibition (RASi) reduces tumor burden and progression. This study explores whether RASi attenuates features of tumor progression in the regenerating liver post-hepatectomy by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (2) Methods: Male CBA mice underwent CRLM induction, followed one week later by 70% partial hepatectomy. Mice were treated daily with captopril, a RASi, at 250 mg/kg/day or vehicle control from experimental Day 4. Tumor and liver samples were analyzed for RAS and Wnt signaling markers using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. (3) Results: Treatment with captopril reduced the expression of down-stream Wnt target genes, including a significant reduction in both c-myc and cyclin-D1, despite activating Wnt signaling. This was a tumor-specific response that was not elicited in corresponding liver samples. (4) Conclusions: We report for the first time decreased c-myc expression in colorectal tumors following RASi treatment in vivo. Decreased c-myc expression was accompanied by an attenuated invasive phenotype, despite increased Wnt signaling.
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Hashemzehi M, Rahmani F, Khoshakhlagh M, Avan A, Asgharzadeh F, Barneh F, Moradi-Marjaneh R, Soleimani A, Fiuji H, Ferns GA, Ryzhikov M, Jafari M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Angiotensin receptor blocker Losartan inhibits tumor growth of colorectal cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:506-521. [PMID: 33883980 PMCID: PMC8056058 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is up-regulated in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and is reported to be associated with poor prognosis and chemo-resistance. Here we explored the therapeutic potential of targeting RAS in CRC using Losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker. An integrative-systems biology approach was used to explore a proteome-level dataset of a gene signature that is modulated by Losartan. The anti-proliferative activity of Losartan was evaluated using 2- and 3-dimensional cell culture models. A xenograft model of colon cancer was used to investigate tumor growth with Losartan alone and in combination with 5-FU followed by histological staining (Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson trichrome staining), biochemical analyses, gene expression analyses by RT-PCR, western blot/IHC, or MMP Gelatin Zymography studies. Effects on cell cycle and cell death were assessed by flow cytometry. Losartan inhibited cell growth and suppressed cell cycle progression, causing an increase in CRC cells in the G1 phase. Losartan significantly reduced tumor growth and enhanced tumor cell necrosis. An impact on the inflammatory response, including up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in CRC cells are potential mechanisms that could partially explain Losartan's anti-proliferative effects. Moreover, metastasis and angiogenesis were reduced in Losartan-treated mice as observed by inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities and decreased tumor vasculature. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of combining chemotherapeutic regimens with Losartan to synergistically enhance its activity and target the renin-angiotensin system as a new approach in colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.,Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Current address: Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584, CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reyhaneh Moradi-Marjaneh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | | | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Almutlaq M, Alamro AA, Alamri HS, Alghamdi AA, Barhoumi T. The Effect of Local Renin Angiotensin System in the Common Types of Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:736361. [PMID: 34539580 PMCID: PMC8446618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.736361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is a hormonal system that is responsible for blood pressure hemostasis and electrolyte balance. It is implicated in cancer hallmarks because it is expressed locally in almost all of the body's tissues. In this review, current knowledge on the effect of local RAS in the common types of cancer such as breast, lung, liver, prostate and skin cancer is summarised. The mechanisms by which RAS components could increase or decrease cancer activity are also discussed. In addition to the former, this review explores how the administration of AT1R blockers and ACE inhibitors drugs intervene with cancer therapy and contribute to the outcomes of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moudhi Almutlaq
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Moudhi Almutlaq, ; Tlili Barhoumi,
| | - Abir Abdullah Alamro
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S. Alamri
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Ahmed Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Moudhi Almutlaq, ; Tlili Barhoumi,
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12
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Beklen H, Gulfidan G, Arga KY, Mardinoglu A, Turanli B. Drug Repositioning for P-Glycoprotein Mediated Co-Expression Networks in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1273. [PMID: 32903699 PMCID: PMC7438820 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most fatal types of cancers that is seen in both men and women. CRC is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Over the years, several drugs are developed for the treatment of CRC; however, patients with advanced CRC can be resistant to some drugs. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (also known as Multidrug Resistance 1, MDR1) is a well-identified membrane transporter protein expressed by ABCB1 gene. The high expression of MDR1 protein found in several cancer types causes chemotherapy failure owing to efflux drug molecules out of the cancer cell, decreases the drug concentration, and causes drug resistance. As same as other cancers, drug-resistant CRC is one of the major obstacles for effective therapy and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Network-based approaches can be used to determine specific biomarkers, potential drug targets, or repurposing approved drugs in drug-resistant cancers. Drug repositioning is the approach for using existing drugs for a new therapeutic purpose; it is a highly efficient and low-cost process. To improve current understanding of the MDR-1-related drug resistance in CRC, we explored gene co-expression networks around ABCB1 gene with different network sizes (50, 100, 150, 200 edges) and repurposed candidate drugs targeting the ABCB1 gene and its co-expression network by using drug repositioning approach for the treatment of CRC. The candidate drugs were also assessed by using molecular docking for determining the potential of physical interactions between the drug and MDR1 protein as a drug target. We also evaluated these four networks whether they are diagnostic or prognostic features in CRC besides biological function determined by functional enrichment analysis. Lastly, differentially expressed genes of drug-resistant (i.e., oxaliplatin, methotrexate, SN38) HT29 cell lines were found and used for repurposing drugs with reversal gene expressions. As a result, it is shown that all networks exhibited high diagnostic and prognostic performance besides the identification of various drug candidates for drug-resistant patients with CRC. All these results can shed light on the development of effective diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies for drug resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Hashemzehi M, Naghibzadeh N, Asgharzadeh F, Mostafapour A, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Cho WC, Avan A, Khazaei M. The therapeutic potential of losartan in lung metastasis of colorectal cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:927-935. [PMID: 32665776 PMCID: PMC7355150 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer with a high incidence rate. Components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been reported to be dysregulated in several malignancies including CRC. Here, we have explored the potential anti-metastatic effects of a RAS inhibitor, losartan, in an experimental model of lung metastasis in CRC. A murine model of lung metastasis of CRC was used, which involved the intravenous injection of CT26 cells via a tail vein. Four experimental groups comprised: an untreated group; a group that received 5-FU which was administered intraperitoneally; a losartan group and a combination group that received 5-FU plus losartan. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of losartan by histopathological method, and the measurement of oxidative or antioxidant markers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol (T-SH) tissue levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity. We found that losartan inhibited lung metastasis of CRC and there was a reduction of the IL-6 expression level in the tissue sample. It was also associated with reduced levels of the anti-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, we found that losartan induced oxidative stress as assessed by an elevation of MDA level, reduction of T-SH, SOD and catalase activities in lung tissue. Our findings demonstrated that losartan ameliorates angiogenesis, inflammation and the induction of oxidative stress via angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R). This may shine some lights on targeting the RAS pathway as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of metastatic CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloufar Naghibzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asma Mostafapour
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amir Avan
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Therapeutic potential of renin angiotensin system inhibitors in cancer cells metastasis. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153010. [PMID: 32534713 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process which contributes to the dissemination of cancer cells to other organs and forms new tumor sites. The proliferation of tumor cells is a necessary step for the initiation and progression of cancers and is associated with the formation of new vessels. In the latter stages of metastasis, cancer cells may spread into the extracellular matrix and may form metastatic nodules. Despite efforts to prevent this, effective therapies are limited in the treatment of some malignancies. Among the different tumor properties which could be usefully employed as a cancer target, metastasis may be one suitable target. The renin- angiotensin system is a physiological pathway that contributes to the proliferation of tumor cells, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response in tumor tissue. Angiotensin II (ANGII), a key peptide of this pathway, induces cell proliferation through the activation of two cellular pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-STAT3 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) -AKT pathway). AT1-R increases angiogenesis via the elevation of angiogenic factors expression (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs)). The local activation of the RAS pathway increases the expression of ICAM, VCAM and MMPs genes that are involved in the late steps of the metastasis process. There is some evidence that RAS components are expressed in metastatic tumors and RASIs (renin-angiotensin system inhibitors) could be used to reduce cancer metastasis by affecting the mechanisms involved in several different cancers. Therefore, we have summarized the effects of RASIs, observed in pre-clinical and clinical studies of cancer cell metastasis.
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15
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Kirtonia A, Gala K, Fernandes SG, Pandya G, Pandey AK, Sethi G, Khattar E, Garg M. Repurposing of drugs: An attractive pharmacological strategy for cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:258-278. [PMID: 32380233 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human malignancies are one of the major health-related issues though out the world and anticipated to rise in the future. The development of novel drugs/agents requires a huge amount of cost and time that represents a major challenge for drug discovery. In the last three decades, the number of FDA approved drugs has dropped down and this led to increasing interest in drug reposition or repurposing. The present review focuses on recent concepts and therapeutic opportunities for the utilization of antidiabetics, antibiotics, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, PDE inhibitors and estrogen receptor antagonist, Antabuse, antiparasitic and cardiovascular agents/drugs as an alternative approach against human malignancies. The repurposing of approved non-cancerous drugs is an effective strategy to develop new therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer patients at an affordable cost in clinics. In the current scenario, most of the countries throughout the globe are unable to meet the medical needs of cancer patients because of the high cost of the available cancerous drugs. Some of these drugs displayed potential anti-cancer activity in preclinic and clinical studies by regulating several key molecular mechanisms and oncogenic pathways in human malignancies. The emerging pieces of evidence indicate that repurposing of drugs is crucial to the faster and cheaper discovery of anti-cancerous drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kirtonia
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India; Equal contribution
| | - Kavita Gala
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India; Equal contribution
| | - Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India; Equal contribution
| | - Gouri Pandya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India; Equal contribution
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Haryana, 122413, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
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16
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Evaluating the benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors as cancer treatments. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107527. [PMID: 32173557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse group of cellular membrane receptors identified and characterized. It is estimated that 30 to 50% of marketed drugs target these receptors. The angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) is a GPCR which signals in response to systemic alterations of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (AngII) in circulation. The enzyme responsible for converting AngI to AngII is the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Specific inhibitors for the AT1R (more commonly known as AT1R blockers or antagonists) and ACE are well characterized for their effects on the cardiovascular system. Combined with the extensive clinical data available on patient tolerance of AT1R blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), as well as their non-classical roles in cancer, the notion of repurposing this class of medications as cancer treatment(s) is explored in the current review. Given that AngII-dependent AT1R activity directly regulates angiogenesis, remodeling of vasculature, pro-inflammatory responses, stem cell programming and hematopoiesis, and electrolyte balance; the modulation of these processes with pharmacologically well characterized medications could present a valuable complementary treatment option for cancer patients.
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17
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Riddiough GE, Fifis T, Muralidharan V, Perini MV, Christophi C. Searching for the link; mechanisms underlying liver regeneration and recurrence of colorectal liver metastasis post partial hepatectomy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1276-1286. [PMID: 30828863 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite excellent treatment of primary colorectal cancer, the majority of deaths occur as a result of metastasis to the liver. Recent population studies have estimated that one quarter of patients with colorectal cancer will incur synchronous or metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. However, only one quarter of these patients will be eligible for potentially curative resection. Tumor recurrence occurs in reportedly 60% of patients undergoing hepatic resection, and the majority of intrahepatic recurrence occurs within the first 6 months of surgery. The livers innate ability to restore its homeostatic size, and volume facilitates major hepatic resection that currently offers the only chance of cure to patients with extensive hepatic metastases. Experimental and clinical evidence supports the notion that following partial hepatectomy, liver regeneration (LR) paradoxically drives tumor progression and increases the risk of recurrence. It is becoming increasingly clear that the processes that drive liver organogenesis, regeneration, and tumor progression are inextricably linked. This presents a major hurdle in the management of colorectal liver metastasis and other hepatic malignancies because therapies that reduce the risk of recurrence without hampering LR are sought. The processes and pathways underlying these phenomena are multiple, complex, and cross-communicate. In this review, we will summarize the common mechanisms contributing to both LR and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Riddiough
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marcos V Perini
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Beitia M, Solano-Iturri JD, Errarte P, Sanz B, Perez I, Etxezarraga MC, Loizate A, Asumendi A, Larrinaga G. Altered expression of renin-angiotensin system receptors throughout colorectal adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:813-821. [PMID: 31337954 PMCID: PMC6643103 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.32599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem in developed countries. Adenomatous lesions in the large bowel are the main precursors of CRC and the adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence still provides a solid model for research on carcinogenesis. The finding of local renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) has been crucial to understand the role of this peptidergic system in cancer and has opened new perspectives in the study of colorectal carcinogenetic processes. Methods: In this study we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of three main RAS receptors (AT1, AT2 and MAS) in a large series of CRC samples (n=161), including uninvolved intestinal mucosa-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequences from the same patients (n=50). Results: 1) AT1 and AT2 showed a biphasic expression pattern along the sequence. The expression significantly decreased in adenomas with respect to uninvolved mucosa but increased in CRCs. 2) AT2 expression was lower in advanced CRCs with high local invasion (pT4), high stage (IV), high nodal (N2) and vascular invasion. 3) MAS receptor was moderately expressed in the uninvolved mucosa and in adenomas. This expression increased very significantly in CRC tissues. Conclusions: These results suggest that: 1) RAS receptors are differentially regulated as the genetic and epigenetic alterations accumulate throughout the uninvolved mucosa-adenoma-CRC sequence. 2) Loss of AT2 expression could contribute to the aggressive behavior of advanced CRC cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenoma/genetics
- Adenoma/mortality
- Adenoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Beitia
- Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Danel Solano-Iturri
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Peio Errarte
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Sanz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Itxaro Perez
- Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María C. Etxezarraga
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alberto Loizate
- Department of Surgery, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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19
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Wang Y, Xu H, Fu W, Lu Z, Guo M, Wu X, Sun M, Liu Y, Yu X, Sui D. 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition by Downregulating SIRT1. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:475. [PMID: 31133857 PMCID: PMC6514190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the major active metabolites in ginseng saponin. Our previous studies revealed a broad spectrum of antitumor effects of PPD. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the biologically active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays a critical role in the metastasis of various cancers. However, its role in the anti-metastatic effects of PPD is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of PPD on Ang II-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and the potential molecular mechanisms of suppression of NSCLC migration and metastasis by PPD. Treatment of A549 cells with Ang II increased metastases in an experimental model of cancer metastasis in vivo. PPD effectively prevented Ang II-induced EMT, as indicated by upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of vimentin. Additionally, Ang II upregulated the class III deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in EMT progression, while downregulation of SIRT1 was involved in suppression of Ang II-induced EMT by PPD. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of PPD was reversed by SIRT1 upregulation, and PPD demonstrated synergy with an SIRT1 inhibitor on Ang II-induced EMT. Taken together, our data reveal the mechanism of the anti-metastatic effects of PPD on Ang II-induced EMT and indicate that PPD can be used as an effective anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minyu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueji Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanzhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Nowak-Sliwinska P, Scapozza L, Ruiz i Altaba A. Drug repurposing in oncology: Compounds, pathways, phenotypes and computational approaches for colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:434-454. [PMID: 31034926 PMCID: PMC6528778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of using existing drugs originally developed for one disease to treat other indications has found success across medical fields. Such drug repurposing promises faster access of drugs to patients while reducing costs in the long and difficult process of drug development. However, the number of existing drugs and diseases, together with the heterogeneity of patients and diseases, notably including cancers, can make repurposing time consuming and inefficient. The key question we address is how to efficiently repurpose an existing drug to treat a given indication. As drug efficacy remains the main bottleneck for overall success, we discuss the need for machine-learning computational methods in combination with specific phenotypic studies along with mechanistic studies, chemical genetics and omics assays to successfully predict disease-drug pairs. Such a pipeline could be particularly important to cancer patients who face heterogeneous, recurrent and metastatic disease and need fast and personalized treatments. Here we focus on drug repurposing for colorectal cancer and describe selected therapeutics already repositioned for its prevention and/or treatment as well as potential candidates. We consider this review as a selective compilation of approaches and methodologies, and argue how, taken together, they could bring drug repurposing to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Ruiz i Altaba
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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21
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Álvarez-Mercado AI, Bujaldon E, Gracia-Sancho J, Peralta C. The Role of Adipokines in Surgical Procedures Requiring Both Liver Regeneration and Vascular Occlusion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113395. [PMID: 30380727 PMCID: PMC6274984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a perfectly calibrated mechanism crucial to increase mass recovery of small size grafts from living donor liver transplantation, as well as in other surgical procedures including hepatic resections and liver transplantation from cadaveric donors. Regeneration involves multiple events and pathways in which several adipokines contribute to their orchestration and drive hepatocytes to proliferate. In addition, ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical factor in hepatic resection and liver transplantation associated with liver failure or graft dysfunction post-surgery. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge in the role of adipokines in surgical procedures requiring both liver regeneration and vascular occlusion, which increases ischemia-reperfusion injury and regenerative failure. We expose and discuss results in small-for-size liver transplantation and hepatic resections from animal studies focused on the modulation of the main adipokines associated with liver diseases and/or regeneration published in the last five years and analyze future perspectives and their applicability as potential targets to decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve regeneration highlighting marginal states such as steatosis. In our view, adipokines means a promising approach to translate to the bedside to improve the recovery of patients subjected to partial hepatectomy and to increase the availability of organs for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Álvarez-Mercado
- Experimental Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esther Bujaldon
- Experimental Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Experimental Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Ishikane S, Hosoda H, Nojiri T, Tokudome T, Mizutani T, Miura K, Akitake Y, Kimura T, Imamichi Y, Kawabe S, Toyohira Y, Yanagihara N, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Miyazato M, Miyamoto K, Kangawa K. Angiotensin II promotes pulmonary metastasis of melanoma through the activation of adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:136-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Luna-Vital DA, Liang K, González de Mejía E, Loarca-Piña G. Dietary peptides from the non-digestible fraction of Phaseolus vulgaris L. decrease angiotensin II-dependent proliferation in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells through the blockade of the renin–angiotensin system. Food Funct 2016; 7:2409-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptides in common beans reduced angiotensin II-dependent proliferation in HCT116 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Luna-Vital
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC)
- Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science
- School of Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
- Querétaro
| | - Katie Liang
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Elvira González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Guadalupe Loarca-Piña
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC)
- Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science
- School of Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
- Querétaro
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24
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Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8052-82. [PMID: 25211298 PMCID: PMC4226667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CUSP9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated CUSP9*. CUSP9* drugs--aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original CUSP9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for CUSP9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of CUSP9* is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
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25
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Papanagnou P, Baltopoulos P, Tsironi M. Marketed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antihypertensives, and human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors: as-yet-unused weapons of the oncologists' arsenal. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:807-19. [PMID: 26056460 PMCID: PMC4445694 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s82049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that several pharmacological agents that have long been used for the management of various diseases unrelated to cancer exhibit profound in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. This is of major clinical importance, since it would possibly aid in reassessing the therapeutic use of currently used agents for which clinicians already have experience. Further, this would obviate the time-consuming process required for the development and the approval of novel antineoplastic drugs. Herein, both pre-clinical and clinical data concerning the antineoplastic function of distinct commercially available pharmacological agents that are not currently used in the field of oncology, ie, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensive agents, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents inhibiting viral protease, are reviewed. The aim is to provide integrated information regarding not only the molecular basis of the antitumor function of these agents but also the applicability of the reevaluation of their therapeutic range in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papanagnou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Baltopoulos
- Department of Sports Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
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26
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Araújo WF, Naves MA, Ravanini JN, Schor N, Teixeira VPC. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade attenuates growth and metastatic potential of renal cell carcinoma in mice. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:389.e1-7. [PMID: 25595575 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most frequent type of cancer among renal neoplasms in adults and responds poorly to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There is evidence that blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) might have antineoplastic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RAS blockade on RCC in a murine model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Murine renal cancer cells (Renca) were injected (1 × 10(5)) into the subcapsular space of the left kidney of BALB/c mice (8 wk of age). The animals were divided into 4 groups: a control group (no treatment), angiotensin-receptor blockers group (losartan 100mg/kg/d), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor group (captopril 10mg/kg/d), and angiotensin-receptor blockers +angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor group (losartan 100mg/kg/d +captopril 10mg/kg/d). The animals received the drugs by gavage for 21 days after inoculation, beginning 2 days before tumor induction, and were then euthanized. After killing the animals, the kidneys and lungs were removed, weighed, and processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Angiogenesis and vascular microvessels were assessed with the antibodies anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-CD34. RESULTS Angiotensin II-inoculated animals developed renal tumors. Treated animals presented smaller tumors, regardless of the therapeutic regimen, and far fewer lung metastases in both quantity and dimension compared with the controls. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34 were significantly decreased in renal tumors of treated animals compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that blockade of RAS decreases tumor proliferation and metastatic capacity of RCC in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedson F Araújo
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo A Naves
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana N Ravanini
- Department of Pathology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nestor Schor
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicente P C Teixeira
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Luna-Vital DA, González de Mejía E, Mendoza S, Loarca-Piña G. Peptides present in the non-digestible fraction of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) inhibit the angiotensin-I converting enzyme by interacting with its catalytic cavity independent of their antioxidant capacity. Food Funct 2015; 6:1470-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pure peptides present in common-bean non-digestible fraction inhibited ACE by interacting with its catalytic cavity, and presented antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Luna-Vital
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC)
- Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science
- School of Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
- Querétaro
| | - Elvira González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Sandra Mendoza
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC)
- Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science
- School of Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
- Querétaro
| | - Guadalupe Loarca-Piña
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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