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Gisina A, Yarygin K, Lupatov A. The Impact of Glycosylation on the Functional Activity of CD133 and the Accuracy of Its Immunodetection. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:449. [PMID: 38927329 PMCID: PMC11200695 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The membrane glycoprotein CD133 (prominin-1) is widely regarded as the main molecular marker of cancer stem cells, which are the most malignant cell subpopulation within the tumor, responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. For this reason, CD133 is considered a promising prognostic biomarker and molecular target for antitumor therapy. Under normal conditions, CD133 is present on the cell membrane in glycosylated form. However, in malignancies, altered glycosylation apparently leads to changes in the functional activity of CD133 and the availability of some of its epitopes for antibodies. This review focuses on CD133's glycosylation in human cells and its impact on the function of this glycoprotein. The association of CD133 with proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the organization of plasma membrane protrusions and extracellular trafficking is discussed. In this review, particular attention is paid to the influence of CD133's glycosylation on its immunodetection. A list of commercially available and custom antibodies with their characteristics is provided. The available data indicate that the development of CD133-based biomedical technologies should include an assessment of CD133's glycosylation in each tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Gisina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, V. N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Gisina A, Kim Y, Yarygin K, Lupatov A. Can CD133 Be Regarded as a Prognostic Biomarker in Oncology: Pros and Cons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17398. [PMID: 38139228 PMCID: PMC10744290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD133 cell membrane glycoprotein, also termed prominin-1, is expressed on some of the tumor cells of both solid and blood malignancies. The CD133-positive tumor cells were shown to exhibit higher proliferative activity, greater chemo- and radioresistance, and enhanced tumorigenicity compared to their CD133-negative counterparts. For this reason, CD133 is regarded as a potential prognostic biomarker in oncology. The CD133-positive cells are related to the cancer stem cell subpopulation in many types of cancer. Recent studies demonstrated the involvement of CD133 in the regulation of proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis in cancer cells. There is also evidence of its participation in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated with tumor progression. For a number of malignant tumor types, high CD133 expression is associated with poor prognosis, and the prognostic significance of CD133 has been confirmed in a number of meta-analyses. However, some published papers suggest that CD133 has no prognostic significance or even demonstrate a certain correlation between high CD133 levels and a positive prognosis. This review summarizes and discusses the existing evidence for and against the prognostic significance of CD133 in cancer. We also consider possible reasons for conflicting findings from the studies of the clinical significance of CD133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Gisina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, V. N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Wu L, Xu S, Cheng X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wu J, Bao J, Yu H, Lu R. Capsaicin inhibits the stemness of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by triggering autophagy-lysosome mediated OCT4A degradation. Phytother Res 2022; 36:938-950. [PMID: 35076979 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is a well-known anti-cancer agent. Recently, we reported capsaicin-induced apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. It is well accepted that the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for the dedifferentiation of ATC, the most lethal subtype of thyroid cancer with highly dedifferentiation status. Whether CAP inhibited the ATC growth through targeting CSCs needed further investigation. In the present study, CAP was found to induce autophagy in ATC cells through TRPV1 activation and subsequent calcium influx. Meanwhile, CAP dose-dependently decreased the sphere formation capacity of ATC cells. The stemness-inhibitory effect of CAP was further by extreme limiting dilution analysis (ELDA). CAP significantly decreased the protein level of OCT4A in both 8505C and FRO cells. Furthermore, CAP-induced OCT4A degradation was reversed by autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and chloroquine, BAPTA-AM and capsazepine, but not proteasome inhibitor MG132. Collectively, our study firstly showed CAP suppressed the stemness of ATC cells partially via calcium-dependent autophagic degradation of OCT4A. Our study lent credence to the feasible application of capsaicin in limiting ATC stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shichen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Xian Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunping Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Huixin Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongrong Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Moosavi MS, Tavakol F. Literature review of cancer stem cells in oral lichen planus: a premalignant lesion. Stem Cell Investig 2021; 8:25. [PMID: 35071586 PMCID: PMC8743864 DOI: 10.21037/sci-2020-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As there is no review study about cancer stem cells (CSCs) involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP), for the first time we review the role of these cells in OLP and this hypothesis may be a clue for the evaluation of the premalignancy of OLP. BACKGROUND Cellular mediated immune responses are the main etiopathogenesis in OLP and it is a potentially premalignant lesion. One of the factors proposed in the pathogenesis of OLP and the comparable trend of this autoimmune disease to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are CSCs. CSCs have been detected in several solid tumors including head and neck cancers, and have special characteristics including metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. METHODS Related keywords were searched and risk of bias assessment was done for each study. CONCLUSIONS Among all of the studies reviewed in this article, all markers had increased expression in OLP compared to controls that are consistent with SCC. Only CD44 was in contradiction to other papers, in which different expression of CD44 strains was measured in different samples such as saliva and tissue. Based on the results of this review and more studies in the future by investigating the levels of these markers in OLP, it may be possible to determine the prognosis and course of the disease for each patient individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tavakol
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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5
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Kim B, Sohn HM, Hyun H, Lim W. Effect of HDAC9 inhibition on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CD133+ prostate cancer cell lines. J Chemother 2021; 34:45-54. [PMID: 34424139 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.1963615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A small fraction of cancer cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to give rise to differentiated cancer cells and have been proposed to predict cancer recurrence and metastasis. There is further evidence that CSCs may act as metastatic precursors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, we investigated the key molecules involved in maintaining the stability of CSCs by inducing ectopic overexpression of CD133 to characterize EMT in human prostate cancer cell lines, including PC-3, DU145, and LnCaP cells. Additionally, we investigated whether a specific inhibitor of concomitantly expressed metastasis-related genes could alleviate EMT properties in CD133-overexpressing prostate cancer cells. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in PC-3, DU145, and LnCaP cells led to an increase in the expression of HDAC9. Moreover, HDAC9 inhibition led to a decrease in EMT properties along with increased E-cadherin expression, a narrower wound gap distance, and enhanced cell invasiveness through the suppression of β-catenin activation and its translocation to the nucleus. Overall, these results suggest that HDAC9 inhibition plays a functional role in the modulation of EMT properties in CSC-like prostate cancer cells. Therefore, these findings could facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for controlling prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong Moon Sohn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Premedical Program, Chosun University Medical School, Donggu, Gwangju, South Korea
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Oi H, Okuyama T, Miyazaki S, Ono Y, Oya M. CD133 Expression Predicts Relapse in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. In Vivo 2021; 35:437-445. [PMID: 33402494 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to explore the association between CD133 expression and postoperative relapses in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively examined 52 patients with LARC (cT3-4, Nany, M0) who received oxaliplatin-based NAC before surgery. CD133 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and divided into low and high expression groups. RESULTS High CD133 expression was observed in 22 patients (42.3%). Patients with high CD133 expression had more frequent vessel invasion and relapse than those with low CD133 expression (p=0.013 and p=0.036, respectively). Comparing the low with high CD133 expression groups, the 4-year relapse-free survival rates were 82.2% vs. 46.3% (p=0.009). Multivariate analysis indicated that CD133 expression was an independent risk factor for relapse (HR=3.138; 95%CI=1.046-9.412; p=0.041). CONCLUSION CD133 expression may be a predictive biomarker for postoperative relapse in patients with LARC who received NAC before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Oi
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunya Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Oya
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Kashyap T, Nath N, Mishra P, Jha A, Nagini S, Mishra R. Pluripotency transcription factor Nanog and its association with overall oral squamous cell carcinoma progression, cisplatin‐resistance, invasion and stemness acquisition. Head Neck 2020; 42:3282-3294. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Kashyap
- Department of Life Sciences School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Nidhi Nath
- Department of Life Sciences School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Prajna Mishra
- Centre for Applied Chemistry School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Arpita Jha
- Department of Life Sciences School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Annamalai University Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
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8
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Qian L, Su H, Wang G, Li B, Shen G, Gao Q. Anti-tumor Activity of Bufalin by Inhibiting c-MET Mediated MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways in Gallbladder Cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:3114-3123. [PMID: 32231716 PMCID: PMC7097950 DOI: 10.7150/jca.38393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the biliary tract. In recent years, the chemotherapy treatment for gallbladder carcinoma has exhibited obvious characteristics of drug resistance and insensitivity, and one of the main factors is the existence of cancer stem cells. Here in this study, the effect of Bufalin on gallbladder cancer (GBC-SD) cells and the related mechanism were studied. The results indicated that Bufalin could inhibit the growth of gallbladder carcinoma both in vivo and in vitro. According to the biological behavior analysis, Bufalin induced apoptosis, inhibited the propagation, migration and invasion of GBC-SD cells, and blocked cell cycle at the G2/M stage. Besides, Bufalin inhibited the tumor sphere formation capability of gallbladder carcinoma in matrigel, reduced the expression of multiple stemness-associated proteins, including Oct4, Sox2 and the stem cell-surface marker proteins CD133 and CD44. Western blot assay showed that Bufalin inhibited MEK/ERK and PI3-K/AKT signaling pathways by inhibiting the expression of p-c-Met, which in turn affected the expression of apoptosis-related protein Mcl-1, and the invasion-associated proteins E-cadherin, MMP9 and Snail. Bufalin was found to have an inhibitory effect on the GBC-SD cell growth and reduce the self-renewal and characteristic of gallbladder cancer stem cells. It enhanced the chemotherapeutic sensitivity and reduced the metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma. In conclusion, Bufalin can be used as a new promising anticancer drug for gallbladder cancer patients who are resistant to traditional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Su
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Genhai Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Quangen Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
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Ahn K, Ji H, Kim HE, Cho H, Sun Q, Shi S, He Y, Kim BG, Kim O. Raphanus sativus L. seed extracts induce apoptosis and reduce migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma KB and KBCD133+cells by downregulation of β-catenin. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:1378-1389. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1684527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyuhyeon Ahn
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjoon Ji
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Kim
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyejoung Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiaochu Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuhan Shi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuzhu He
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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10
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Cancer Stem Cells and Oral Carcinogenesis; a Review Article. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.96139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Tremblay JR, Lopez K, Ku HT. A GLIS3-CD133-WNT-signaling axis regulates the self-renewal of adult murine pancreatic progenitor-like cells in colonies and organoids. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16634-16649. [PMID: 31533988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and regenerative potential of resident stem and progenitor cells in the adult pancreas are controversial topics. A question that has been only minimally addressed is the capacity of a progenitor cell to self-renew, a key attribute that defines stem cells. Previously, our laboratory has identified putative stem and progenitor cells from the adult murine pancreas. Using an ex vivo colony/organoid culture system, we demonstrated that these stem/progenitor-like cells have self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. We have named these cells pancreatic colony-forming units (PCFUs) because they can give rise to three-dimensional colonies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PCFUs self-renew have remained largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PCFU self-renewal requires GLIS family zinc finger 3 (GLIS3), a zinc-finger transcription factor important in pancreas development. Pancreata from 2- to 4-month-old mice were dissociated, sorted for CD133highCD71low ductal cells, known to be enriched for PCFUs, and virally transduced with shRNAs to knock down GLIS3 and other proteins. We then plated these cells into our colony assays and analyzed the resulting colonies for protein and gene expression. Our results revealed a previously unknown GLIS3-to-CD133-to-WNT signaling axis in which GLIS3 and CD133 act as factors necessary for maintaining WNT receptors and signaling molecules in colonies, allowing responses to WNT ligands. Additionally, we found that CD133, but not GLIS3 or WNT, is required for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT)-mediated PCFU survival. Collectively, our results uncover a molecular pathway that maintains self-renewal of adult murine PCFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Tremblay
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91006
| | - Kassandra Lopez
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010 .,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91006
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12
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Sohn HM, Kim B, Park M, Ko YJ, Moon YH, Sun JM, Jeong BC, Kim YW, Lim W. Effect of CD133 overexpression on bone metastasis in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1189-1198. [PMID: 31423179 PMCID: PMC6607305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) metastasizes to the bone, and a small number of cancer cells, described as cancer stem cells (CSCs), have the ability to differentiate into tumor cells. CSCs are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastases. In the present study, we examined whether ectopic overexpression of CD133, a key molecule maintaining the stability of CSCs in the human PC cell line, LnCaP, caused bone metastasis in a mouse model. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 was induced in LnCaP cells, and CSC-related protein expression was measured. Furthermore, a colony-forming assay was performed to compare results against the blank green fluorescent protein-expressing cells. Furthermore, epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related protein expression, cell migration and wound healing were investigated. To assess the role of CD133 in bone metastasis, CD133-overexpressing LnCaP cells were inoculated into mice via intracardiac injection, and bone metastasis was assessed via histological and immunohistochemical study. In addition, cytokine arrays were used to determine the cytokines involved in bone metastasis. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in LnCaP cells increased CSC properties such as Oct-4 and Nanog expression and colony-forming ability. Furthermore, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties, including decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression, wound gap distance, and cell migration increased. CD133 overexpression led to formation of bone metastatic tumors in mice, consistent with results of hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, an increase in expression of the macrophage-migration inhibitory factor was observed at the tumor margin in mice inoculated with CD133+ LNCaP cells. These findings suggest a regulatory role of CD133 in stem cell and EMT properties, and the sustained acquisition of osteolytic features in PC. Therefore, our results may facilitate development of a novel classification system and therapeutic strategies for bone metastasis of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Moon Sohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jong Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Moon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Chodang University, Muan County, Jeollanam-do 58530, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim D, Ko Y, Park M, Kim B, Sohn H, Lim W. Regulation of Osteosclerosis by Inoculated Cd133 + PC3 Cells in Bone-marrow Microenvironmental Niches. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10189. [PMID: 31372592 PMCID: PMC6659585 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most common site of prostate cancer (PC) metastasis. Studies suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with stemness characteristics, providing some support for the concept that CSCs act as osteosclerotic precursors in bone microenvironmental niches. Here, we asked whether ectopic overexpression of CD133 maintains stability of CSCs in human PC cell lines and induces the changes of molecular features in the bone microenvironment. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in PC3 or DU145 cells led to increased expression of ALDHA1, OCT4, and NANOG, enhanced colony‐forming ability, and increased ALDH activity. In addition, micro‐CT imaging, confocal microscopy, and H&E staining of mouse tissue confirmed that CD133 overexpression in PC3 and DU145 led to marked osteolytic bone tumor. However, expression of osteoblastic markers such as collagen type I, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin (OC) at the tumor margin of CD133‐overexpressing PC3 tumors in mouse tibiae was higher than that of CD133‐overexpressing DU145 tumors with osteosclerotic molecular features. In addition, expression of osteopontin (OPN) mRNA/protein by CD133‐overexpressing PC3 cells was higher than that by DU145 cells. Especially, conditioned medium (CM) from PC3CD133+ cells increased osterix (OSX) activity in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), resulting in increased expression of OC mRNA/protein resulted in increased staining of mineralized matrix by Alizarin red. However, CM from OPN silenced PC3CD133+ cells led to a reduction of OC mRNA and protein expression through OSX activity resulted in reduced amount of mineralized matrix. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CD133 plays a functional role in regulating CSC characteristics in PCs and modulates their abilities in which induce the osteosclerosis of BMSCs. In addition, OPN from CSCs acts as a niche component that promotes osteosclerosis by supporting osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs. © 2019 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research Chosun University Hospital Gwangju South Korea
| | - Youngjong Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research Chosun University Hospital Gwangju South Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research Chosun University Hospital Gwangju South Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research Chosun University Hospital Gwangju South Korea
| | - HongMoon Sohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research Chosun University Hospital Gwangju South Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research Chosun University Hospital Gwangju South Korea.,Department of Premedical Program School of Medicine, Chosun University Gwangju South Korea
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14
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Bierbaumer L, Schwarze UY, Gruber R, Neuhaus W. Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1479568. [PMID: 30252599 PMCID: PMC6389128 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1479568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of oral mucosal epithelial barriers is essential for a plethora of research fields such as tumor biology, inflammation and infection diseases, microbiomics, pharmacology, drug delivery, dental and biomarker research. The barrier properties are comprised by a physical, a transport and a metabolic barrier, and all these barrier components play pivotal roles in the communication between saliva and blood. The sum of all epithelia of the oral cavity and salivary glands is defined as the blood-saliva barrier. The functionality of the barrier is regulated by its microenvironment and often altered during diseases. A huge array of cell culture models have been developed to mimic specific parts of the blood-saliva barrier, but no ultimate standard in vitro models have been established. This review provides a comprehensive overview about developed in vitro models of oral mucosal barriers, their applications, various cultivation protocols and corresponding barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bierbaumer
- a Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Uwe Yacine Schwarze
- b Department of Oral Biology , School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Vienna , Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- b Department of Oral Biology , School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Vienna , Austria.,d Department of Periodontology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- a Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH , Vienna , Austria
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15
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Kim D, Park M, Jang H, Hyun H, Lim W. Chemoresistance to 5-FU inhibited by 635 nm LED irradiation in CD133+ KB cell line. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:57-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Lee J, Park M, Ko Y, Kim B, Kim O, Hyun H, Kim D, Sohn H, Moon YL, Lim W. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in HNSCC makes it resistant to commonly used chemotherapeutics. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695534. [PMID: 28381190 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is a major cause of mortality in patients with HNSCC. A small subset of cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be key contributors to drug resistance and tumor recurrence in HNSCC. The aim of this study was to determine whether CD133, which maintains properties of CSCs, promotes chemoresistance by arresting cell cycle transition and reducing apoptosis in HNSCC cells. CD133 overexpression was examined in KB cells, and colony forming and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assays were performed. To investigate the role of CD133 in chemoresistance, cell death was analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Diff-Quick, flow cytometry, and western blot of apoptosis-related protein expression in fluorouracil (5-FU)- or cisplatin-treated cells. In addition, microarray and related protein expression assessments were performed to investigate the mechanism of chemoresistance against 5-FU and cisplatin in KB cells. Moreover, chemoresistance against 5-FU or cisplatin in a KB-inoculated mouse model was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical study of CD133, and immunofluorescence of tumor tissue. In this study, we demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of CD133 significantly promotes properties of stemness in KB cell lines. Furthermore, CD133 promotes chemoresistance by arresting transition of the cell cycle and reducing apoptosis, which results in inhibition of tumor growth in 5-FU- or cisplatin-injected mouse tumor model. Taken together, our findings show that elevated levels of CD133 lead to HNSCC chemoresistance through increased stemness and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Lee
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- 2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngjong Ko
- 2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- 2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- 3 Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - DongHwi Kim
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - HongMoon Sohn
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Lae Moon
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.,2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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17
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Garg M. Epithelial, mesenchymal and hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes and their clinical relevance in cancer metastasis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2017; 19:e3. [PMID: 28322181 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis occurs through local invasion of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), intravasation, transportation to distant sites, and their extravasation followed by colonisation at secondary sites. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a normal developmental phenomenon, but its aberrant activation confers tumour cells with enhanced cell motility, metastatic properties, resistant to therapies and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in epithelium-derived carcinoma. Experimental studies from various research papers have been reviewed to determine the factors, which interlink cancer stemness and cellular plasticity with EMT. Although existence of CSCs has been linked with EMT, nevertheless, there are controversies with the involvement of type of tumour cells, including cells with E (epithelial) and M (mesenchymal) phenotype alone or hybrid E/M phenotype in different types of cancers. Studies on CTCs with hybrid E/M phenotypes during different stages of cancer metastasis reveal strong association with tumour -initiation potential, cellular plasticity and types of cancer cells. Cells with the hybrid E/M state are strictly controlled by phenotypic stability factors coupled to core EMT decision-making circuits, miR200/ZEB and miR-34/Snail. Understanding the regulatory functions of EMT program in cancer metastasis can help us to characterise the biomarkers of prognostic and therapeutic potential. These biomarkers when targeted may act as metastatic suppressors, inhibit cellular plasticity and stemness ability of tumour cells and can block metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry,University of Lucknow,Lucknow - 226007,UP,India
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18
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Kumar D, Gorain M, Kundu G, Kundu GC. Therapeutic implications of cellular and molecular biology of cancer stem cells in melanoma. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:7. [PMID: 28137308 PMCID: PMC5282877 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a form of cancer that initiates in melanocytes. Melanoma has multiple phenotypically distinct subpopulation of cells, some of them have embryonic like plasticity which are involved in self-renewal, tumor initiation, metastasis and progression and provide reservoir of therapeutically resistant cells. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be identified and characterized based on various unique cell surface and intracellular markers. CSCs exhibit different molecular pattern with respect to non-CSCs. They maintain their stemness and chemoresistant features through specific signaling cascades. CSCs are weak in immunogenicity and act as immunosupressor in the host system. Melanoma treatment becomes difficult and survival is greatly reduced when the patient develop metastasis. Standard conventional oncology treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection are only responsible for shrinking the bulk of the tumor mass and tumor tends to relapse. Thus, targeting CSCs and their microenvironment niche addresses the alternative of traditional cancer therapy. Combined use of CSCs targeted and traditional therapies may kill the bulk tumor and CSCs and offer a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Gautam Kundu
- Deapartment of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India.
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19
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Tu Z, Xie S, Xiong M, Liu Y, Yang X, Tembo KM, Huang J, Hu W, Huang X, Pan S, Liu P, Altaf E, Kang G, Xiong J, Zhang Q. CXCR4 is involved in CD133-induced EMT in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:505-514. [PMID: 28000861 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been observed to be one of the key regulators of metastasis in certain cancers as it confers an invasive phenotype. CD133 is a widely used cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, and CD133-positive cancer cells are thought to be tumor-initiating cells with CSC characteristics, while CXCR4, a stromal-derived-factor-1 specific chemokine receptor, is highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and participates in cancer progression by regulating cell anti-apoptosis. We previously demonstrated that CXCR4 promotes NSCLC chemoresistance by upregulating CYP1B1, however, the relationship of CD133, CXCR4 and EMT processes in NSCLC metastasis are unclear. In this study, we detected a CD133 and CXCR4 high expression in tissue specimens from 64 NSCLC patients by immunohistochemistry, of which CD133 and CXCR4 were found to be positively associated with metastatic NSCLC patients. CD133 was found to promote NSCLC tumorigenesis and mediated the expression of CXCR4. Furthermore, CD133/CXCR4 co-expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor as shown by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, and was observed to regulate the expression of EMT-related molecules and transcriptional factors in NSCLC. In addition, our results showed that E-cadherin and Vimentin were simultaneously downregulated and upregulated, in CD133+CXCR4+ A549 cells, respectively. While E-cadherin was upregulated and Vimentin was downregulated in metastatic NSCLC patients. Vimentin expression was also observed to have a positive correlation with CD133/CXCR4 co-expression in NSCLC patients and survival analysis results suggested that Vimentin high expression might be significantly associated with poor survival rates of the patients. Thus, these results suggest that the CD133/CXCR4/EMT axis may be a prognostic marker and may provide novel targets for combinational therapies in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Tu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Songping Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yinchu Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyong Yang
- Engineering and Technology College, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Kingsley Miyanda Tembo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shan Pan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ehtisham Altaf
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ganjun Kang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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