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Jang Y, Lee H, Cho Y, Choi E, Jo S, Sohn HM, Kim BC, Ko YJ, Lim W. An LGR4 agonist activates the GSK‑3β pathway to inhibit RANK‑RANKL signaling during osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow‑derived macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:10. [PMID: 38063193 PMCID: PMC10712694 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding between receptor‑activated nuclear factor‑κB (RANK) and the RANK ligand (RANKL) during osteoclast development is an important target for drugs that treat osteoporosis. The leucine‑rich repeat‑containing G‑protein‑coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) acts as a negative regulator of RANK‑RANKL that suppresses canonical RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation. Therefore, LGR4 agonists may be useful in inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and effectively treating osteoporosis. In the present study, bone marrow‑derived macrophages and a mouse model of RANKL‑induced bone loss were used to investigate the effect of mutant RANKL (MT RANKL), which was previously developed based on the crystal structure of the RANKL complex. In the present study, the binding affinity of wild‑type (WT) RANKL and MT RANKL to RANK and LGR4 was determined using microscale thermophoresis analysis, and the effect of the ligands on the AKT‑glycogen synthase kinase‑3β (GSK‑3β)‑nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin‑dependent 1 (NFATc1) signaling cascade was investigated using western blotting and confocal microscopy. In addition, the expression of LGR4 and the colocalization of LGR4 with MT RANKL were analyzed in a mouse model of RANKL‑induced bone loss. The results showed that in osteoclast precursor cells, MT RANKL bound with high affinity to LGR4 and increased GSK‑3β phosphorylation independently of AKT, resulting in the inhibition of NFATc1 nuclear translocation. In the mouse model, MT RANKL colocalized with LGR4 and inhibited bone resorption. These results indicated that MT RANKL may inhibit RANKL‑induced osteoclastogenesis through an LGR4‑dependent pathway and this could be exploited to develop new therapies for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Jang
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedical Science, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjoon Lee
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Cho
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseo Choi
- Department of Physics, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Suenghwan Jo
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Moon Sohn
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Chang Kim
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedical Science, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jong Ko
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedical Science, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedical Science, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Kim B, Sohn HM, Hyun H, Lim W. Effect of HDAC9 inhibition on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CD133+ prostate cancer cell lines. J Chemother 2021; 34:45-54. [PMID: 34424139 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.1963615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A small fraction of cancer cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to give rise to differentiated cancer cells and have been proposed to predict cancer recurrence and metastasis. There is further evidence that CSCs may act as metastatic precursors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, we investigated the key molecules involved in maintaining the stability of CSCs by inducing ectopic overexpression of CD133 to characterize EMT in human prostate cancer cell lines, including PC-3, DU145, and LnCaP cells. Additionally, we investigated whether a specific inhibitor of concomitantly expressed metastasis-related genes could alleviate EMT properties in CD133-overexpressing prostate cancer cells. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in PC-3, DU145, and LnCaP cells led to an increase in the expression of HDAC9. Moreover, HDAC9 inhibition led to a decrease in EMT properties along with increased E-cadherin expression, a narrower wound gap distance, and enhanced cell invasiveness through the suppression of β-catenin activation and its translocation to the nucleus. Overall, these results suggest that HDAC9 inhibition plays a functional role in the modulation of EMT properties in CSC-like prostate cancer cells. Therefore, these findings could facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for controlling prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong Moon Sohn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Premedical Program, Chosun University Medical School, Donggu, Gwangju, South Korea
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Ko YJ, Sohn HM, Jang Y, Park M, Kim B, Kim B, Park J, Hyun H, Jeong B, Hong C, Lim W. A novel modified RANKL variant can prevent osteoporosis by acting as a vaccine and an inhibitor. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e368. [PMID: 33784004 PMCID: PMC7967917 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand (RANKL) as the final effector in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has led to a better understanding of bone remodeling. When RANKL binds to its receptor (RANK), osteoclastic differentiation and activation are initiated. Herein, we propose a strategy using a novel RANKL variant as a competitive inhibitor for RANKL. The RANKL variant activates LGR4 signaling, which competitively regulates RANK and acts as an immunogen that induces anti-RANKL antibody production. METHODS We modified the RANK-binding site on RANKL using minimal amino acid changes in the RANKL complex and its counterpart receptor RANK and tried to evaluate the inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS The novel RANKL variant did not bind RANK in osteoclast progenitor cells, but activated LGR4 through the GSK3-β signaling pathway, thereby suppressing activated T cell cytoplasmic nuclear factor calcineurin-dependent 1 (NFATc1) expression and activity during osteoclastogenesis. Our RANKL variant generated high levels of RANKL-specific antibodies, blocked osteoclastogenesis, and inhibited osteoporosis in ovariectomized mouse models. Generated anti-RANKL antibodies showed a high inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We observed that the novel RANKL indeed blocks RANKL via LGR4 signaling and generates anti-RANKL antibodies, demonstrating an innovative strategy in the development of general immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jong Ko
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hong Moon Sohn
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Yuria Jang
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Beomchang Kim
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Il Park
- Korea Basic Science InstituteGwangju Center at Chonnam National UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineChosun UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineChosun UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic ResearchChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChosun University HospitalDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Premedical ScienceCollege of MedicineChosun UniversityDong‐GuGwangjuRepublic of Korea
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Sohn HM, Kim B, Park M, Ko YJ, Moon YH, Sun JM, Jeong BC, Kim YW, Lim W. Effect of CD133 overexpression on bone metastasis in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1189-1198. [PMID: 31423179 PMCID: PMC6607305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) metastasizes to the bone, and a small number of cancer cells, described as cancer stem cells (CSCs), have the ability to differentiate into tumor cells. CSCs are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastases. In the present study, we examined whether ectopic overexpression of CD133, a key molecule maintaining the stability of CSCs in the human PC cell line, LnCaP, caused bone metastasis in a mouse model. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 was induced in LnCaP cells, and CSC-related protein expression was measured. Furthermore, a colony-forming assay was performed to compare results against the blank green fluorescent protein-expressing cells. Furthermore, epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related protein expression, cell migration and wound healing were investigated. To assess the role of CD133 in bone metastasis, CD133-overexpressing LnCaP cells were inoculated into mice via intracardiac injection, and bone metastasis was assessed via histological and immunohistochemical study. In addition, cytokine arrays were used to determine the cytokines involved in bone metastasis. Ectopic overexpression of CD133 in LnCaP cells increased CSC properties such as Oct-4 and Nanog expression and colony-forming ability. Furthermore, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties, including decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression, wound gap distance, and cell migration increased. CD133 overexpression led to formation of bone metastatic tumors in mice, consistent with results of hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, an increase in expression of the macrophage-migration inhibitory factor was observed at the tumor margin in mice inoculated with CD133+ LNCaP cells. These findings suggest a regulatory role of CD133 in stem cell and EMT properties, and the sustained acquisition of osteolytic features in PC. Therefore, our results may facilitate development of a novel classification system and therapeutic strategies for bone metastasis of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Moon Sohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jong Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Moon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Chodang University, Muan County, Jeollanam-do 58530, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, Chosun University Hospital, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Sohn HM, Baik JS, Hwang JY, Kim SY, Han SH, Kim JH. Devising negative pressure within intercuff space reduces microaspiration. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18:181. [PMID: 30509183 PMCID: PMC6278018 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microaspiration past the tracheal tube cuffs causes ventilator-associated pneumonia. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether creating negative pressure between the tracheal double cuffs could block the fluid passage past the tracheal tube cuffs. Methods A new negative pressure system was devised between the double cuffs through a suction hole in the intercuff space. Blue-dyed water was instilled above the cuff at negative suction pressures of − 54, − 68, − 82, − 95, − 109, − 122, and − 136 cmH2O, and the volume leaked was measured in an underlying water trap after 10 min. Leakage tests were also performed during positive pressure ventilation, and using higher-viscosity materials. The actual negative pressures delivered at the hole of double cuffs were obtained by placing microcatheter tip between the intercuff space and the artificial trachea. Results No leakage occurred past the double cuff at − 136 cmH2O suction pressure at all tracheal tube cuff pressures. The volume leaked decreased significantly as suction pressure increased. When connected to a mechanical ventilator, no leakage was found at − 54 cmH2suction pressure. Volume of the higher-viscosity materials (dynamic viscosity of 63–108 cP <cP> and 370–430 cP) leaked was small compared to that of normal saline (0.9–1.1 cP). The pressures measured in the intercuff space corresponded to 3.8–5.9% of those applied. Conclusions A new prototype double cuff with negative pressure in the intercuff space completely prevented water leakage. The negative pressure transmitted to the tracheal inner wall was a small percentage of that applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Sohn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Baik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S Y Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee G, Kim B, Ko Y, Park M, Kim D, Ryu KH, Jun YC, Sohn HM, Lim W. Regulation of RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by 635-nm Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation Via HSP27 in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 35:78-86. [PMID: 27626322 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effect of 635-nm irradiation from a light-emitting diode (LED) on osteoclastogenesis in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). We determined whether 635-nm irradiation modulated the RANKL-induced osteoclastic signaling pathway in heat shock protein-27 (HSP27)-silenced cells and analyzed the functional cross talk between these factors in osteoclastic differentiation and activation. BACKGROUND HSP27, a member of the small HSP family, regulates oxidative stress. Clinical reports suggest that low-level laser therapy or LED therapy (LEDT) could be an effective alternative treatment for osteolytic bone disease. METHODS In control or HSP27-siRNA-treated BMMs, the effects of LED irradiation with 635 nm and 5 mW/cm2 on RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation and activity were assessed by measuring tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and resorption pit formation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were carried out to assess the mRNA expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes and phosphorylation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), AKT, and p38, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) detection method. RESULTS The 635-nm irradiation treatment significantly increased HSP27 expression and decreased intracellular ROS generation, as well as p38 and AKT phosphorylation, leading to reductions in the expression of c-fos, NFATc1, and DC-STAMP and TRAP activation and osteoclastic bone resorption in RANKL-induced BMMs. However, in HSP27-silenced BMMs, no change was observed. CONCLUSIONS Thus, 635-nm irradiation modulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via HSP27 in BMMs. Thus, HSP27 may play a role in regulating the osteoclastic response to LEDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangchul Lee
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- 2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngjong Ko
- 2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mineon Park
- 2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kang Hyeon Ryu
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Jun
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hong Moon Sohn
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital , Gwangju, Korea.,2 Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University , Gwangju, Korea
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Abstract
Proximal humeral fractures account for 4% to 5% of all fractures, and most of these are minimally displaced and less prone to neurovascular injuries. This article presents a case of a 65-year-old man who injured the posterior circumflex humeral artery following a fracture dislocation of the proximal humerus leading to a life-threatening hemorrhagic complication during surgical fixation of the dislocated proximal humeral fracture. Preoperative vital signs were normal. Using the deltopectoral approach, the fracture site was exposed and the dislocated head was extracted. Blood pooled and overflowed the cavity at a brisk pace. Blood pressure dropped from 130/70 mm Hg to 90/45 mm Hg, and preoperative follow-up hemoglobin dropped to 4.8 g/dL. The axillary artery was explored and a ruptured posterior humeral circumflex artery was observed that was later ligated. In view of the damage to 1 of the circumflex humeral branches, primary hemiarthroplasty was performed. This article highlights the possibility of encountering life-threatening vascular injuries in highly displaced or dislocated 4-part proximal humeral fractures and the significance of obtaining the angiographic studies early in the course of management in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Gorthi
- Department of Orthopedics, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
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So KY, Kim SH, Sohn HM, Choi SJ, Parajuli SP, Choi S, Yeum CH, Yoon PJ, Jun JY. Carbachol regulates pacemaker activities in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal from the mouse small intestine. Mol Cells 2009; 27:525-31. [PMID: 19466600 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of carbachol on pacemaker currents in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) from the mouse small intestine by muscarinic stimulation using a whole cell patch clamp technique and Ca2+-imaging. ICC generated periodic pacemaker potentials in the current-clamp mode and generated spontaneous inward pacemaker currents at a holding potential of-70 mV. Exposure to carbachol depolarized the membrane and produced tonic inward pacemaker currents with a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the pacemaker currents. The effects of carbachol were blocked by 1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium, a muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonist, but not by methotramine, a muscarinic M(2) receptor antagonist. Intracellular GDP-beta-S suppressed the carbachol-induced effects. Carbachol-induced effects were blocked by external Na+-free solution and by flufenamic acid, a non-selective cation channel blocker, and in the presence of thapsigargin, a Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, carbachol still produced tonic inward pacemaker currents with the removal of external Ca2+. In recording of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations using fluo 3-AM dye, carbachol increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations with increasing of Ca2+ oscillations. These results suggest that carbachol modulates the pacemaker activity of ICC through the activation of non-selective cation channels via muscarinic M(3) receptors by a G-protein dependent intracellular Ca2+ release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Young So
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Jeon YJ, Li MH, Lee KY, Kim JS, You HJ, Lee SK, Sohn HM, Choi SJ, Koh JW, Chang IY. KIOM-79 inhibits LPS-induced iNOS gene expression by blocking NF-kappaB/Rel and p38 kinase activation in murine macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 108:38-45. [PMID: 16806764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that KIOM-79, combined extracts obtained from Magnolia officinalis, Pueraria lobata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Euphorbia pekinensis, inhibits LPS-induced expression of iNOS gene in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with KIOM-79 inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production in a dose-related manner. Immunohisto-chemical staining of iNOS and RT-PCR analysis showed that the decrease of NO was due to the inhibition of iNOS gene expression. Immunostaining of p65, EMSA, and reporter gene assay showed that KIOM-79 inhibited NF-kappa/Rel nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation, respectively. Western immunoblot analysis of p38 kinase showed KIOM-79 significantly inhibited the phosphoylation of p38 kinase which is important in the regulation of iNOS gene expression. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that KIOM inhibits iNOS gene expression by blocking NF-kappa/Rel and p38 kinase signaling. Due to the critical role that NO release plays in mediating inflammatory responses, the inhibitory effects of KIOM-79 on iNOS suggest that KIOM-79 may represent a useful anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jeon
- College of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Susukdong, Kwangju 501-709, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the relationship between disc degeneration and morphological changes in the intervertebral foramen of cervical spine, including the effect on the nerve root. Seven fresh frozen human cadavers were dissected from C1 to T1, preserving the ligaments, capsules, intervertebral disc and the neural structures. The specimens were scanned with MRI and then scanned through CT scan in the upright position. Direct mid-sagittal and 45 degree oblique images were obtained to measure the dimension of the intervertebral disc height, foraminal height, width, area and segmental angles. Disc degeneration was inversely correlated with disc height. There was a significant correlation between disc degeneration and foraminal width (p<0.005) and foraminal area (p< 0.05), but not with foraminal height. Disc height was correlated with foraminal width but not with height. The segmental angles were decreased more in advanced degenerated discs. There was a correlation between nerve root compression and decreased foraminal width and area (p<0.005). This information and critical dimensions of the intervertebral foramen for nerve root compression should help in the diagnosis of foraminal stenosis of the cervical spine in patients presenting with cervical spondylosis and radiculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Moon Sohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
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