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Stronen AV, Norman AJ, Vander Wal E, Paquet PC. The relevance of genetic structure in ecotype designation and conservation management. Evol Appl 2022; 15:185-202. [PMID: 35233242 PMCID: PMC8867706 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of ecotypes is complex, partly because of its interdisciplinary nature, but the idea is intrinsically valuable for evolutionary biology and applied conservation. The complex nature of ecotypes has spurred some confusion and inconsistencies in the literature, thereby limiting broader theoretical development and practical application. We provide suggestions for how incorporating genetic analyses can ease confusion and help define ecotypes. We approach this by systematically reviewing 112 publications across taxa that simultaneously mention the terms ecotype, conservation and management, to examine the current use of the term in the context of conservation and management. We found that most ecotype studies involve fish, mammals and plants with a focus on habitat use, which at 60% was the most common criterion used for categorization of ecotypes. Only 53% of the studies incorporated genetic analyses, and major discrepancies in available genomic resources among taxa could have contributed to confusion about the role of genetic structure in delineating ecotypes. Our results show that the rapid advances in genetic methods, also for nonmodel organisms, can help clarify the spatiotemporal distribution of adaptive and neutral genetic variation and their relevance to ecotype designations. Genetic analyses can offer empirical support for the ecotype concept and provide a timely measure of evolutionary potential, especially in changing environmental conditions. Genetic variation that is often difficult to detect, including polygenic traits influenced by small contributions from several genes, can be vital for adaptation to rapidly changing environments. Emerging ecotypes may signal speciation in progress, and findings from genome-enabled organisms can help clarify important selective factors driving ecotype development and persistence, and thereby improve preservation of interspecific genetic diversity. Incorporation of genetic analyses in ecotype studies will help connect evolutionary biology and applied conservation, including that of problematic groups such as natural hybrid organisms and urban or anthropogenic ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid V. Stronen
- Department of BiologyBiotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
- Department of Biotechnology and Life SciencesInsubria UniversityVareseItaly
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Anita J. Norman
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sNLCanada
| | - Paul C. Paquet
- Department of GeographyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
- Raincoast Conservation FoundationSidneyBCCanada
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Diversity of Seahorse Species (Hippocampus spp.) in the International Aquarium Trade. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are threatened as a result of habitat degradation and overfishing. They have commercial value as traditional medicine, curio objects, and pets in the aquarium industry. There are 48 valid species, 27 of which are represented in the international aquarium trade. Most species in the aquarium industry are relatively large and were described early in the history of seahorse taxonomy. In 2002, seahorses became the first marine fishes for which the international trade became regulated by CITES (Convention for the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), with implementation in 2004. Since then, aquaculture has been developed to improve the sustainability of the seahorse trade. This review provides analyses of the roles of wild-caught and cultured individuals in the international aquarium trade of various Hippocampus species for the period 1997–2018. For all species, trade numbers declined after 2011. The proportion of cultured seahorses in the aquarium trade increased rapidly after their listing in CITES, although the industry is still struggling to produce large numbers of young in a cost-effective way, and its economic viability is technically challenging in terms of diet and disease. Whether seahorse aquaculture can benefit wild populations will largely depend on its capacity to provide an alternative livelihood for subsistence fishers in the source countries. For most species, CITES trade records of live animals in the aquarium industry started a few years earlier than those of dead bodies in the traditional medicine trade, despite the latter being 15 times higher in number. The use of DNA analysis in the species identification of seahorses has predominantly been applied to animals in the traditional medicine market, but not to the aquarium trade. Genetic tools have already been used in the description of new species and will also help to discover new species and in various other kinds of applications.
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Lazic T, Pierri C, Cardone F, Cariani A, Colangelo P, Corriero G, Ferrari A, Marzano M, Messinetti S, Pesole G, Senczuk G, Santamaria M, Tinti F, Gristina M. Genetic structure of the long-snouted seahorse, Hippocampus guttulatus, in the Central–Western Mediterranean Sea. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus reaches its highest abundance in confined environments, where it has unique biological and ecological traits that suggest significant genetic differentiation among populations. In the present study, we aimed to reveal the genetic structure of this species by analysing eight microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA region (cytochrome b) of eight populations from the Central–Western Mediterranean Sea, including lagoon sites. Levels of genetic diversity, as measured by the total number of alleles, number of private alleles, allelic richness and heterozygosity, ranged from low to moderate. The overall value of inbreeding was high, indicating a deficiency in heterozygotes. The haplotype network had a star-like construction, with the most common haplotype present in all populations. Data from the two molecular markers congruently displayed a similar pattern and revealed low genetic differentiation, notwithstanding predictions based on species traits. The observed genetic structure is probably the result of both historical population demographic events and current gene flow. The investigated lagoons, however, revealed a unique genetic profile, which is especially highlighted by the Taranto population. At this site, the results also showed altered values of observed/expected heterozygosity and allelic richness, a characteristic of marginal populations. Our study suggests that lagoon populations should be managed as distinct genetic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lazic
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Frine Cardone
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Cariani
- Laboratory of Genetics & Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paolo Colangelo
- National Council of Research (CNR), Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), Montelibretti (Rome), Italy
| | | | - Alice Ferrari
- Laboratory of Genetics & Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Marinella Marzano
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Biomembrane, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Messinetti
- Laboratory of Genetics & Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Biomembrane, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Monica Santamaria
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Biomembrane, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Fausto Tinti
- Laboratory of Genetics & Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDREAM), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Michele Gristina
- National Council of Research (CNR), Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Palermo, Italy
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