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Lunn J, Greene D, Callaghan T, Egan SJ. Associations between perfectionism and symptoms of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in young people: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 2023; 52:460-487. [PMID: 37194469 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2023.2211736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process contributing to the onset and maintenance of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the association between perfectionism, and symptoms of anxiety, OCD and depression among young people aged 6-24 years. A systematic literature search retrieved a total of 4,927 articles, with 121 studies included (Mpooled age = ~17.70 years). Perfectionistic concerns demonstrated significant moderate pooled correlations with symptoms of anxiety (r = .37-.41), OCD (r = .42), and depression (r = .40). Perfectionistic strivings demonstrated significant, small correlations with symptoms of anxiety (r = .05) and OCD (r = .19). The findings highlight the substantial link between perfectionistic concerns and psychopathology in young people, and to a smaller extent perfectionistic strivings, anxiety, and OCD. The results indicate the importance of further research on early intervention for perfectionism to improve youth mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lunn
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Danyelle Greene
- Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Callaghan
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sarah J Egan
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Stackpole R, Greene D, Bills E, Egan SJ. The association between eating disorders and perfectionism in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Behav 2023; 50:101769. [PMID: 37327637 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dimensions of perfectionism are associated with the onset and maintenance of eating disorder pathology in both clinical and non-clinical samples. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between perfectionism and eating disorders in adults. METHOD A literature search was conducted using the PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and ProQuest databases. Ninety-five studies met the inclusion criteria and included a total sample of 32,840 participants (clinical eating disorder diagnosis N = 2414, non-clinical N = 30,428). Correlation coefficients (r) for the association between eating disorders and perfectionism were pooled. A meta-analysis to determine the association between two dimensions of perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms was conducted. Subgroup analyses were conducted with studies using clinical samples, and studies using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. RESULTS The pooled effect size for the association between perfectionistic concerns and eating disorder symptoms was r = 0.33 [0.30, 0.37]; and r = 0.20 [0.14, 0.25] for the association between perfectionistic strivings and eating disorder symptoms. In the clinical subgroup analyses the effect sizes were r = 0.40 [0.22, 0.58]; and r = 0.35 [0.26, 0.44] respectively. Medium to high heterogeneity was identified across all subgroup analyses and a significant level of publication bias was also identified. DISCUSSION The findings indicate both perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns have significant associations with eating disorders, and further support the argument that both dimensions of perfectionism are important factors in the prevention and treatment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Stackpole
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Danyelle Greene
- Australian Institute for Business and Economics, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Bills
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sarah J Egan
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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Sfeir M, Rahme C, Obeid S, Hallit S. The mediating role of anxiety and depression between problematic social media use and bulimia nervosa among Lebanese university students. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:52. [PMID: 36991483 PMCID: PMC10052263 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a disorder that is characterized by binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior to control weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of anxiety and depression between problematic social media use (PSMU) and BN among a sample of Lebanese university students. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out between July and September 2021; a total of 363 university students was recruited through convenience sampling. The PROCESS SPSS Macro version 3.4, model four was used to test the indirect effect and calculate three pathways. Pathway A determined the regression coefficient for the effect of PSMU on mental health issues (depression/anxiety); Pathway B examined the association between mental health issues on BN, and Pathway C’ estimated the direct effect of PSMU on BN. Pathway AB was used to calculate the indirect effect of PSMU on BN via depression/anxiety. Results Results showed that depression and anxiety partially mediated the association between PSMU and BN. Higher levels of PSMU were associated with more depression and anxiety; higher depression and anxiety were associated with more BN. PSMU was directly and significantly associated with more BN. When entering anxiety (M1) then depression (M2) as consecutive mediators in a first model, the results showed that only depression mediated the association between PSMU and bulimia. When taking depression (M1) then anxiety (M2) as consecutive mediators in a second model, the results showed that the mediation PSMU → Depression → Anxiety → Bulimia was significant. Higher PSMU was significantly associated with more depression, which was significantly associated with more anxiety, which was significantly associated with more bulimia. Finally, higher PSMU was directly and significantly associated with more bulimia Conclusion The current paper highlights the relationship that social media use has on BN and other aspects of mental health such as anxiety and depression in Lebanon. Future studies should replicate the mediation analysis conducted in the current study while taking into account other eating disorders. Additional investigations of BN and its correlates must strive to improve the comprehension of these associations’ pathways through designs that allow to draw temporal frameworks, in order to efficiently treat this eating disorder and prevent its negative outcomes. Bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder, is characterized by an impulsive consumption of food in a short period of time, followed by behaviors that compensate the eating such as vomiting or excessive exercise in order to avoid weight gain. Individuals with problematic social media use were found to have higher levels of bulimia symptoms. Symptoms of bulimia can also be associated with both depression and anxiety. The aim of the current study was to examine the mediating role of anxiety and depression between problematic social media use and bulimia nervosa. The results of our study found that problematic social media use was directly associated with more bulimia nervosa and also associated with higher depression and anxiety, both of which were associated with bulimia nervosa. Tackling associated disorders may help reduce symptoms of bulimia nervosa. Clinicians should carefully examine these associations while assessing and implementing treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sfeir
- grid.8364.90000 0001 2184 581XDepartment of Clinical Psychology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Institute of Psychology (IP), Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Rahme
- grid.512933.f0000 0004 0451 7867Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- grid.411323.60000 0001 2324 5973Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- grid.512933.f0000 0004 0451 7867Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- grid.444434.70000 0001 2106 3658School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- grid.411423.10000 0004 0622 534XApplied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Linardon J, Braithwaite R, Cousins R, Brennan L. Appearance-based rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and disordered eating cognitions and behaviors. Eat Behav 2017; 27:27-32. [PMID: 29112884 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has established a robust relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and disordered eating. However, the mechanisms that may underpin this relationship are unclear. Appearance-based rejection sensitivity (ABRS)-the tendency to anxiously expect and overreact to signs of appearance-based rejection-may be a crucial explanatory mechanism, as ABRS has been shown to maintain social anxiety symptoms and predict disordered eating. We therefore tested whether ABRS mediated the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and various indices of disordered eating (over-evaluation of weight/shape, restraint, binge eating, compulsive exercise, and vomiting). Data from community-based females (n=299) and males (n=87) were analyzed. ABRS was shown to mediate the relationship between social anxiety and the over-evaluation, restraint, binge eating, and compulsive exercise frequency, but not vomiting. These effects also occurred for both females and males separately. Findings demonstrated that ABRS may be an important mechanism explaining why socially anxious individuals report elevated symptoms of disordered eating. Future research testing all proposed mediating variables of the social anxiety-disordered eating link in a single, integrative model is required to identify the most influential mechanisms driving this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Locked Bag 4115, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| | - Rachel Braithwaite
- School of Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy, Cairnmillar Institute, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia
| | - Rachel Cousins
- School of Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy, Cairnmillar Institute, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia
| | - Leah Brennan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Locked Bag 4115, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia; Centre for Eating, Weight, and Body Image, Australia
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Menatti AR, DeBoer LBH, Weeks JW, Heimberg RG. Social anxiety and associations with eating psychopathology: Mediating effects of fears of evaluation. Body Image 2015; 14:20-8. [PMID: 25867525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests unique relations among features of social anxiety disorder and eating disorder pathology. Thus, it may be important to determine specific facets of social anxiety that account for the relation between it and eating disorders. Given the similarities in social-evaluative concerns in both sets of symptoms, we hypothesized that fears of both positive and negative evaluation would each independently account for the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and eating pathology among college females (N=167). Results were partially supportive of hypotheses. Fear of negative evaluation independently accounted for a significant portion of the relationship between social anxiety and each domain of eating pathology that was tested, which included Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Bulimic Symptoms. Body mass index appeared to play a moderating role on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and body dissatisfaction, but not drive for thinness or bulimia symptoms. Clinical implications including diagnostic and treatment considerations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Menatti
- Center for Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | | | - Justin W Weeks
- Center for Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
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High on food: the interaction between the neural circuits for feeding and for reward. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:165-176. [PMID: 29750082 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hunger, mostly initiated by a deficiency in energy, induces food seeking and intake. However, the drive toward food is not only regulated by physiological needs, but is motivated by the pleasure derived from ingestion of food, in particular palatable foods. Therefore, feeding is viewed as an adaptive motivated behavior that involves integrated communication between homeostatic feeding circuits and reward circuits. The initiation and termination of a feeding episode are instructed by a variety of neuronal signals, and maladaptive plasticity in almost any component of the network may lead to the development of pathological eating disorders. In this review we will summarize the latest understanding of how the feeding circuits and reward circuits in the brain interact. We will emphasize communication between the hypothalamus and the mesolimbic dopamine system and highlight complexities, discrepancies, open questions and future directions for the field.
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Keel PK. Commentary on Empirical Examinations of the Association between Anxiety and Eating Disorders. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013; 37. [PMID: 24187397 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of research supports comorbidity between eating and anxiety disorders, and articles in this special section explore the nature of this association using severity different research designs. This commentary reviews findings from these articles included, focusing on inferences that may be drawn from each design. Collectively, articles support the need for future studies to examine whether eating and anxiety disorders share underlying mechanisms. If identified, such mechanisms could create opportunities for transdiagnostic interventions that ameliorate suffering from both eating and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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