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Kneeland ET, Kisley MA. Lay perspectives on emotion: past, present, and future research directions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023; 47:295-307. [PMID: 37234068 PMCID: PMC10109230 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Empirical research has demonstrated that individuals vary widely in how they view their emotions. We call the viewpoints that individuals have towards their emotions emotion perspectives. While many subdisciplines of psychology, such as social psychology and clinical psychology, have studied this topic, research thus far can be siloed, despite overlap in terms and constructs. The goal of the current special issue and this introduction is to describe the state of research on emotion perspectives, highlight common themes in streams of emotion perspective research, and present future directions for investigation. The first portion of this introduction to the special issue provides a basic review of emotion perspective research, spotlighting topics such as emotion beliefs, emotion mindsets, lay theories of emotion, and attitudes toward emotion. The second portion of the introduction presents themes that cut across papers in the special issue, with a discussion of future research directions throughout. The goal of this introduction and special issue is to serve as a guide for greater integration in emotion perspective research and to provide a roadmap for emotion perspective research moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Kneeland
- Department of Psychology, Science Center, Amherst College, 25 East Drive, Amherst, MA 01002 USA
| | - Michael A. Kisley
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
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Lamontagne SJ, Duda JM, Madarasmi S, Rogers VA, Yu E, Pizzagalli DA, Schroder HS. Limited impacts of biogenetic messaging on neural correlates of cognitive control and beliefs about depression. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:383-399. [PMID: 36869258 PMCID: PMC9984246 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
During the past 60 years, perceptions about the origins of mental illness have shifted toward a biomedical model, depicting depression as a biological disorder caused by genetic abnormalities and/or chemical imbalances. Despite benevolent intentions to reduce stigma, biogenetic messages promote prognostic pessimism, reduce feelings of agency, and alter treatment preferences, motivations, and expectations. However, no research has examined how these messages influence neural markers of ruminative activity or decision-making, a gap this study sought to fill. In this pre-registered, clinical trial (NCT03998748), 49 participants with current or past depressive experiences completed a sham saliva test and were randomly assigned to receive feedback that they either have (gene-present; n = 24) or do not have (gene-absent; n = 25) a genetic predisposition to depression. Before and after receiving the feedback, resting-state activity and neural correlates of cognitive control (error-related negativity [ERN] and error positivity [Pe]) were measured using high-density electroencephalogram (EEG). Participants also completed self-report measures of beliefs about the malleability and prognosis of depression and treatment motivation. Contrary to hypotheses, biogenetic feedback did not alter perceptions or beliefs about depression, nor did it alter EEG markers of self-directed rumination nor neurophysiological correlates of cognitive control. Explanations of these null findings are discussed in the context of prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Esther Yu
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 4250 Plymouth Road, Office 1752, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Veilleux JC, Warner EA, Chamberlain KD, Brott KH, Schreiber RE, Clift JB. Contextual variation in beliefs about emotion and associated emotion regulation efforts. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Schell V, De France K, Lin L, Hollenstein T. The role of avoidance in understanding emotional dysfunction associated with a fixed emotion mindset. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Beliefs about the ability to control specific emotions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Qi W, Shi J, Cui L. A Developmental System Perspective to Interpret the Link between Parental Fixed Mindset and Youth Mental Health: A Moderated Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13285. [PMID: 36293866 PMCID: PMC9603130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
From a developmental system perspective, the present study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether youth core self-evaluation (individual factor) served as a mediator and peer support (peer system) served as a moderator in the effect of parental fixed mindset (family system) on youth mental health symptoms. In total, 658 pairs of emerging adults and their parents participated in this study. Youth completed measurements on core self-evaluation, peer support, and mental health symptoms, while their parents filled in the questionnaire on fixed mindset. Mediation analysis indicated that parental fixed mindset was related to increased youth mental health symptoms, and youth core self-evaluation partially mediated this relationship. Moderated mediation analysis suggested that peer support mitigated the mediating process with the direct pathway from parental fixed mindset to youth mental health symptoms and the indirect pathway from parental fixed mindset to youth core self-evaluation being weaker at a high level of peer support. This study highlights how and when a family system, peer system, and individual factors combine to influence youth mental health. The findings suggest it is the interaction of these factors that has to be addressed in efforts to reduce the prevalence of youth mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jing Shi
- School of Educational Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Lijuan Cui
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Deplancke C, Somerville MP, Harrison A, Vuillier L. It’s all about beliefs: Believing emotions are uncontrollable is linked to symptoms of anxiety and depression through cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the link between personal beliefs about emotion controllability and symptoms of anxiety and depression, with a particular focus on the mediating role of emotion regulation. To date, there has been little research examining the mediating role of cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression in the link between beliefs about emotion controllability and symptoms of anxiety. Online questionnaires measuring emotion regulation, beliefs about emotion controllability, and depression and anxiety, were completed by 1227 participants (n = 336 males; Mage = 25.3, SD = 10.1; range = 16 to 83 years). The results indicated that perceived control over one’s own emotions predicted better psychological health (fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression). This link between beliefs about emotion controllability and psychological heath was partially mediated by cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, with cognitive reappraisal predicting a reduction in clinical symptoms and expressive suppression predicting an increase in clinical symptoms. These findings suggest that individuals’ beliefs about emotion controllability, leads to the use of certain emotion regulation strategies which in turn, have important consequences for psychological health.
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Zhu S, Zhuang Y, Lee P. Psychometric properties of the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (MDASS) in Chinese young adults and adolescents. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:380-392. [PMID: 34056868 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mindset has been found to be closely related to mental health symptoms. Yet no scale for the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (MDASS) has been validated. This study developed a 12-item MDASS with four items in each domain and examined its psychometric properties among young adults and adolescents. METHODS Young adults (Study 1: N = 1735, aged 18-25) and adolescents (Study 2, N = 1648, aged 9-16) completed socio-demographics information, MDASS (unidirectional items in Study 1 and bi-directional items in Study 2), and mental health symptoms measures. Both samples were randomly divided into two equal sub-samples, one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the factor structure, the other for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the goodness-of-fit of EFA models. Spearman correlations were used to assess the convergent validity of MDASS with measures of depression, anxiety, and stress. RESULTS In Study 1, EFA yielded a three-factor model with underlying factors of fixed mindsets on depression, anxiety, and stress; CFA revealed a good goodness-of-fit (CFI and TFI >0.95; RMSEA and SRMR <0.08). In Study 2 with reversed items, EFA and CFA yielded a complex model structure. Fixed mindsets were positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (all absolute correlations >0.3) in both studies. CONCLUSION MDASS is a reliable scale with clear factor structure to measure mindsets of negative emotions among early adults. MDASS is suggested to use only fixed-mindset statements. The MDASS are highly associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhuang
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Nalipay MJN, King RB, Mordeno IG, Chai CS, Jong MSY. Teachers with a growth mindset are motivated and engaged: the relationships among mindsets, motivation, and engagement in teaching. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hong JC, Ye JH, Chen ML, Ye JN, Kung LW. Intelligence Beliefs Predict Spatial Performance in Virtual Environments and Graphical Creativity Performance. Front Psychol 2021; 12:671635. [PMID: 34497554 PMCID: PMC8419511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intelligence beliefs have been applied to explain the influence of cognition, behavior, and creativity, the research on creativity is still limited. Therefore, in order to effectively expand the understanding of the influence of intelligence beliefs on the creative performance of learners' graphics, the implicit theories of intelligence were exploited as the basis of this study. Three hypothetical pathways were proposed to be explored, and a research model was validated. First- and second-year students from a technical high school in New Taipei City were invited to participate. There were 273 valid data (88.9% of complete data). Reliability and validity analyses were performed, as well as overall model fit analysis and research model validation, and descriptive statistical analysis of the learners' performance in applying the operational virtual reality (VR). The results of this study showed that: (1) Incremental beliefs of aesthetic intelligence had a positive effect on spatial performance; (2) entity belief of spatial intelligence (EBSI) had a negative effect on spatial performance; and (3) spatial performance had a positive effect on graphical design performance. From the results, it is clear that design teachers can assess students' implicit beliefs in the early stages of teaching to actively promote better spatial performance when students show high levels of entity beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Chao Hong
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Hong Ye
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Dhurakij Pundit University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Ni Ye
- Graduate Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Wen Kung
- Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Harnessing Wise Interventions to Advance the Potency and Reach of Youth Mental Health Services. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 23:70-101. [PMID: 31440858 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in research on evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for youth psychopathology, many youths with mental health needs do not receive services, and EBTs are not always effective for those who access them. Wise interventions (WIs) may help address needs for more disseminable, potent youth mental health interventions. WIs are single-component, social-psychological interventions designed to foster adaptive meaning-making. They have improved health-related and interpersonal youth outcomes, yet their potential to reduce youth psychopathology has not been systematically explored. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic, descriptive review characterizing WIs' potential to reduce youth mental health problems. Across 25 RCTs (N = 9219 youths, ages 11-19) testing 13 intervention types, 7 WIs qualified as "Well-Established," "Probably Efficacious," or "Possibly Efficacious" for reducing one or more types of youth psychopathology, relative to controls. Among these, 5 WIs significantly reduced youth depressive symptoms; 3, general psychological distress; and 1 each, eating problems, anxiety, and substance use. Three of these 7 WIs were self-administered by youths, and four by trained interventionists; collectively, they were 30-168 min in length and targeted clinic-referred and non-referred samples in clinical, school, and laboratory settings. Overall, certain WIs show promise in reducing mild-to-severe youth psychopathology. Given their brevity and low cost relative to traditional (i.e., therapist-delivered, 12- to 16-week, clinic-based) EBTs, WIs may represent beneficial additions to the youth mental healthcare ecosystem. Priorities for future research are proposed, including testing WIs for parents, younger children, and externalizing problems; as EBT adjuncts; and in schools and primary care clinics to increase access to brief, effective supports.
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Veilleux JC, Pollert GA, Skinner KD, Chamberlain KD, Baker DE, Hill MA. Individual beliefs about emotion and perceptions of belief stability are associated with symptoms of psychopathology and emotional processes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schroder HS. Mindsets in the clinic: Applying mindset theory to clinical psychology. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 83:101957. [PMID: 33401130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beliefs about the malleability of attributes, also known as mindsets, have been studied for decades in social-personality psychology and education. Here, I review the many applications of mindset theory to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. First, I review social psychological and cognitive neuroscience evidence that mindsets and mindset-related messages are, to a large extent, focused on emotional tolerance. Specifically, the growth mindset, or the belief that attributes are malleable, encourages confronting and tolerating anxiety, frustration, and disappointment in healthy and adaptive ways that promote resilience, whereas the fixed mindset and related messages discourage the experience of these emotions and often leads to helplessness. Second, I review the emerging research on the anxiety mindset and discuss its relevance to clinical work. A model is proposed illustrating connections between mindsets, emotion regulation strategies, treatment preferences, and outcomes. Case examples are used to illustrate practical applications. I conclude that mindsets can inform psychotherapy, research, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, USA.
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Puusepp I, Tammi T, Huotilainen M, Kujala T, Kuusisto E, Laine S, Tirri K. Mindsets and Failures: Neural Differences in Reactions to Mistakes among Second-Grade Finnish Girls. Behav Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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