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Omisore OM, Odenigbo I, Orji J, Beltran AIH, Meier S, Baghaei N, Orji R. Extended Reality for Mental Health Evaluation: Scoping Review. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e38413. [PMID: 39047289 PMCID: PMC11306946 DOI: 10.2196/38413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health disorders are the leading cause of health-related problems worldwide. It is projected that mental health disorders will be the leading cause of morbidity among adults as the incidence rates of anxiety and depression grow worldwide. Recently, "extended reality" (XR), a general term covering virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), is paving the way for the delivery of mental health care. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the adoption and implementation of XR technology used in interventions for mental disorders and to provide statistical analyses of the design, usage, and effectiveness of XR technology for mental health interventions with a worldwide demographic focus. METHODS In this paper, we conducted a scoping review of the development and application of XR in the area of mental disorders. We performed a database search to identify relevant studies indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, and the ACM Digital Library. A search period between August 2016 and December 2023 was defined to select papers related to the usage of VR, AR, and MR in a mental health context. The database search was performed with predefined queries, and a total of 831 papers were identified. Ten papers were identified through professional recommendation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed and applied to ensure that only relevant studies were included in the literature review. RESULTS We identified a total of 85 studies from 27 countries worldwide that used different types of VR, AR, and MR techniques for managing 14 types of mental disorders. By performing data analysis, we found that most of the studies focused on high-income countries, such as the United States (n=14, 16.47%) and Germany (n=12, 14.12%). None of the studies were for African countries. The majority of papers reported that XR techniques lead to a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety or depression. The majority of studies were published in 2021 (n=26, 30.59%). This could indicate that mental disorder intervention received higher attention when COVID-19 emerged. Most studies (n=65, 76.47%) focused on a population in the age range of 18-65 years, while few studies (n=2, 3.35%) focused on teenagers (ie, subjects in the age range of 10-19 years). In addition, more studies were conducted experimentally (n=67, 78.82%) rather than by using analytical and modeling approaches (n=8, 9.41%). This shows that there is a rapid development of XR technology for mental health care. Furthermore, these studies showed that XR technology can effectively be used for evaluating mental disorders in a similar or better way that conventional approaches. CONCLUSIONS In this scoping review, we studied the adoption and implementation of XR technology for mental disorder care. Our review shows that XR treatment yields high patient satisfaction, and follow-up assessments show significant improvement with large effect sizes. Moreover, the studies adopted unique designs that were set up to record and analyze the symptoms reported by their participants. This review may aid future research and development of various XR mechanisms for differentiated mental disorder procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunji Mumini Omisore
- Research Centre for Medical Robotics and Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ifeanyi Odenigbo
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Joseph Orji
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nilufar Baghaei
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rita Orji
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Gaina MA, Sbarcea SV, Popa BS, Stefanescu BV, Gaina AM, Szalontay AS, Bolos A, Stefanescu C. SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia. Brain Sci 2024; 14:651. [PMID: 39061393 PMCID: PMC11274658 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Specific phobias impact over 400 million people worldwide. Digitalizing mental health could alleviate the burden. Still, although the corporate-driven Metaverse is expanding rapidly, there needs to be more momentum in harnessing virtual reality exposure therapy uptake. Objective: This study aims to conceptualize, develop, and deploy a free Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) application specifically designed for treating acrophobia and claustrophobia. This pilot study, which holds the promise of a future where mental health is more accessible and effective, explores the feasibility of leveraging transdisciplinary collaboration among specialists to create a safe, accessible, and effective VRET solution. Methods: We conducted a Delphi heuristic approach involving bioethicists, neuroscientists, and tech developers. Second, we reviewed the existing psychological theories and therapeutic strategies for addressing phobias in VR. Third, we conceptualized a thematic analysis-derived framework for a safe, adaptive-gamified free exposure to virtual reality acrophobia and claustrophobia (SAFEvR ACT). Finally, we provide an overview of the iterative improvements made during 12 workshops and 76 weekly briefings on developmental implementations. Results: We developed the SAFEvR ACT into a proof-of-concept application freely deployed on the MentalVerse app platform. Our safety-focused approach can benefit from prevalidation perspectives within future randomized control trials. Conclusions: The resulting application derived from the SAFEvR ACT framework represents a blueprint to counter the current lack of iVR mental health uptake by offering a free VRET alternative. Future research should aim towards developing similar free platforms to lessen mental health burdens and gather quantitative data. We conclude with a call to action to researchers to fine-tune our current approach and take a stand for free digital mental health within MentalVeRse.app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel-Alexandru Gaina
- Psychiatry, Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-S.S.); (A.B.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
- The Association of Integrative Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, 700469 Iasi, Romania
| | - Stefan-Vladimir Sbarcea
- Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 700483 Iasi, Romania; (S.-V.S.); (B.-S.P.)
| | - Bianca-Stefana Popa
- Faculty of Computer Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 700483 Iasi, Romania; (S.-V.S.); (B.-S.P.)
| | - Bogdan-Victor Stefanescu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iași, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra-Maria Gaina
- PhD Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iași, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Silvana Szalontay
- Psychiatry, Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-S.S.); (A.B.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bolos
- Psychiatry, Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-S.S.); (A.B.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristinel Stefanescu
- Psychiatry, Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-S.S.); (A.B.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
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Shahid S, Kelson J, Saliba A. Effectiveness and User Experience of Virtual Reality for Social Anxiety Disorder: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11:e48916. [PMID: 38329804 PMCID: PMC10884902 DOI: 10.2196/48916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects occupational and social functioning. Virtual reality (VR) therapies can provide effective treatment for people with SAD. However, with rapid innovations in immersive VR technology, more contemporary research is required to examine the effectiveness and concomitant user experience outcomes (ie, safety, usability, acceptability, and attrition) of emerging VR interventions for SAD. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness and user experience of contemporary VR interventions among people with SAD. METHODS The Cochrane Library, Emcare, PsycINFO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched between January 1, 2012, and April 26, 2022. Deduplicated search results were screened based on title and abstract information. Full-text examination was conducted on 71 articles. Studies of all designs and comparator groups were included if they appraised the effectiveness and user experience outcomes of any immersive VR intervention among people with SAD. A standardized coding sheet was used to extract data on key participant, intervention, comparator, outcome, and study design items. RESULTS The findings were tabulated and discussed using a narrative synthesis. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that VR exposure therapy-based interventions can generally provide effective, safe, usable, and acceptable treatments for adults with SAD. The average attrition rate from VR treatment was low (11.36%) despite some reported user experience difficulties, including potential simulator sickness, exposure-based emotional distress, and problems with managing treatment delivered in a synchronous group setting. This review also revealed several research gaps, including a lack of VR treatment studies on children and adolescents with SAD as well as a paucity of standardized assessments of VR user experience interactions. More studies are required to address these issues. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022353891; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=353891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Shahid
- Faculty of Business, Justice, and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Joshua Kelson
- Faculty of Business, Justice, and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Anthony Saliba
- Faculty of Business, Justice, and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
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Goldsworthy A, Chawla J, Birt J, Baumann O, Gough S. Use of extended reality in sleep health, medicine, and research: a scoping review. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad201. [PMID: 37498981 PMCID: PMC10636250 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This scoping review explores the use of extended reality (virtual, augmented, and mixed reality) within sleep health, sleep medicine, and sleep research. It aims to provide insight into current uses and implementation considerations whilst highlighting directions for future research. METHODS A systematic scoping review was undertaken informed by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for scoping reviews and Johanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS The use of virtual reality (VR) as a research tool in the investigation of areas such as dreaming and memory reactivation is growing. Thirty-one articles were identified in total with 20 utilizing VR to improve sleep as a clinical intervention. CONCLUSIONS Research exploring the utility of VR as a clinical intervention in various patient populations and clinical settings is therefore warranted. Researchers and clinicians should ensure that extended reality interventions are developed based on clinical reasoning and informed by evidence of both sleep medicine and the effects of virtual and augmented reality. Where possible future research should utilize up-to-date technology and reporting frameworks to assist in the translation of research into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Goldsworthy
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jasneek Chawla
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James Birt
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Oliver Baumann
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne Gough
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Ghasempeyvandi M, Torkan H. The effect of virtual reality exposure therapy on focus of attention, self-criticism, and interpretation bias in university students with social anxiety. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:310. [PMID: 38023104 PMCID: PMC10670870 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1742_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present research aims to investigate the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy on the focus of attention, self-criticism, and interpretation bias among university students with social anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present research was conducted using quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test control group design. The participants were university students aged between 10 and 30 years old who had visited Isfahan counseling centers in 1399 HS. Among 53 patients referred to the counseling centers, 30 were randomly selected by convenience sampling and then assigned to an experimental group (15 individuals) and a control group (15 individuals). The experimental group received eight sessions of 30-minute and face-to-face virtual reality-based interventions. In contrast, the control group remained on the waiting list. A structured clinical interview and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) were used to select and screen students, and the Focus of Attention Questionnaire (FAQ), Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSC), and revised interpretation bias inventory were applied for the pre-test and the post-test. Then, all the data were analyzed by a statistical analysis of covariance. RESULTS The results showed that virtual reality exposure therapy significantly reduces the symptoms of the focus of attention, self-criticism, and interpretation bias in the experimental group compared to the control group. (P < 0/01). CONCLUSION The research showed that virtual reality exposure therapy reduced the symptoms of social anxiety. Therefore, this method can be applied to reduce some symptoms of social anxiety in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monir Ghasempeyvandi
- Master of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Torkan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
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Scene Construction and Application of Panoramic Virtual Simulation in Interactive Dance Teaching Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5770385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the rapid development of human motion simulation technology and virtual simulation technology, natural human-computer interaction has become the main form of research in the computer industry. Due to the research capabilities and practical value of mobile video technology, it is widely used in advanced fields, such as video animation production, rehabilitation medicine, sports training, and game software, effectively realizing the connection between the three-dimensional world and the simulation world. However, the application of motion imaging technology in teaching activities is not perfect. This article is based on dance teaching, adopts a dance movement analysis method based on vector matching, and uses artificial intelligence technology to create a virtual panoramic scene. Experimental data show that the average recognition rate of gestures is 89.8%, which can meet the gesture switching interaction of working conditions in virtual simulation of equipment operation.
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Baghaei N, Chitale V, Hlasnik A, Stemmet L, Liang HN, Porter R. Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e29681. [PMID: 34554097 PMCID: PMC8498902 DOI: 10.2196/29681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health conditions pose a major challenge to health care providers and society at large. The World Health Organization predicts that by 2030, mental health conditions will be the leading cause of disease burden worldwide. The current need for mental health care is overwhelming. In New Zealand, 1 in 6 adults has been diagnosed with common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders, according to a national survey. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to effectively help patients overcome a wide variety of mental health conditions. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) might be one of the most exciting technologies emerging in the clinical setting for the treatment of anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the virtual reality (VR) technologies currently being used to help support the treatment of depression and anxiety. We also aim to investigate whether and how CBT is included as part of VRET and look at the VR technologies and interventions that have been used in recent studies on depression and anxiety. METHODS We performed a scoping review. To identify significant studies, we decided to use already aggregated sources from the Google Scholar database. Overall, the goal of our search strategy was to limit the number of initial results related to VR in mental health to only a relevant minimum. RESULTS Using our defined keywords, Google Scholar identified >17,300 articles. After applying all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified a total of 369 articles for further processing. After manual evaluation, 34 articles were shortlisted; of the 34 articles, 9 (26%) reported the use of CBT with VR. All of the articles were published between 2017 and 2021. Out of the 9 studies, CBT was conducted within a VR environment in 5 (56%) studies, whereas in the remaining 4 (44%) studies, CBT was used as an addition to VRET. All 9 studies reported the use of CBT either in vivo or in a virtual environment to be effective in supporting the treatment of anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS Most studies demonstrated the use of VR to be effective for supporting the treatment of anxiety or depression in a range of settings and recommended its potential as a tool for use in a clinical environment. Even though standalone headsets are much easier to work with and more suitable for home use, the shift from tethered VR headsets to standalone headsets in the mental health environment was not observed. All studies that looked at the use of CBT either in vivo or in a virtual environment found it to be effective in supporting the treatment of anxiety or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufar Baghaei
- Department of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vibhav Chitale
- Department of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrej Hlasnik
- Otago Polytechnic Auckland International Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lehan Stemmet
- Auckland Institute of Studies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hai-Ning Liang
- Department of Computing, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Richard Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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