1
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Guo X, Ma Y, Wang H, Yin H, Shi X, Chen Y, Gao G, Sun L, Wang J, Wang Y, Fan D. Status and developmental trends in recombinant collagen preparation technology. Regen Biomater 2023; 11:rbad106. [PMID: 38173768 PMCID: PMC10761200 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant collagen is a pivotal topic in foundational biological research and epitomizes the application of critical bioengineering technologies. These technological advancements have profound implications across diverse areas such as regenerative medicine, organ replacement, tissue engineering, cosmetics and more. Thus, recombinant collagen and its preparation methodologies rooted in genetically engineered cells mark pivotal milestones in medical product research. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current genetic engineering technologies and methods used in the production of recombinant collagen, as well as the conventional production process and quality control detection methods for this material. Furthermore, the discussion extends to foresee the strides in physical transfection and magnetic control sorting studies, envisioning an enhanced preparation of recombinant collagen-seeded cells to further fuel recombinant collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Guo
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongping Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinli Shi
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guobiao Gao
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiadao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials & College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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2
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Rehmani S, McLaughlin CM, Eltaher HM, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Dixon JE. Orally-delivered insulin-peptide nanocomplexes enhance transcytosis from cellular depots and improve diabetic blood glucose control. J Control Release 2023; 360:93-109. [PMID: 37315695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulin regulates blood glucose levels, and is the mainstay for the treatment of type-1 diabetes and type-2 when other drugs provide inadequate control. Therefore, effective oral Insulin delivery would be a significant advance in drug delivery. Herein, we report the use of the modified cell penetrating peptide (CPP) platform, Glycosaminoglycan-(GAG)-binding-enhanced-transduction (GET), as an efficacious transepithelial delivery vector in vitro and to mediate oral Insulin activity in diabetic animals. Insulin can be conjugated with GET via electrostatic interaction to form nanocomplexes (Insulin GET-NCs). These NCs (size and charge; 140 nm, +27.10 mV) greatly enhanced Insulin transport in differentiated in vitro intestinal epithelium models (Caco2 assays; >22-fold increased translocation) with progressive and significant apical and basal release of up-taken Insulin. Delivery resulted in intracellular accumulation of NCs, enabling cells to act as depots for subsequent sustained release without affecting viability and barrier integrity. Importantly Insulin GET-NCs have enhanced proteolytic stability, and retained significant Insulin biological activity (exploiting Insulin-responsive reporter assays). Our study culminates in demonstrating oral delivery of Insulin GET-NCs which can control elevated blood-glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice over several days with serial dosing. As GET promotes Insulin absorption, transcytosis and intracellular release, along with in vivo function, our simplistic complexation platform could allow effective bioavailability of other oral peptide therapeutics and help transform the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahrish Rehmani
- Regenerative Medicine & Cellular Therapies, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute (BDI), School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher M McLaughlin
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Hoda M Eltaher
- Regenerative Medicine & Cellular Therapies, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute (BDI), School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK
| | - James E Dixon
- Regenerative Medicine & Cellular Therapies, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute (BDI), School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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3
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Wang R, Li Y, Gao P, Lv J, Cheng Y, Wang H. Piperazine-modified dendrimer achieves efficient intracellular protein delivery via caveolar endocytosis bypassing the endo-lysosomal pathway. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:725-733. [PMID: 36599402 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery has been a major challenge due to various physiological barriers including low proteolytic stability and poor membrane permeability of the biologics. Nanoparticles were widely proposed to deliver cargo proteins into cells by endocytosis, however, the materials and complexes with proteins are often entrapped in endosomes and subject to lysosome degradation. In this study, we report a piperazine modified dendrimer for stabilizing the complexes via a combination of electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interactions. The complexes show rapid cell internalization and the loaded proteins are released into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Mechanism study suggests that the complexes are endocytosed into cells via caveolae-based pathways, which could be inhibited by inhibitors such as genistein, filipin III, brefeldin A and nystatin. The phenylpiperazine-modified polymer enables the delivery of cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and show high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids. The results prove the beneficial roles of phenylpiperazine ligands in polymer-mediated cytosolic protein delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We synthesized a list of piperazine and derivatives modified dendrimers as cytosolic protein delivery vectors via facile reactions. Phenylpiperazine modification enables the efficient protein binding through the combination of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers were internalized into the cells via a caveolae-based endo/lysosome-independent path and could release the cargo proteins into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers delivered cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and showed high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijue Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China.
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4
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Barrios A, Estrada M, Moon JH. Carbamoylated Guanidine-Containing Polymers for Non-Covalent Functional Protein Delivery in Serum-Containing Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116722. [PMID: 34995405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high potential of controlling cellular processes and treating various diseases by intracellularly delivered proteins, current delivery systems exhibit poor efficiency due to poor serum stability, cellular entry, and cytosolic availability of proteins. Here, we report a novel functional group, phenyl carbamoylated guanidine (Ph-CG), that greatly enhances the delivery efficiency to various types of cells. Owing to the substantially lowered pKa , the hydrophobic Ph-CG offers optimized inter-macromolecular interactions via enhanced hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The coplanarity of Ph-CG also leads to the better intracellular entry of protein complexes. Intracellularly delivered apoptosis-inducing enzymes and antibodies significantly induce cell viability inhibitions in a serum-containing medium. The newly developed Ph-CG can be introduced to various existing carriers, leading to the realization of future therapeutic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Barrios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institutes, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marilen Estrada
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joong Ho Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institutes, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
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5
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Barrios A, Estrada M, Moon JH. Carbamoylated Guanidine‐Containing Polymers for Non‐Covalent Functional Protein Delivery in Serum‐Containing Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Barrios
- Florida International University chemistry and biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Marilen Estrada
- Florida International University Natural and Applied Sciences UNITED STATES
| | - Joong Ho Moon
- Florida International University Chemistry and Biochemistry 11200 SW 8th St.MMC CP311 33199 Miami UNITED STATES
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6
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Generation of a transducible version of a bioactive recombinant human TBX5 transcription factor from E. Coli. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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7
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Hershman RL, Li Y, Ma F, Xu Q, Van Deventer J. Intracellular Delivery of Antibodies for Selective Cell Signaling Interference. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100678. [PMID: 34890114 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular signaling events remain poorly characterized due to a general lack of tools to interfere with "undruggable" targets. Antibodies have the potential to elucidate intracellular mechanisms via targeted disruption of cell signaling cascades because of their ability to bind to a target with high specificity and affinity. However, due to their size and chemical composition, antibodies cannot innately cross the cell membrane, and thus access to the cytosol with these macromolecules has been limited. Here, we describe strategies for accessing the intracellular space with recombinant antibodies mediated by cationic lipid nanoparticles to selectively disrupt intracellular signaling events. Together, our results demonstrate the use of recombinantly produced antibodies, delivered at concentrations of 10 nM, to selectively interfere with signaling driven by a single posttranslational modification. Efficient intracellular delivery of engineered antibodies opens up possibilities for modulation of previously "undruggable" targets, including for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamin Li
- Tufts University, Biomedical Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Feihe Ma
- Tufts University, Biomedical Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Qioabing Xu
- Tufts University, Biomedical Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - James Van Deventer
- Tufts University, Chemical and Biological Engineering, 4 Colby St. Room 148, 02155, Medford, UNITED STATES
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8
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Harguindey A, Culver HR, Sinha J, Bowman CN, Cha JN. Efficient cellular uptake of click nucleic acid modified proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4820-4823. [PMID: 32236172 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient intracellular delivery of biomacromolecules such as proteins continues to remain a challenge despite its potential for medicine. In this work, we show that mScarlet, a non cytotoxic red fluorescent protein (RFP) conjugated to Click Nucleic Acid (CNA), a synthetic analog of DNA, undergo cell uptake significantly more than either native proteins or proteins conjugated with similar amounts of DNA in MDA-MB-468 cells. We further demonstrate that the process of cell uptake is metabolically driven and that scavenger receptors and caveolae mediated endocytosis play a significant role. Co-localization studies using anti-scavenger receptor antibodies suggest that scavenger receptors are implicated in the mechanism of uptake of CNA modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Harguindey
- Department of Chemical and Biological University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
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9
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Kunishige R, Kano F, Murata M. The cell resealing technique for manipulating, visualizing, and elucidating molecular functions in living cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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11
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Sigoillot M, Overtus M, Grodecka M, Scholl D, Garcia-Pino A, Laeremans T, He L, Pardon E, Hildebrandt E, Urbatsch I, Steyaert J, Riordan JR, Govaerts C. Domain-interface dynamics of CFTR revealed by stabilizing nanobodies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2636. [PMID: 31201318 PMCID: PMC6572788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the deletion of phenylalanine 508 (F508del) in the first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The mutation affects the thermodynamic stability of the domain and the integrity of the interface between NBD1 and the transmembrane domain leading to its clearance by the quality control system. Here, we develop nanobodies targeting NBD1 of human CFTR and demonstrate their ability to stabilize both isolated NBD1 and full-length protein. Crystal structures of NBD1-nanobody complexes provide an atomic description of the epitopes and reveal the molecular basis for stabilization. Furthermore, our data uncover a conformation of CFTR, involving detachment of NBD1 from the transmembrane domain, which contrast with the compact assembly observed in cryo-EM structures. This unexpected interface rearrangement is likely to have major relevance for CF pathogenesis but also for the normal function of CFTR and other ABC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Sigoillot
- SFMB, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, building BC, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Overtus
- SFMB, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, building BC, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Grodecka
- SFMB, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, building BC, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Scholl
- SFMB, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, building BC, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, ULB CP300, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Toon Laeremans
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB center for Structural Biology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lihua He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB center for Structural Biology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Hildebrandt
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Stop 6540, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Ina Urbatsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Stop 6540, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB center for Structural Biology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John R Riordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Cedric Govaerts
- SFMB, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP206/02, Boulevard du Triomphe, building BC, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Deprey K, Becker L, Kritzer J, Plückthun A. Trapped! A Critical Evaluation of Methods for Measuring Total Cellular Uptake versus Cytosolic Localization. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1006-1027. [PMID: 30882208 PMCID: PMC6527423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules have many properties that make them promising for intracellular therapeutic applications, but delivery remains a key challenge because large biomolecules cannot easily enter the cytosol. Furthermore, quantification of total intracellular versus cytosolic concentrations remains demanding, and the determination of delivery efficiency is thus not straightforward. In this review, we discuss strategies for delivering biomolecules into the cytosol and briefly summarize the mechanisms of uptake for these systems. We then describe commonly used methods to measure total cellular uptake and, more selectively, cytosolic localization, and discuss the major advantages and drawbacks of each method. We critically evaluate methods of measuring "cell penetration" that do not adequately distinguish total cellular uptake and cytosolic localization, which often lead to inaccurate interpretations of a molecule's cytosolic localization. Finally, we summarize the properties and components of each method, including the main caveats of each, to allow for informed decisions about method selection for specific applications. When applied correctly and interpreted carefully, methods for quantifying cytosolic localization offer valuable insight into the bioactivity of biomolecules and potentially the prospects for their eventual development into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Deprey
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Lukas Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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14
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Xin X, Teng C, Du X, Lv Y, Xiao Q, Wu Y, He W, Yin L. Drug-delivering-drug platform-mediated potent protein therapeutics via a non-endo-lysosomal route. Theranostics 2018; 8:3474-3489. [PMID: 30026860 PMCID: PMC6037042 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics is playing an increasingly critical role in treatment of human diseases. However, current vectors are captured by the digestive endo-lysosomal system, which results in an extremely low fraction (<2%) of protein being released in the cytoplasm. This paper reports a drug-delivering-drug platform (HA-PNPplex, 200 nm) for potent intracellular delivery of protein and combined treatment of cancer. Methods: The platform was prepared by loading functional protein on pure drug nanoparticles (PNPs) followed by hyaluronic acid coating and was characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and gel electrophoresis. In vitro, cellular uptake, trafficking, and cytotoxicity were evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal laser microscopy. Protein expression was assayed by western blot. In vivo, blood circulation and biodistribution were studied using a fluorescence imaging system, antitumor efficacy was assessed in a caspase 3-deficient tumor model, and biocompatibility was determined by comparison of hemolytic activity and proinflammatory cytokines and tissue histology. Results: HA-PNPplex delivered the functional protein, caspase 3, to cells via bypassing endo-lysosomes and raised the caspase-3 level 6.5-fold in caspase 3-deficient cells. Promoted tumor accumulation (1.5-fold) and penetration were exhibited, demonstrating a high tumor-targeting ability of HA-PNPplex. HA-PNPplex rendered a 7-fold increase in caspase 3 in tumor and allowed for a 100% tumor growth inhibition and >60% apoptosis, implying significant antitumor activities. Conclusions: This platform gains cellular entry without entrapment in the endo-lysosomes and enables efficient intracellular protein delivery and resultant profound cancer treatment. This platform, with extremely high drug-loading, is a valuable platform for combined cancer therapy with small-molecule drugs and proteins. More importantly, this work offers a robust and safe approach for protein therapeutics and intracellular delivery of other functional peptides, as well as gene-based therapy.
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15
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Kim MG, Yoon S, Chiu CT, Shung KK. Investigation of Optimized Treatment Conditions for Acoustic-Transfection Technique for Intracellular Delivery of Macromolecules. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:622-634. [PMID: 29284555 PMCID: PMC5800999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of cellular functions and structures by introduction of genetic materials inside cells has been one of the most prominent research areas in biomedicine. High-frequency ultrasound acoustic-transfection has recently been developed and confirmed by intracellular delivery of small molecules into HeLa cells at the single-cell level with high cell viability. After we proved the concept underlying the acoustic-transfection technique, treatment conditions for different human cancer cell lines have been intensively investigated to further develop acoustic-transfection as a versatile and adaptable transfection method by satisfying the requirements of high-delivery efficiency and cell membrane permeability with minimal membrane disruption. To determine optimal treatment conditions for different cell lines, we developed a quantitative intracellular delivery score based on delivery efficiency, cell membrane permeability and cell viability after 4 and 20 h of treatment. The intracellular delivery of macromolecules and the simultaneous intracellular delivery of two molecules under optimal treatment conditions were successfully achieved. We found that DNA plasmid was delivered by acoustic-transfection technique into epiblast stem cells, which expressed transient mCherry fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sangpil Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Chi Tat Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - K Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Chiper M, Niederreither K, Zuber G. Transduction Methods for Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins and Bioconjugates into Living Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701040. [PMID: 29205903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human organism and its constituting cells rely on interplay between multiple proteins exerting specific functions. Progress in molecular biotechnologies has facilitated the production of recombinant proteins. When administrated to patients, recombinant proteins can provide important healthcare benefits. To date, most therapeutic proteins must act from the extracellular environment, with their targets being secreted modulators or extracellular receptors. This is because proteins cannot passively diffuse across the plasma membrane into the cytosol. To expand the scope of action of proteins for cytosolic targets (representing more than 40% of the genome) effective methods assisting protein cytosolic entry are being developed. To date, direct protein delivery is extremely tedious and inefficient in cultured cells, even more so in animal models of pathology. Novel techniques are changing this limitation, as recently developed in vitro methods can robustly convey large amount of proteins into cell cultures. Moreover, advances in protein formulation or protein conjugates are slowly, but surely demonstrating efficiency for targeted cytosolic entry of functional protein in vivo in tumor xenograft models. In this review, various methods and recently developed techniques for protein transport into cells are summarized. They are put into perspective to address the challenges encountered during delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Chiper
- Molecular and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Biologics CNRS—Université de Strasbourg UMR 7242 Boulevard Sebastien Brant F‐67412 Illkirch France
- Faculté de Pharmacie—Université de Strasbourg 74 Route du Rhin F‐67400 Illkirch France
| | - Karen Niederreither
- Developmental Biology and Stem Cells Department Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC) F‐67412 Illkirch France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Université de Strasbourg CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964 F‐67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Guy Zuber
- Molecular and Pharmaceutical Engineering of Biologics CNRS—Université de Strasbourg UMR 7242 Boulevard Sebastien Brant F‐67412 Illkirch France
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17
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Bolhassani A, Jafarzade BS, Mardani G. In vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins using cell penetrating peptides. Peptides 2017; 87:50-63. [PMID: 27887988 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The failure of proteins to penetrate mammalian cells or target tumor cells restricts their value as therapeutic tools in a variety of diseases such as cancers. Recently, protein transduction domains (PTDs) or cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to promote the delivery of therapeutic proteins or peptides into live cells. The successful delivery of proteins mainly depends on their physicochemical properties. Although, linear cell penetrating peptides are one of the most effective delivery vehicles; but currently, cyclic CPPs has been developed to potently transport bioactive full-length proteins into cells. Up to now, several small protein transduction domains from viral proteins including Tat or VP22 could be fused to other peptides or proteins to entry them in various cell types at a dose-dependent approach. A major disadvantage of PTD-fusion proteins is primary uptake into endosomal vesicles leading to inefficient release of the fusion proteins into the cytosol. Recently, non-covalent complex formation (Chariot) between proteins and CPPs has attracted a special interest to overcome some delivery limitations (e.g., toxicity). Many preclinical and clinical trials of CPP-based delivery are currently under evaluation. Generally, development of more efficient protein transduction domains would significantly increase the potency of protein therapeutics. Moreover, the synergistic or combined effects of CPPs with other delivery systems for protein/peptide drug delivery would promote their therapeutic effects in cancer and other diseases. In this review, we will describe the functions and implications of CPPs for delivering the therapeutic proteins or peptides in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Golnaz Mardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Ahmed S, Fujita S, Matsumura K. Enhanced protein internalization and efficient endosomal escape using polyampholyte-modified liposomes and freeze concentration. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15888-15901. [PMID: 27439774 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we show a new strategy for efficient freeze concentration-mediated cytoplasmic delivery of proteins, obtained via the endosomal escape property of polyampholyte-modified liposomes. The freeze concentration method successfully induces the efficient internalization of proteins simply by freezing cells with protein and nanocarrier complexes. However, the mechanism of protein internalization remains unclear. Here, we designed a novel protein delivery carrier by modifying liposomes through incorporating hydrophobic polyampholytes therein. These complexes were characterized for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry and microscopic analysis showed that the adsorption and internalization of protein-loaded polyampholyte-modified liposomes after freezing were enhanced compared with that observed in unfrozen complexes. Inhibition studies demonstrated that the internalization mechanism differs between unmodified and polyampholyte-modified liposomes. Furthermore, polyampholyte-modified liposomes exhibited high efficacy in facilitating endosomal escape to enhance protein delivery to the cytoplasm with low toxicity. These results strongly suggest that the freeze concentration-based strategy could be widely utilised for efficient cargo delivery into the cytoplasm in vitro not only in cancer treatment but also for gene therapy as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahmed
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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19
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Noyhouzer T, L'Homme C, Beaulieu I, Mazurkiewicz S, Kuss S, Kraatz HB, Canesi S, Mauzeroll J. Ferrocene-Modified Phospholipid: An Innovative Precursor for Redox-Triggered Drug Delivery Vesicles Selective to Cancer Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4169-4178. [PMID: 26987014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlled payload release is one of the key elements in the creation of a reliable drug delivery system. We report the discovery of a drug delivery vessel able to transport chemotherapeutic agents to target cancer cells and selectively trigger their release using the electrochemical activity of a ferrocene-modified phospholipid. Supported by in vitro assays, the competitive advantages of this discovery are (i) the simple one step scalability of the synthetic process, (ii) the stable encapsulation of toxic drugs (doxorubicin) during transport, and (iii) the selective redox triggering of the liposomes to harness their cytotoxic payload at the cancer site. Specifically, the redox-modified giant unilamellar vesicle and liposomes were characterized using advanced methods such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescent imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Noyhouzer
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A OB8
| | - Chloé L'Homme
- Laboratoire de Méthodologie et Synthèse de Produits Naturels, Université du Québec à Montréal , C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Beaulieu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A OB8
| | - Stephanie Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A OB8
| | - Sabine Kuss
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A OB8
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sylvain Canesi
- Laboratoire de Méthodologie et Synthèse de Produits Naturels, Université du Québec à Montréal , C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A OB8
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20
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Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Perry N, Nava S, White AC. Preassembled Single-Stranded RNA-Argonaute Complexes: A Novel Method to Silence Genes in Cryptosporidium. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1307-14. [PMID: 26656125 PMCID: PMC4799669 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality worldwide. Research progress on this infection has been slowed by lack of methods to genetically manipulate Cryptosporidium parasites. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is widely used to study gene function, but Cryptosporidium species lack the enzymes necessary to process siRNA. By preassembling complexes with the human enzyme Argonaute 2 (hAgo2) and Cryptosporidium single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), we induced specific slicing in Cryptosporidium RNA targets. We demonstrated the reduction in expression of target genes at the mRNA and protein levels by transfecting live parasites with ssRNA-hAgo2 complexes. Furthermore we used this method to confirm the role of selected molecules during host cell invasion. This novel method provides a novel means of silencing Cryptosporidium genes to study their role in host-parasite interactions and as potential targets for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Perry
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Samantha Nava
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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21
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Choi DK, Bae J, Shin SM, Shin JY, Kim S, Kim YS. A general strategy for generating intact, full-length IgG antibodies that penetrate into the cytosol of living cells. MAbs 2015; 6:1402-14. [PMID: 25484049 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-length IgG antibodies cannot cross cell membranes of living cells; this limits their use for direct targeting of cytosolic proteins. Here, we describe a general strategy for the generation of intact, full-length IgG antibodies, herein called cytotransmabs, which internalize into living cells and localize in the cytosol. We first generated a humanized light chain variable domain (VL) that could penetrate into the cytosol of living cells and was engineered for association with various subtypes of human heavy chain variable domains (VHs). When light chains with humanized VL were co-expressed with 3 heavy chains (HCs), including 2 HCs of the clinically approved adalimumab (Humira®) and bevacizumab (Avastin®), all 3 purified IgG antibodies were internalized into the cytoplasm of living cells. Cytotransmabs primarily internalized into living cells by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway through interactions with heparin sulfate proteoglycan that was expressed on the cell surface. The cytotransmabs escaped into the cytosol from early endosomes without being further transported into other cellular compartments, like the lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. Furthermore, we generated a cytotransmab that co-localized with the targeted cytosolic protein when it was incubated with living cells, demonstrating that the cytotransmab can directly target cytosolic proteins. Internalized cytotransmabs did not show any noticeable cytotoxicity and remained in the cytosol for more than 6 h before being degraded by proteosomes. These results suggest that cytotransmabs, which efficiently enter living cells and reach the cytosolic space, will find widespread uses as research, diagnostic, and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ki Choi
- a Department of Molecular Science and Technology ; Ajou University ; Suwon , Korea
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22
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Dong C, EIdawud R, Sargent LM, Kashon ML, Lowry D, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Towards Elucidating the Effects of Purified MWCNTs on Human Lung Epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2014; 1:95-603. [PMID: 25485116 PMCID: PMC4254708 DOI: 10.1039/c4en00102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of engineered nanomaterials is associated with their inherent properties, both physical and chemical. Recent studies have shown that exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) promotes tumors and tumor-associated pathologies and lead to carcinogenesis in model in vivo systems. Here in we examined the potential of purified MWCNTs used at occupationally relevant exposure doses for particles not otherwise regulated to affect human lung epithelial cells. The uptake of the purified MWCNTs was evaluated using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), while the effects on cell fate were assessed using 2- (4-iodophenyl) - 3- (4-nitrophenyl) - 5-(2, 4-disulfophenyl) -2H-tetrazolium salt colorimetric assay, cell cycle and nanoindentation. Our results showed that exposure to MWCNTs reduced cell metabolic activity and induced cell cycle arrest. Our analysis further emphasized that MWCNTs-induced cellular fate results from multiple types of interactions that could be analyzed by means of intracellular biomechanical changes and are pivotal in understanding the underlying MWCNTs-induced cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506, USA
| | - Reem EIdawud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506, USA
| | - Linda M. Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael L. Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505, USA
| | - David Lowry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506, USA
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23
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Coué G, Engbersen JFJ. Cationic Polymers for Intracellular Delivery of Proteins. CATIONIC POLYMERS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782620105-00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many therapeutic proteins exert their pharmaceutical action inside the cytoplasm or onto individual organelles inside the cell. Intracellular protein delivery is considered to be the most direct, fastest and safest approach for curing gene-deficiency diseases, enhancing vaccination and triggering cell transdifferentiation processes, within other curative applications. However, several hurdles have to be overcome. For this purpose the use of polymers, with their ease of modification in physical and chemical properties, is attractive in protein drug carriers. They can protect their therapeutic protein cargo from degradation and enhance their bioavailability at targeted sites. In this chapter, potential and currently used polymers for fabrication of protein delivery systems and their applications for intracellular administration are discussed. Special attention is given to the use of cationic polymers for their ability to promote the cellular uptake of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Coué
- MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Johan F. J. Engbersen
- MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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24
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Marschall ALJ, Zhang C, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T, Hust M, Perez F, Dübel S. Delivery of antibodies to the cytosol: debunking the myths. MAbs 2014; 6:943-56. [PMID: 24848507 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibodies to target their antigens in living cells is a powerful analytical tool for cell biology research. Not only can molecules be localized and visualized in living cells, but interference with cellular processes by antibodies may allow functional analysis down to the level of individual post-translational modifications and splice variants, which is not possible with genetic or RNA-based methods. To utilize the vast resource of available antibodies, an efficient system to deliver them into the cytosol from the outside is needed. Numerous strategies have been proposed, but the most robust and widely applicable procedure still remains to be identified, since a quantitative ranking of the efficiencies has not yet been done. To achieve this, we developed a novel efficiency evaluation method for antibody delivery based on a fusion protein consisting of a human IgG 1 Fc and the recombination enzyme Cre (Fc-Cre). Applied to suitable GFP reporter cells, it allows the important distinction between proteins trapped in endosomes and those delivered to the cytosol. Further, it ensures viability of positive cells and is unsusceptible to fixation artifacts and misinterpretation of cellular localization in microscopy and flow cytometry. Very low cytoplasmic delivery efficiencies were found for various profection reagents and membrane penetrating peptides, leaving electroporation as the only practically useful delivery method for antibodies. This was further verified by the successful application of this method to bind antibodies to cytosolic components in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L J Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology und experimental Therapy; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - André Frenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche; Paris, France; CNRS UMR144; Paris, France
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
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25
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Eltoukhy AA, Chen D, Veiseh O, Pelet JM, Yin H, Dong Y, Anderson DG. Nucleic acid-mediated intracellular protein delivery by lipid-like nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6454-61. [PMID: 24831975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery has potential biotechnological and therapeutic application, but remains technically challenging. In contrast, a plethora of nucleic acid carriers have been developed, with lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) among the most clinically advanced reagents for oligonucleotide delivery. Here, we validate the hypothesis that oligonucleotides can serve as packaging materials to facilitate protein entrapment within and intracellular delivery by LNPs. Using two distinct model proteins, horseradish peroxidase and NeutrAvidin, we demonstrate that LNPs can yield efficient intracellular protein delivery in vitro when one or more oligonucleotides have been conjugated to the protein cargo. Moreover, in experiments with NeutrAvidin in vivo, we show that oligonucleotide conjugation significantly enhances LNP-mediated protein uptake within various spleen cell populations, suggesting that this approach may be particularly suitable for improved delivery of protein-based vaccines to antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Eltoukhy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Delai Chen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Omid Veiseh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jeisa M Pelet
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Hao Yin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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26
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Wang J, Ptacek JB, Kirkegaard K, Bullitt E. Double-membraned liposomes sculpted by poliovirus 3AB protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27287-27298. [PMID: 23908350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.498899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with many positive-strand RNA viruses dramatically remodels cellular membranes, resulting in the accumulation of double-membraned vesicles that resemble cellular autophagosomes. In this study, a single protein encoded by poliovirus, 3AB, is shown to be sufficient to induce the formation of double-membraned liposomes via the invagination of single-membraned liposomes. Poliovirus 3AB is a 109-amino acid protein with a natively unstructured N-terminal domain. HeLa cells transduced with 3AB protein displayed intracellular membrane disruption; specifically, the formation of cytoplasmic invaginations. The ability of a single viral protein to produce structures of similar topology to cellular autophagosomes should facilitate the understanding of both cellular and viral mechanisms for membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Jennifer B Ptacek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94301
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94301.
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118.
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27
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Shao Y, Huang W, Shi C, Atkinson ST, Luo J. Reversibly crosslinked nanocarriers for on-demand drug delivery in cancer treatment. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1409-27. [PMID: 23323559 PMCID: PMC3575096 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer micelles have proven to be one of the most versatile nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. However, the in vitro and in vivo stability of micelles remains a challenge due to the dynamic nature of these self-assembled systems, which leads to premature drug release and nonspecific biodistribution in vivo. Recently, reversibly crosslinked micelles have been developed to provide solutions to stabilize nanocarriers in blood circulation. Increased stability allows nanoparticles to accumulate at tumor sites efficiently via passive and/or active tumor targeting, while cleavage of the micelle crosslinkages, through internal or external stimuli, facilitates on-demand drug release. In this review, various crosslinking chemistries as well as the choices for reversible linkages in these nanocarriers will be introduced. Then, the development of reversibly crosslinked micelles for on-demand drug release in response to single or dual stimuli in the tumor microenvironment is discussed, for example, acidic pH, reducing microenvironment, enzymatic microenvironment, photoirradiation and the administration of competitive reagents postmicelle delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Wenzhe Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Changying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sean T Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Juntao Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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28
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Gu Z, Biswas A, Zhao M, Tang Y. Tailoring nanocarriers for intracellular protein delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3638-55. [PMID: 21566806 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a crucial role in life, taking part in all vital processes in the body. In the past decade, there was increasing interest in delivering active forms of proteins to specific cells and organs. Intracellular protein delivery holds enormous promise for biological and medical applications, including cancer therapy, vaccination, regenerative medicine, treatment for loss-of-function genetic diseases and imaging. This tutorial review surveys recent developments in intracellular protein delivery using various nanocarriers. Methods such as lipid-mediated colloidal systems, polymeric nanocarriers, inorganic systems and protein-mediated carriers are reviewed. Advantages and limitations of current strategies, as well as future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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29
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Weiss A, Neuberg P, Philippot S, Erbacher P, Weill CO. Intracellular peptide delivery using amphiphilic lipid-based formulations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2477-87. [PMID: 21520021 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptides, highly diverse by their nature, are important biochemical and pharmaceutical tools: ligands for cellular receptors, transcription factors, immunosuppressants, vaccines, etc. As the majority of their targets are intracellular, peptides need to cross the plasma membrane and gain access to the cytoplasm. However, due to their physicochemical properties, most peptides need to be entrapped by a molecular vehicle to be able to reach the cytosol compartment. In this study, we present new biological tools to enhance intracellular peptides delivery. Based on electrostatic interactions, two complementary types of amphiphilic molecules have been designed as delivery vehicles. A diverse set of fluorescently labeled peptides have successfully been delivered. This opens the avenue for the use of peptides combined to delivery vehicles as therapeutic aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Weiss
- Polyplus-transfection SA, Bioparc, Bd Sébastien Brant, BP 90018, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France; telephone: +33-390-406-472; fax: +33-390-406-181
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30
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Coué G, Engbersen JFJ. Functionalized linear poly(amidoamine)s are efficient vectors for intracellular protein delivery. J Control Release 2011; 152:90-8. [PMID: 21277918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An effective intracellular protein delivery system was developed based on functionalized linear poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) that form self-assembled cationic nanocomplexes with oppositely charged proteins. Three differently functionalized PAAs were synthesized, two of these having repetitive disulfide bonds in the main chain, by Michael-type polyaddition of 4-amino-1-butanol (ABOL) to cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA), histamine (HIS) to CBA, and ABOL to bis(acryloyl)piperazine (BAP). These water-soluble PAAs efficiently condense β-galactosidase by self-assembly into nanoscaled and positively-charged complexes. Stable under neutral extracellular conditions, the disulfide-containing nanocomplexes rapidly destabilized in a reductive intracellular environment. Cell-internalization and cytotoxicity experiments showed that the PAA-based nanocomplexes were essentially non-toxic. β-Galactosidase was successfully internalized into cells, with up to 94% of the cells showing β-galactosidase activity, whereas the enzyme alone was not taken up by the cells. The results indicate that these poly(amidoamine)s have excellent properties as highly potent and non-toxic intracellular protein carriers, which should create opportunities for novel applications in protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Coué
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Fukuhara T, Tani H, Shiokawa M, Goto Y, Abe T, Taketomi A, Shirabe K, Maehara Y, Matsuura Y. Intracellular delivery of serum-derived hepatitis C virus. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:405-12. [PMID: 21262370 PMCID: PMC7129305 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A robust and reliable cell culture system for serum-derived HCV (HCVser) has not been established yet because of the presence of neutralizing antibody and tropism for infection. To overcome this obstacle, we employed a lipid-mediated protein intracellular delivery reagent (PIDR) that permits internalization of proteins into cells. Although entry of HCVcc was not enhanced by the treatment with PIDR, entry of HCVser into hepatoma cell lines (Huh7 and HepG2) and immortalized primary hepatocytes (Hc and HuS/E2) was significantly enhanced by the PIDR treatment. The entry of HCVser into Huh7 cells in the presence of PIDR was resistant to the neutralization by an anti-hCD81 antibody, suggesting that PIDR is capable of internalizing HCVser in a receptor-independent manner. Interestingly, the PIDR-mediated entry of HCVser and HCVcc was enhanced by the addition of sera from chronic hepatitis C patients but not from healthy donors. In addition, neutralization of HCVcc infection by anti-E2 antibody was canceled by the treatment with PIDR. In conclusion, the PIDR is a valuable tool to get over the obstacle of neutralizing antibodies to internalize HCV into cells and might be useful for the establishment of in vitro propagation HCVser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Marschall ALJ, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T, Schüngel M, Dübel S. Targeting antibodies to the cytoplasm. MAbs 2011; 3:3-16. [PMID: 21099369 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.1.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of research consortia are now focused on generating antibodies and recombinant antibody fragments that target the human proteome. A particularly valuable application for these binding molecules would be their use inside a living cell, e.g., for imaging or functional intervention. Animal-derived antibodies must be brought into the cell through the membrane, whereas the availability of the antibody genes from phage display systems allows intracellular expression. Here, the various technologies to target intracellular proteins with antibodies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L J Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Braunschweig, Germany
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Cationic lipid-mediated intracellular delivery of antibodies into live cells. Biotechniques 2008; 44:Pvii-Pxi. [DOI: 10.2144/000112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to introduce antibodies to live cells opens new insights to a wide range of applications, such as protein intracellular trafficking studies, protein interference studies with blocking antibodies, and live immunolabeling or protein phosphorylation states studies. Apart from single-chain format variable (scFv) antibodies, DNA transfection of eukaryotic cells is rarely used to produce antibodies in situ, mainly due to inappropriate folding of the antibody in the cytoplasm. Thus, the development of dedicated carriers is needed since antibodies, which are large, are unable to cross the plasma membrane by passive transport. As a result, intracellular delivery of antibodies represents a novel approach for cell biologists. For efficient antibody delivery, major hurdles such as crossing the plasma membrane and effective release of the antibody in the cytoplasm need to be overcome. We studied these two crucial steps using a dedicated delivery reagent in live cells and compared the results with immunocytochemistry experiments in fixed cells.
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