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Luna-Callejas B, Oropeza-Ramos L, Ramón-Gallegos E. Comparative genomic analysis of Mycoplasma related to cell culture for infB gene-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:355. [PMID: 37878143 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture affects the properties of cell lines. Gold standard detection by microbiological culture takes days and requires specialists. The polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are fast molecular options, but LAMP only requires one heating block for DNA amplification. This study presents a comparative genomic analysis of Mycoplasma species to identify common target genes different from the rrsA gene, which encodes 16 S rRNA. The aim is to implement a LAMP assay to detect Mycoplasma species, reducing the time and specialized equipment required for detection. We performed a comparative genomic analysis through Mauve software and the GView server and selected infB and clpB genes as target candidates for designing LAMP primers. We evaluated both genes by multiple sequence alignment (MSA). The infB gene presented the best score MSA assessment with lower odd-log values (5,480,281) than other genes. We selected the infB gene to design LAMP primers specific to Mycoplasma spp. We used these primers to implement LAMP at 63 °C for 30 min, which showed 100% positive amplifications for detecting Mycoplasma spp. In conclusion, we present a methodology utilizing the infB gene-based LAMP assay to detect three of the six most prevalent Mycoplasma species in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Luna-Callejas
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, México
- Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738, Mexico City, México
| | - Laura Oropeza-Ramos
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Eva Ramón-Gallegos
- Department of Morphology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738, Mexico City, México.
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Mansour NM, Balas EA, Yang FM, Vernon MM. Prevalence and Prevention of Reproducibility Deficiencies in Life Sciences Research: Large-Scale Meta-Analyses. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922016. [PMID: 32960878 PMCID: PMC7519945 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have found that many published life sciences research results are irreproducible. Our goal was to provide comprehensive risk estimates of familiar reproducibility deficiencies to support quality improvement in research. MATERIAL AND METHODS Reports included were peer-reviewed, published between 1980 and 2016, and presented frequency data of basic biomedical research deficiencies. Manual and electronic literature searches were performed in seven bibliographic databases. For deficiency concepts with at least four frequency studies and with a sample size of at least 15 units in each, a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Overall, 68 publications met our inclusion criteria. The study identified several major groups of research quality defects: study design, cell lines, statistical analysis, and reporting. In the study design group of 3 deficiencies, missing power calculation was the most frequent (82.3% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 69.9-94.6]). Among the 6 cell line deficiencies, mixed contamination was the most frequent (22.4% [95% CI: 10.4-34.3]). Among the 3 statistical analysis deficiencies, the use of chi-square test when expected cells frequency was <5 was the most prevalent (15.7% [95% CI: -3.2-34.7]). In the reporting group of 12 deficiencies, failure to state the number of tails was the most frequent (65% [95% CI: 39.3-90.8]). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study could serve as a general reference when consistently measurable sources of deficiencies need to be identified in research quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Mansour
- Biomedical Research Innovation Laboratory, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, U.S.A
- Department of Public Health, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E. Andrew Balas
- Biomedical Research Innovation Laboratory, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, U.S.A
| | | | - Marlo M. Vernon
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, U.S.A
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Baaity Z, Breunig S, Önder K, Somogyvári F. Direct qPCR is a sensitive approach to detect Mycoplasma contamination in U937 cell cultures. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:720. [PMID: 31675990 PMCID: PMC6823952 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to directly detect Mycoplasma DNA in a U937 suspension cell culture without using DNA purification. In order to make Mycoplasma contamination monitoring easier, we optimized a commercially available quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based detection kit. We compared the sensitivity of direct qPCR against qPCR with a purified DNA template. RESULTS Our findings indicate that qPCR worked optimally with a 6 μl sample volume and a 52 °C annealing-extension temperature. We were able to decrease the annealing-extension step time from 60 to 20 s without any major decrease in reaction sensitivity. The total cycle time of optimized direct qPCR was 65 min. The optimized qPCR protocol was used to detect Mycoplasma DNA before and after DNA purification. Our findings indicate that direct qPCR had a higher sensitivity than regular qPCR. Ct levels produced by direct qPCR with 6 μl templates were almost identical to Ct levels produced by regular qPCR with DNA purified from a 60 μl cell culture sample (23.42 vs 23.49 average Ct levels, respectively). The optimized direct qPCR protocol was successfully applied to monitor the elimination of Mycoplasma contamination from U937 cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Baaity
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm sq. 10., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Sven Breunig
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Breitwies 1, 5303, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Kamil Önder
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Breitwies 1, 5303, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm sq. 10., Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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Liu Y, Jiang W, Yang S, Hu J, Lu H, Han W, Wen J, Zeng Z, Qi J, Xu L, Zhou H, Sun H, Zu Y. Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma-Infected Cells by an ssDNA Aptamer Probe. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2028-2038. [PMID: 31403764 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are unique cell wall-free bacteria. Because they lack a cell wall and have resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, mycoplasma is the major pathogen that infects cultured cells in research laboratories. For rapid detection of mycoplasma-infected cells, we developed an ssDNA aptamer sequence composed of 40 nucleotides. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the synthetic aptamer probe selectively targeted mycoplasma-infected culture cells with high specificity identical to commercially available PCR-based assays. Additionally, fluorescent microscopy studies revealed that the aptamer probe rapidly stained mycoplasma-infected cells with higher sensitivity compared to Hoechst dye-mediated cellular DNA content stains. Moreover, confocal microscopy studies of trypsin-treated cells validated that the aptamer probes selectively targeted mycoplasma components on the surface of infected cells. Finally, preclinical studies of peripheral blood cells demonstrated that the aptamer probe was able to detect in vitro mycoplasma infection of primary lymphocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that the aptamer probe will not only allow rapid detection of mycoplasma-infected culture cells for research purposes but also provide a simple method to monitor mycoplasma infection in primary cell products for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shuanghui Yang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Haijun Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Hongguang Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Molla Kazemiha V, Azari S, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Amanzadeh A, Bonakdar S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R. Effectiveness of Plasmocure™ in Elimination of Mycoplasma Species from Contaminated Cell Cultures: A Comparative Study versus other Antibiotics. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:143-149. [PMID: 30825287 PMCID: PMC6397598 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Mycoplasmas spp. is among major contaminants of eukaryotic cell cultures. They cause a wide range of problems
associated with cell culture in biology research centers or biotechnological companies. Mycoplasmas are also resistant to
several antibiotics. Plasmocin™ has been used to treat cell lines but Plasmocin™-resistant strains have been reported.
InvivoGen has developed a new anti-Mycoplasma agent called Plasmocure™ in order to eliminate resistant Mycoplasma
contamination. The aim of this study was the selection of the best antibiotics for treatment of mycoplasma in cell cultures.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, a total of 100 different mammalian cell lines contaminated with different
Mycoplasma species were evaluated by microbiological culture (as the gold standard method), indirect DNA fluorochrome
staining, enzymatic (MycoAlert™), and universal or species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection methods.
In this study, animal and human cell lines available in National Cell Bank of Iran, were treated with Plasmocure™. The
treatment efficacy and cytotoxicity of Plasmocure™ were compared with those of commonly used antibiotics such as BM-
cyclin, Plasmocin™, MycoRAZOR™, sparfloxacin and enrofloxacin.
Results Plasmocure™ is comprised of two antibiotics that act through various mechanisms of action than those in
Plasmocin™. Two-week treatment with Plasmocure™ was enough to completely eliminate Mycoplasma spp. A moderate
toxicity was observed during Mycoplasma treatment with plasmocure™; But, after elimination of Mycoplasma, cells were
fully recovered. Mycoplasma infections were eliminated by Plasmocure™, BM-cyclin, Plasmocin™, MycoRAZOR™,
sparfloxacin and enrofloxacin. However, the outcome of the treatment process (i.e. the frequency of complete cure,
regrowth or cell death) varied among different antibiotics.
Conclusion The highest number of cured cell lines was achieved by using Plasmocure™ which also had the lowest
regrowth rate after a period of four months. As a conclusion; Plasmocure™ might be considered an effective antibiotic to treat
Mycoplasma infections in mammalian cell cultures especially for precious or vulnerable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahram Azari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Corral-Vázquez C, Aguilar-Quesada R, Catalina P, Lucena-Aguilar G, Ligero G, Miranda B, Carrillo-Ávila JA. Cell lines authentication and mycoplasma detection as minimun quality control of cell lines in biobanking. Cell Tissue Bank 2017; 18:271-280. [PMID: 28255773 PMCID: PMC5429902 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of continuous cell lines from human normal and tumor tissues is an extended and useful methodology for molecular characterization of cancer pathophysiology and drug development in research laboratories. The exchange of these cell lines between different labs is a common practice that can compromise assays reliability due to contamination with microorganism such as mycoplasma or cells from different flasks that compromise experiment reproducibility and reliability. Great proportions of cell lines are contaminated with mycoplasma and/or are replaced by cells derived for a different origin during processing or distribution process. The scientific community has underestimated this problem and thousand of research experiment has been done with cell lines that are incorrectly identified and wrong scientific conclusions have been published. Regular contamination and authentication tests are necessary in order to avoid negative consequences of widespread misidentified and contaminated cell lines. Cell banks generate, store and distribute cell lines for research, being mandatory a consistent and continuous quality program. Methods implementation for guaranteeing both, the absence of mycoplasma and authentication in the supplied cell lines, has been performed in the Andalusian Health System Biobank. Specifically, precise results were obtained using real time PCR detection for mycoplasma and 10 STRs identification by capillary electrophoresis for cell line authentication. Advantages and disadvantages of these protocols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corral-Vázquez
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - R Aguilar-Quesada
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - P Catalina
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - G Lucena-Aguilar
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - G Ligero
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - B Miranda
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - J A Carrillo-Ávila
- Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Avenida Del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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Molla Kazemiha V, Bonakdar S, Amanzadeh A, Azari S, Memarnejadian A, Shahbazi S, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R. Real-time PCR assay is superior to other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1063-80. [PMID: 25742733 PMCID: PMC4960155 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the most important contaminants of cell cultures throughout the world. They are considered as a major problem in biological studies and biopharmaceutical economic issues. In this study, our aim was to find the best standard technique as a rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Thirty cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by five different techniques including microbial culture, indirect DNA DAPI staining, enzymatic mycoalert(®) assay, conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Five mycoplasma-contaminated cell lines were assigned as positive controls and five mycoplasma-free cell lines as negative controls. The enzymatic method was performed using the mycoalert(®) mycoplasma detection kit. Real-time PCR technique was conducted by PromoKine diagnostic kits. In the conventional PCR method, mycoplasma genus-specific primers were designed to analyze the sequences based on a fixed and common region on 16S ribosomal RNA with PCR product size of 425 bp. Mycoplasma contamination was observed in 60, 56.66, 53.33, 46.66 and 33.33 % of 30 different cell cultures by real-time PCR, PCR, enzymatic mycoalert(®), indirect DNA DAPI staining and microbial culture methods, respectively. The analysis of the results of the different methods showed that the real-time PCR assay was superior the other methods with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive value of positive and negative results of 100 %. These values were 94.44, 100, 96.77, 100 and 92.85 % for the conventional PCR method, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that real-time PCR and PCR assays based on the common sequences in the 16S ribosomal RNA are reliable methods with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Azari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Falagan-Lotsch P, Lopes TS, Ferreira N, Balthazar N, Monteiro AM, Borojevic R, Granjeiro JM. Performance of PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays for mycoplasma detection. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 118:31-6. [PMID: 26296900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated eukaryotic cell cultures are frequently responsible for unreliable results. Regulatory entities request that cell cultures must be mycoplasma-free. Mycoplasma contamination remains a significant problem for cell cultures and may have an impact on biological analysis since they affect many cell parameters. The gold standard microbiological assay for mycoplasma detection involves laborious and time-consuming protocols. PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays have been considered for routine cell culture screening in research laboratories since they are fast, easy and sensitive. Thus, the aim of this work is to compare the performance of two popular commercial assays, PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays, by assessing the level of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures from Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank (RJCB) and also from customers' laboratories. The results obtained by both performed assays were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, we evaluated the limit of detection of the PCR kit under our laboratory conditions and the storage effects on mycoplasma detection in frozen cell culture supernatants. The performance of both assays for mycoplasma detection was not significantly different and they showed very good agreement. The Bioluminescent assay for mycoplasma detection was slightly more dependable than PCR-based due to the lack of inconclusive results produced by the first technique, especially considering the ability to detect mycoplasma contamination in frozen cell culture supernatants. However, cell lines should be precultured for four days or more without antibiotics to obtain safe results. On the other hand, a false negative result was obtained by using this biochemical approach. The implementation of fast and reliable mycoplasma testing methods is an important technical and regulatory issue and PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays may be good candidates. However, validation studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Falagan-Lotsch
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Talíria Silva Lopes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Nívea Ferreira
- Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Brazil Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Balthazar
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Antônio M Monteiro
- Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Brazil Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Radovan Borojevic
- Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Brazil Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
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