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Sabir U, Gu HM, Zhang DW. Extracellular matrix turnover: phytochemicals target and modulate the dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in liver fibrosis. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4932-4962. [PMID: 37461256 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) resolution by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a well-documented mechanism. MMPs play a dual and complex role in modulating ECM degradation at different stages of liver fibrosis, depending on the timing and levels of their expression. Increased MMP-1 combats disease progression by cleaving the fibrillar ECM. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) increase expression of MMP-2, -9, and -13 in different chemicals-induced animal models, which may alleviate or worsen disease progression based on animal models and the stage of liver fibrosis. In the early stage, elevated expression of certain MMPs may damage surrounding tissue and activate HSCs, promoting fibrosis progression. At the later stage, downregulation of MMPs can facilitate ECM accumulation and disease progression. A number of phytochemicals modulate MMP activity and ECM turnover, alleviating disease progression. However, the effects of phytochemicals on the expression of different MMPs are variable and may depend on the disease models and stage, and the dosage, timing and duration of phytochemicals used in each study. Here, we review the most recent advances in the role of MMPs in the effects of phytochemicals on liver fibrogenesis, which indicates that further studies are warranted to confirm and define the potential clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Sabir
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gäberlein K, Schröder SK, Nanda I, Steinlein C, Haaf T, Buhl EM, Sauvant P, Sapin V, Abergel A, Weiskirchen R. Genetic Characterization of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cell Line PAV-1. Cells 2023; 12:1603. [PMID: 37371073 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat hepatic stellate cell line PAV-1 was established two decades ago and proposed as a cellular model to study aspects of hepatic retinoic acid metabolism. This cell line exhibits a myofibroblast-like phenotype but also has the ability to store retinyl esters and synthesize retinoic acid from its precursor retinol. Importantly, when cultured with palmitic acid alone or in combination with retinol, the cells switch to a deactivated phenotype in which the proliferation and expression of profibrogenic marker genes are suppressed. Despite these interesting characteristics, the cell line has somehow fallen into oblivion. However, based on the fact that working with in vivo models is becoming increasingly complicated, genetically characterized established cell lines that mimic aspects of hepatic stellate cell biology are of fundamental value for biomedical research. To genetically characterize PAV-1 cells, we performed karyotype analysis using conventional chromosome analysis and multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY), which allowed us to identify numerical and specific chromosomal alteration in PAV-1 cells. In addition, we used a panel of 31 species-specific allelic variant sites to define a unique short tandem repeat (STR) profile for this cell line and performed bulk mRNA-sequencing, showing that PAV-1 cells express an abundance of genes specific for the proposed myofibroblastic phenotype. Finally, we used Rhodamine-Phalloidin staining and electron microscopy analysis, which showed that PAV-1 cells contain a robust intracellular network of filamentous actin and process typical ultrastructural features of hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Gäberlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claus Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Sauvant
- UMR CNRS 5248, CBMN, University Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
- Feed & Food Department, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Armand Abergel
- Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Medecine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Li X, Qi B, Zhang S, Li Y. Foodomics revealed the effects of ultrasonic extraction on the composition and nutrition of cactus fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica) seed oil. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 97:106459. [PMID: 37269692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cactus is a tropical fruit with a high nutritional value; however, little information is available regarding the comprehensive utilization of its byproducts. This study aimed to explore the composition and nutritional value of cactus fruit seed oil (CFO) and reveal the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction and traditional solvent extraction on oil quality. Foodomics analysis showed that CFO extracted using a traditional solvent is rich in linolenic acid (9c12cC18:2, 57.46 ± 0.84 %), α-tocopherol (20.01 ± 1.86 mg/100 g oil), and canolol (200.10 ± 1.21 μg/g). Compared to traditional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction can significantly increase the content of lipid concomitants in CFO, whereas excessive ultrasound intensity may lead to the oxidation of oils and the formation of free radicals. Analysis of the thermal properties showed that ultrasound had no effect on the crystallization or melting behavior of CFO. To further demonstrate the nutritional value of CFO, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lipid metabolism imbalance model was used. Lipidomics analysis showed that CFO significantly reduced the content of oxidized phospholipids stimulated by LPS and increased the content of highly bioactive metabolites such as ceramides, thus alleviating LPS-induced damage in C. elegans. Hence, CFO is a functional oil with high value, and ultrasound-assisted extraction is advocated. These findings provide new insights into the comprehensive utilization of cactus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Baokun Qi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Shi P, Liao K, Xu J, Wang Y, Xu S, Yan X. Eicosapentaenoic acid mitigates palmitic acid-induced heat shock response, inflammation and repair processes in fish intestine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:362-371. [PMID: 35421576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolic effects of fatty acids on fish intestine is critical to the substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in aquaculture. In this study, the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and palmitic acid (PA) on fish intestine were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. As the first step for in vitro study, an intestinal cell line (SPIF) was established from silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Thereafter, the effects of EPA and PA on cell viability, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and the expression of genes related to heat shock response, inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and degradation were examined in SPIF cells. Finally, these metabolic effects of EPA and PA on the intestine were examined in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Results showed that all tested fatty acids (PA, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) except EPA reduced SPIF viability to distinct degrees at the same concentrations. PA decreased SPIF viability accompanied by an increase in PGE2 level. Meanwhile, PA increased the expression of genes related to heat shock response (grp78, grp94, hsp70, and hsp90) and inflammation (nf-κb, il-1β, and cox2). Furthermore, PA reduced the expression of collagen type I (col1a1a and col1a1b) and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation-related gene mmp2, while up-regulating timp2 mRNA expression. In vivo, PA also increased hsp70, il-1β, and cox2 mRNA levels and limited the expression of collagen type I in the larval zebrafish intestine. Interestingly, the combination of EPA and PA partially recovered the PA-induced changes in cell viability, PGE2 production, and mRNA expression in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that PA may result in heat shock and inflammatory responses, as well as alter ECM formation and degradation in fish intestine, while EPA could at least partially mitigate these negative effects caused by PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Kai Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China.
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
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The Effects of Freshwater Clam ( Corbicula fluminea) Extract on Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6065168. [PMID: 34804181 PMCID: PMC8604581 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6065168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The extract of freshwater clams has been used to protect the body against liver diseases in traditional folk medicine. This study aims at investigating the effects of freshwater clam extract on activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), which are critical contributors to liver fibrosis. Methods The aHSCs used in this study were derived from hepatic stellate cells that were isolated and purified from the livers of male Wistar rats and then transformed into the activated phenotype by culturing on uncoated plastic dishes. Freshwater clam extract (CE) was collected after the outflow from the live freshwater clams in a water bath at 100°C for 60 min. The effects of CE on aHSCs were analyzed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, Oil Red O (ORO) staining, western blot, and real-time RT-PCR. Results The results indicated that CE suppressed the proliferation of aHSCs through G0/G1 cell cycle arrest by downregulating cyclin D1 and upregulating p27. The expression levels of a-SMA, collagen I, TGF-β, and TNF-α were inhibited in the CE-treated aHSCs. In addition, the CE treatment increased the lipid contents in aHSCs by promoting PPARγ expression. Furthermore, CE modulated the expression of ECM-related genes, i.e., by upregulating MMP-9 and downregulating TIMP-II. Conclusions These data revealed that CE could induce the deactivation of aHSCs. We therefore suggest that CE has potential as an adjuvant therapeutic agent against hepatic fibrosis.
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Kim HB, Won KJ, Kim DY, Kang HM, Lee HM. Stimulatory Effects of Paederia foetida Flower Absolute on the Skin Wound and Barrier Repair Activities of Keratinocytes. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000506. [PMID: 32889769 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paederia foetida (PF) has antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its biological activities on skin remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of PF flower absolute (PFFA) on skin wound healing- and skin barrier-linked responses in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). PFFA contained 23 components and increased the proliferation and sprout outgrowth of HaCaT cells and modestly increased migration. PFFA enhanced the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HaCaT cells, and upregulated type I and IV collagen synthesis and filaggrin (an epidermal barrier protein) expression in HaCaT cells. These findings suggest PFFA may promote skin wound repair by stimulating migratory and proliferative activities (probably through the AKT/MAPK pathway), collagen synthesis, and skin barrier repair by upregulating the expressions of filaggrin in epidermal keratinocytes. Therefore, PFFA may be useful for developing agents that enhance skin wound and barrier-repair functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Bin Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea.,National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, South Korea
| | - Kyung Jong Won
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Do Yoon Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Hye Min Kang
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, South Korea
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Niu X, Nong S, Gong J, Zhang X, Tang H, Zhou T, Li W. Research on promoting liver fibrosis injury by the targeted regulation of miR-202 for HGF to activate HSC. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 189:1295-1304. [PMID: 32270431 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is the primary cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs are associated with fibrotic processes in liver disorders, but the exact role of miR-202 is still unclear, and its related mechanisms are not fully understood. AIMS The aim of this research is to analyze the regarded regulation of miR-202 on HGF and its role in the pathological progress of liver fibrosis. METHODS In the present study, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-202 in serum of patients with liver fibrosis and to compare its expression in patients with different pathological stages. HGF was predicted to be the target gene of miR-202 by TargetScan and was verified by Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the regulatory effect of mir-202 on the mRNA and protein of HGF; effect of miR-202 on the expression of fibrosis factors α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), FSP1, and collagen was detected; effect of miR-202 on liver fibrosis in mice was detected by establishing CCL4-induced mouse model. RESULTS We found that the expression level of miR-202 in serum of patients with liver fibrosis was significantly higher than that of healthy people, and increased with the increase of fibrosis; miR-202 inhibited the expression level of mRNA and protein of HGF by combining with the 3'-UTR of HGF; the expression level of miR-202 significantly increased after hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were stimulated by AngII; the overexpression of miR-202 could up-regulate the expression of fibrotic factors α-SMA, FSP1, and collagen I. In addition, miR-202 up-regulated the expression of collagen I and collagen III in liver tissue of mice with liver fibrosis and promoted the progress of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS miR-202 could negatively regulate the expression of target gene HGF, activated HSC, and increased the expression levels of various fibrosis factors, and the pathological process of liver fibrosis injury was promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shirong Nong
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Viral Biology Guangzhou, Department of Biology, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Dong Z, Zhuang Q, Ning M, Wu S, Lu L, Wan X. Palmitic acid stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation through TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway in hepatic stellate cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:168. [PMID: 32309315 PMCID: PMC7154441 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays an important role in the development of NASH and fibrogenesis. However, the mechanisms involved in NLRP3 activation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of NLRP3 activation in HSCs and the role of NLPR3 inflammasome activation in HSCs on the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis. Methods Primary HSCs isolated from SD rats were incubated with palmitic acid and/or LPS, respectively. For in vivo animal experiment, 4-week-old SD rats were fed with high fat diet (HF-diet) for 12 weeks, SD rats were sacrificed at 0, 4, 8 and 12 w. In another group of animal experiment, 4-week-old SD rats were fed with HF-diet and a NLRP3 inhibitor (intraperitoneal injection of NLRP3 inhibitor glybenclamide 5 mg/kg, injected every 3 days) for 12 weeks. Liver tissue and serum were harvested. RT-PCR, WB, ELISA, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and signal molecules. Results Palmitic acid stimulated NLPR3 inflammasome activation and fibrotic phenotype change in primary HSCs, LPS sensitizes the response of HSCs to palmitic acid. TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway was involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in palmitic acid-exposed HSCs and HF diet-induced NASH. It is evident that administration of NLRP3 inhibitor reduced the development of NASH to liver fibrosis in the NASH rat model. Conclusions Palmitic acid stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway in HSCs. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HSCs exacerbates the development of NASH to liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Dong
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qian Zhuang
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Ning
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xinjian Wan
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Li X, Cao J, Bai X, Zhang F. Chemical composition and thermal properties of Tilapia oil extracted by different methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1503302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxin, China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xinpeng Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Ben-Harosh Y, Anosov M, Salem H, Yatchenko Y, Birk R. Pancreatic stellate cell activation is regulated by fatty acids and ER stress. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Deng J, Huang Y, Tao R, Fan X, Zhang H, Kong H, Song Q, Huang J. The expression of ETAR in liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:723-729. [PMID: 28812426 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1360451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the expression of endothelin receptors in liver diseases and discuss its role in the process of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the expressions of ETAR, ETBR and α-SMA in tissue samples using western blotting analysis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence was used to locate ETAR expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs), we calculated the percentage of positive cells and then analyzed its relation with clinical indexes. RESULTS According to the western blotting analysis, the expression of ETAR was high in hepatic hemangioma and liver cancer tissues and ETBR was highly expressed in cirrhosis tissues. The immunofluorescence results demonstrated that the expression of ETAR was elevated in hepatic hemangioma and liver cancer tissues. Moreover, ETAR expression was found in both HSCs and HSECs. Finally, the statistical analysis revealed that the number of positive ETAR cells was correlated with the clinical index platelets (PLT), alanine transaminase (ALT) and diameter of portal vein. CONCLUSION Endothelin receptors express differently in liver cirrhosis and liver cancer tissues and play a role in hepatic diseases by affecting HSCs and HSECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Deng
- a Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,b Department of Endocrinology Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Yu Huang
- c Department of Nephrology , The People's Hospital of Three Gorges University , Yichang , Hubei , China
| | - Ran Tao
- a Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Xiangxue Fan
- d Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Liaocheng People's Hospital , Liaocheng , Shandong , China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- a Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Hongyan Kong
- a Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Qiqing Song
- a Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- a Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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Palmitic acid elicits hepatic stellate cell activation through inflammasomes and hedgehog signaling. Life Sci 2017; 176:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang H, Sun Q, Xu T, Hong L, Fu R, Wu J, Ding J. Resveratrol attenuates the progress of liver fibrosis via the Akt/nuclear factor-κB pathways. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:224-30. [PMID: 26530037 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury that results in the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. It eventually leads to cirrhosis of the liver and liver failure, and it is a critical threat to the health and lives of patients with chronic liver diseases. No effective treatment is currently available. Resveratrol is a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti‑cancer and anti‑inflammatory properties. It has been reported that resveratrol prevents liver fibrosis, possibly by inhibiting NF‑κB activation. The present study investigated the mechanisms by which resveratrol prevented liver fibrosis, focusing on the possible involvement of the NF‑κB pathway. Mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‑induced liver fibrosis were treated with various concentrations of resveratrol. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α were detected by ELISAs. Expression of α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA), collagen I, inhibitor of NF‑κB (IκB) and NF‑κB were detected by western blot analysis. In addition, the present study examined the effects of resveratrol on the expression of fibrosis markers in LX‑2 cells. Western blot analysis was further used to detect the levels of Akt and phosphorylated Akt, as well as the nuclear levels of IκB, phosphorylated IκB and NF‑κB p65. The expression of α‑SMA in resveratrol‑treated LX‑2 cells was detected by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, which demonstrated that resveratrol decreased the expression of α‑SMA in LX‑2 cells. Resveratrol also decreased CCl4‑induced upregulation of serum AST, ALT, TNF‑α, α‑SMA and collagen I. Finally, resveratrol prevented the activation of NF‑κB and Akt. The results of the present study therefore indicated that resveratrol attenuates liver fibrosis via the Akt/NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
| | - Tingyan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
| | - Rongquan Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
| | - Jinguo Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
| | - Jiguang Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, P.R. China
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14
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Yanguas SC, Cogliati B, Willebrords J, Maes M, Colle I, van den Bossche B, de Oliveira CPMS, Andraus W, Alves VAF, Leclercq I, Vinken M. Experimental models of liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1025-1048. [PMID: 26047667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound healing response to insults and as such affects the entire world population. In industrialized countries, the main causes of liver fibrosis include alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis virus infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A central event in liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which is triggered by a plethora of signaling pathways. Liver fibrosis can progress into more severe stages, known as cirrhosis, when liver acini are substituted by nodules, and further to hepatocellular carcinoma. Considerable efforts are currently devoted to liver fibrosis research, not only with the goal of further elucidating the molecular mechanisms that drive this disease, but equally in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used in the field of experimental liver fibrosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Colle
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Bert van den Bossche
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | | | - Wellington Andraus
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratoire d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Dong H, Liu Y, Zou Y, Li C, Li L, Li X, Zhao X, Zhou L, Liu J, Niu Y. Alteration of the ERK5 pathway by hydroxysafflor yellow A blocks expression of MEF2C in activated hepatic stellate cells in vitro: Potential treatment for hepatic fibrogenesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 52:435-443. [PMID: 24192313 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.840850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Context: Hepatic fibrosis ultimately leads to cirrhosis if not treated effectively. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are a main mediator of hepatic fibrosis through the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Suppression activation of passaged HSC has been proposed as therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of hepatic fibrosis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an active chemical compound derived from the flowers of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae), on HSC inhibition, and to begin elucidating underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: Primary HSCs were isolated from rats by in situ pronase/collagenase perfusion. Culture-activated HSCs were treated with or without HSYA at 30 μM in the presence or absence of PD98059 for 48 h, and then cell proliferation was measured by MTS assays. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was quantified by polymerase chain reaction, and protein was quantified by Western blots or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: HSYA significantly inhibits culture-activated HSC proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 112.79 μM. HSYA (30 μM) induce the suppression of HSC activation, as indicated by decreases in contents of type I alpha collagen in HSC-cultured media and expression of α-smooth muscle actin protein in culture-activated HSC by 55 and 71%, respectively. HSYA (30 μM) also caused significant decreases in mRNA expression of type III alpha collagen in HSC by 28%. HSYA (30 μM) suppresses myocyte enhancer factor 2 C (MEF2C) expression both at its mRNA and protein levels by 60 and 61%, respectively. Further study demonstrated that HSYA (30 μM) caused significant decreases in p-ERK5 by 49%. Blocking extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) activity by XMD 8--92, an ERK5 inhibitor, markedly abrogated the inhibitive effects of HSYA on HSC activation, and blocked the HSYA-mediated MEF2C down-regulation. Conclusions: HSYA suppress HSC activation by ERK5-mediated MEF2C down-regulation and makes it a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Dong
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China and
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16
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Abstract
Immune and inflammatory pathways have a central role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to the development of NAFLD. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns are known to activate a variety of pattern-recognition receptors that result in inflammation. The key features of the immune system and inflammatory pathways in the development of NAFLD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Ganz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB208, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB208, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
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17
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Miura K, Yang L, van Rooijen N, Brenner DA, Ohnishi H, Seki E. Toll-like receptor 2 and palmitic acid cooperatively contribute to the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through inflammasome activation in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:577-89. [PMID: 22987396 PMCID: PMC3566276 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Innate immune signaling associated with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is a key pathway involved in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here we show that both TLR2 and palmitic acid are required for activation of the inflammasome, interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-1β, resulting in the progression of NASH. Wild-type (WT) and TLR2(-/-) mice were fed a choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet for 22 weeks to induce NASH. Bone marrow-transplanted TLR2 chimeric mice were generated after the recipient mice were lethally irradiated. Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated from WT mice and stimulated with TLR2 ligand and/or palmitic acid. WT mice on the CDAA diet developed profound steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. In contrast, TLR2(-/-) mice had suppressed progression of NASH. Although both Kupffer cells and HSCs respond to TLR2 ligand, TLR2 bone marrow chimeric mice demonstrated that Kupffer cells were relatively more important than HSCs in TLR2-mediated progression of NASH. In vitro, palmitic acid alone did not increase TLR2 signaling-target genes, including cytokines and inflammasome components in Kupffer cells and HSCs. The TLR2 ligand increased Nod-like receptor protein 3, an inflammasome component, in Kupffer cells but not in HSCs. In the presence of TLR2 ligand, palmitic acid did induce caspase-1 activation and release of IL-1α and IL-1β in Kupffer cells; however, these effects were not observed in HSCs. In vivo, WT mice on the CDAA diet showed increased caspase-1 activation in the liver and elevated serum levels of IL-1α and IL-1β levels, which were suppressed in TLR2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION TLR2 and palmitic acid cooperatively activate the inflammasome in Kupffer cells and/or macrophages in the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Miura
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093,Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo Akita-shi, Akita, Japan 010-8543
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo Akita-shi, Akita, Japan 010-8543
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
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18
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Sauvant P, Cansell M, Atgié C. Vitamin A and lipid metabolism: relationship between hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and adipocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:487-96. [PMID: 21626400 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol plays a major role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Retinyl palmitate remains the main chemical form of vitamin A storage and is mainly located in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in lipid droplets resembling those found in adipose cells. White adipose tissue (WAT), is essentially involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, through its role in lipid storage, and might also be considered as a vitamin A storage and metabolism site. WAT contains all the intracellular equipment for vitamin A metabolism and signaling pathways which allows retinol to be metabolized into retinoic acid, known to control genomic expression in WAT. The description of molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of HSCs and the differentiation of preadipocytes reveal similar cellular and molecular mechanisms. Indeed HSCs and adipocytes share a common expression of key transcription factors like PPAR-γ and RXR known to influence perilipin expression, which play fundamental roles in lipid droplet metabolism. Both cells are also sources of important endocrine signaling secretions influencing the expression of these transcription factors. The morphological and functional characteristics of HSCs and adipocytes, including the metabolism of vitamin A and other lipids and their related signaling pathways, are summarized and compared in this review. We highlight the complexity of the interrelationship between lipids and vitamin A metabolism and the role of the complex communication existing between HSCs and WAT in diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sauvant
- UMR 5248 CBMN Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy de St Hilaire, Pessac, Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Yao H, Pan J, Qian Y, Pei Z, Bader A, Brockmeyer NH, Altmeyer P, Zhang L. Enhanced effect of soluble transforming growth factor-beta receptor II and IFN-gamma fusion protein in reversing hepatic fibrosis. Eur J Med Res 2010; 15:152-61. [PMID: 20554496 PMCID: PMC3474166 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-4-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the in vivo anti-fibrotic effect of rat soluble transforming growth factor β receptor II (RsTβRII) and IFN-γ fusion protein (RsTβRII-IFN-γ) in rat hepatic fibrosis model. Methods Model rats were divided into five groups and treated i.m. for 8 weeks: 1) fibrotic model group (each rat, 100 μl of 0.9% NaCl day-1); 2) RsTβRII-IFN-γ treatment group (each rat, 0.136 mg· day-1); 3) IFN-γ treatment group (each rat, 7.5 MU· day-1); 4) RsTβRII treatment group (each rat, 0.048 mg· day-1); and 5) mixture of IFN-γ and RsTβRII treatment group (each rat, IFN-γ 7.5 MU· day-1+ RsTβRII 0.048 mg· day-1). After treatment, hepatic fibrogenesis was evaluated by histopathological analysis and measurement of collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGF-β1, TGF-βRII and their mRNA. Results Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time RT-PCR showed that RsTβRII-IFN-γ treatment significantly inhibited liver expression of collagen III, α-SMA, TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII at both protein and mRNA levels. Histopathological analysis also showed that the enhanced anti-fibrotic effects were achieved in model rats treated with RsTβRII-IFN-γ. Conclusion Our results confirmed that RsTβRII-IFN-γ has the enhanced effects in reversing hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
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20
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Rivera CA, Gaskin L, Allman M, Pang J, Brady K, Adegboyega P, Pruitt K. Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency enhances non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:52. [PMID: 20509914 PMCID: PMC2891617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we reported that mice deficient in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signalling were protected from diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Another member of the toll-like receptor family, TLR-2, has been shown to play a role in lipid trafficking via uptake of diacylated lipoproteins. However, a role for TLR-2 in NASH has not been elucidated. The objectives of the current study were to examine the influence of dietary fat quality and TLR-2 on NASH pathogenesis. METHODS Steatohepatitis was induced in male Db, C57BL/6 and TLR-2(-/-) mice by feeding an L-amino acid-defined diet that was deficient in methionine and choline (MCDD). Mice fed the base diet supplemented with methionine and choline (control diet; CD) were used as controls. To determine the role of fat quality, MCDD was enriched with polyunsaturated corn oil (PUFA) or coconut oil that is comprised mostly of saturated fat (SAFA); the total amount of each fat was 112.9 g/kg of diet. After 8 weeks of feeding CD or MCDD, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and necrosis were evaluated in histological sections. Total RNA was extracted from frozen liver samples and mRNA expression of TNFalpha, collagen alpha1, IL-10, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), TLR-4, and CD14, was analyzed via real-time PCR. Protein levels of TLR-2 were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS Panlobular macrovessicular steatosis and diffuse leukocyte infiltration were noted in PUFA-fed Db mice. Histological scores demonstrated significantly less steatosis, inflammation and necrosis in SAFA-fed mice of all mouse strains. However, compared to wild type mice, hepatocellular damage was notably more severe in TLR-2(-/-) mice. Consistent with histological findings, mRNA expression of TNFalpha was elevated by approximately 3-fold in TLR-2(-/-) mice; PPAR-gamma expression was blunted in this strain compared to wild type. Expression of the matrix protein collagen alphaI was also significantly higher in TLR-2(-/-) mice, indicating a pro-fibrogenic state. Sensitivity to steatohepatitis due to dietary fat or TLR-2 deficiency correlated significantly with alterations in the expression of TLR-4 as well as the co-receptor CD-14. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dietary saturated fat plays a protective role against MCDD-induced steatohepatitis, whereas TLR-2 deficiency exacerbated NASH. The mechanism underlying the response to dietary fat and TLR-2 likely involves altered signalling via the TLR-4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Rivera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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21
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Allman M, Gaskin L, Rivera CA. CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice fed a Western diet is associated with blunted healing. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:635-43. [PMID: 20370733 PMCID: PMC2953717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Feeding a Western diet (WD) enriched in saturated fat protects against chronic alcoholic hepatitis. However, saturated fat induces lipotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the influence of WD on acute hepatic injury and healing. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a purified control diet (CD) or WD enriched in palmitate and cholesterol. After 3 weeks, carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) was administered (0.1 microL/g, intraperitoneally). Hepatic inflammation and proliferation were assessed by immunostaining for neutrophils and intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and Ki67, respectively. Cytokine expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS Feeding a WD resulted in markedly greater histological evidence of necrosis and enhanced alanine aminotransferase activity (188 +/- 6.2 U/L) compared to CD-fed mice (99.1 +/- 6.3 U/L) by day 2 post-CCl(4). In contrast, WD blunted leukocyte accumulation in necrotic areas and the expression of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) involved in tissue regeneration. Diminished repair was further indexed by lower collagen-alphaI and Ki67 expression in the mice fed a WD. Finally, feeding a WD, as well as the treatment of cultured hepatocytes with palmitic acid, upregulated the expression of PPAR-gamma, which has been previously shown to prevent hepatic repair following CCl(4) exposure. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that impaired healing in WD-fed mice blunted recovery from acute injury and underscored the complex relationship between diet and hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chantal A. Rivera
- Send all correspondence to: Chantal A. Rivera, Ph.D., LSU Health Sciences Center, Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, Phone: 011 318-675-8140, Fax: 318-675-4217,
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22
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Wobser H, Dorn C, Weiss TS, Amann T, Bollheimer C, Büttner R, Schölmerich J, Hellerbrand C. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induces fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells. Cell Res 2009; 19:996-1005. [PMID: 19546889 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial belief that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a benign disorder, it is now recognized that fibrosis progression occurs in a significant number of patients. Furthermore, hepatic steatosis has been identified as a risk factor for the progression of hepatic fibrosis in a wide range of other liver diseases. Here, we established an in vitro model to study the effect of hepatic lipid accumulation on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the central mediators of liver fibrogenesis. Primary human hepatocytes were incubated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate to induce intracellular lipid accumulation. Subsequently, human HSCs were incubated with conditioned media (CM) from steatotic or control hepatocytes. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induced the release of factors that accelerated the activation and proliferation of HSC, and enhanced their resistance to apoptosis, largely mediated via activation of the PI-3-kinase pathway. Furthermore, CM from steatotic hepatocytes induced the expression of the profibrogenic genes TGF-beta, tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinase-1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2 and matrix-metallo-proteinase-2, as well as nuclear-factor kappaB-dependent MCP-1 expression in HSC. In summary, our in vitro data indicate a potential mechanism for the pathophysiological link between hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis in vivo. Herewith, this study provides an attractive in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms of steatosis-induced fibrogenesis, and to identify and test novel targets for antifibrotic therapies in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Wobser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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23
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Hawinkels LJAC, Verspaget HW, van der Reijden JJ, van der Zon JM, Verheijen JH, Hommes DW, Lamers CBHW, Sier CFM. Active TGF-beta1 correlates with myofibroblasts and malignancy in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:663-70. [PMID: 19462508 PMCID: PMC11158318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a cytokine involved in various stages of cancer, is produced as a latent complex and requires processing to become active. We have determined total and active TGF-beta1 levels in homogenates of colorectal neoplasia. In contrast to total TGF-b levels, showing a stepwise increase in the mucosa-adenoma-carcinoma sequence, active TGF-beta1 levels are increased only in carcinomas but not in premalignant adenomas. Furthermore, solely active TGF-beta1 levels are associated with the stage of the carcinomas and worse patient prognosis. Active TGF-beta1 levels correlated significantly with plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and several matrix-remodeling proteinases. Interestingly, SMA levels are also significantly increased in colorectal carcinomas but not in adenomas, suggesting that despite the enhanced total TGF-beta1 levels, myofibroblast accumulation is not (yet) occurring in these premalignant neoplasias. The correlation between active TGF-beta1 and SMA expression in tumors indicates that tumor-promoting myofibroblasts might arise as a result of increased TGF-beta1 activation. These data underline the significance of the interaction between malignant cells and (myo)-fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, modulating the biologic behavior of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Maubach G, Lim MCC, Zhuo L. Nuclear cathepsin F regulates activation markers in rat hepatic stellate cells. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4238-48. [PMID: 18667530 PMCID: PMC2555962 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis is a major event facilitating an increase in extracellular matrix deposition. The up-regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin and collagen type I is indicative of the activation process. The involvement of cysteine cathepsins, a class of lysosomal cysteine proteases, has not been studied in conjunction with the activation process of hepatic stellate cells. Here we report a nuclear cysteine protease activity partially attributed to cathepsin F, which co-localizes with nuclear speckles. This activity can be regulated by treatment with retinol/palmitic acid, known to reduce the hepatic stellate cell activation. The treatment for 48 h leads to a decrease in activity, which is coupled to an increase in cystatin B and C transcripts. Cystatin B knockdown experiments during the same treatment confirm the regulation of the nuclear activity by cystatin B. We demonstrate further that the inhibition of the nuclear activity by E-64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor, results in a differential regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin and collagen type I transcripts. On the other hand, cathepsin F small interfering RNA transfection leads to a decrease in nuclear activity and a transcriptional down-regulation of both activation markers. These findings indicate a possible link between nuclear cathepsin F activity and the transcriptional regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| | - Michelle Chin Chia Lim
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| | - Lang Zhuo
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
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25
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Li L, Zhao XY, Wang BE. Down-regulation of transforming growth factor β1/activin receptor-like kinase 1 pathway gene expression by herbal compound 861 is related to deactivation of LX-2 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2894-9. [PMID: 18473417 PMCID: PMC2710734 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of herbal compound 861 (Cpd861) on the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1)/activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1, type I receptor) signaling-pathway-related gene expression in the LX-2 cell line, and the inhibitory mechanism of Cpd861 on the activation of LX-2 cells.
METHODS: LX-2 cells were treated with TGFβ1 (5 ng/mL) Cpd861 (0.1 mg/mL), TGFβ1 (5 ng/mL) plus Cpd861 (5 ng/mL) for 24 h to investigate the effect of Cpd861 on the TGFβ1/ALK1 pathway. Real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression of α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin), ALK1, Id1 (inhibitor of differentiation 1). Western blotting was carried out to measure the levels of α-SMA and phosphorylated Smad1, and immunocytochemical analysis for the expression of α-SMA.
RESULTS: In LX-2 cells, TGFβ1/ALK1-pathway-related gene expression could be stimulated by TGFβ1, which led to excessive activation of the cells. Cpd861 decreased the activation of LX-2 cells by reducing the expression of α-SMA mRNA and protein expression. This effect was related to inhibition of the above TGFβ1/ALK1-pathway-related expression of genes such as Id1 and ALK1, and phosphorylation of Smad1 in LX-2 cells, even with TGFβ1 co-treatment for 24 h.
CONCLUSION: Cpd861 can restrain the activation of LX-2 cells by inhibiting the TGFβ1/ALK1/Smad1 pathway.
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Chávez E, Reyes-Gordillo K, Segovia J, Shibayama M, Tsutsumi V, Vergara P, Moreno MG, Muriel P. Resveratrol prevents fibrosis, NF-kappaB activation and TGF-beta increases induced by chronic CCl4 treatment in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:35-43. [PMID: 17429801 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a nonflavonoid polyphenol with antioxidant, anticancer and antiinflammatory properties. Moreover, it has been reported that this compound inhibits NF-kappaB, which regulates the transcription of several genes including cytokines such as the profibrogenic TGF-beta. The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological effects of resveratrol on CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis in the rat. Four groups were formed: the control group that received the vehicles only; the CCl(4) group that received the toxin (0.4 g kg(-1), i.p., three times a week, for 8 weeks); the CCl(4) plus resveratrol (10 mg kg(-1), daily) group; and the resveratrol alone group. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubins were increased by CCl(4), but resveratrol afforded some degree of protection. Glycogen was decreased markedly by CCl(4) and resveratrol prevented almost completely this effect. No antioxidant effect of resveratrol was observed. One of the most prominent effects was on fibrosis which increased near 5-fold (hydroxyproline) in the CCl(4) group; resveratrol preserved the content of collagen. These results were corroborated by histopathology. To elucidate the antifibrogenic mechanism of resveratrol, the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of TGF-beta were measured; in both cases CCl(4) increased them and resveratrol abolished them; however, changes in NF-kappaB were modest and did not reach statistical significance, while the increase in TGF-beta was about three fold and resveratrol decreased it under control values. Together, the present results indicate that resveratrol possesses a strong antifibrogenic effect at least in the CCl(4) model of cirrhosis. Moreover, the action mechanism is probably associated with its ability to reduce NF-kappaB activation and TGF-beta content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Chávez
- Sección Externa de Farmacología, Cinvestav-IPN, Apdo Postal 14-740, México 07000, D.F. México
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