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Xu T, Herkens L, Jia T, Klinkhammer BM, Kant S, Krusche CA, Buhl EM, Hayat S, Floege J, Strnad P, Kramann R, Djudjaj S, Boor P. The role of desmoglein-2 in kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024; 105:1035-1048. [PMID: 38395410 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Desmosomes are multi-protein cell-cell adhesion structures supporting cell stability and mechanical stress resilience of tissues, best described in skin and heart. The kidney is exposed to various mechanical stimuli and stress, yet little is known about kidney desmosomes. In healthy kidneys, we found desmosomal proteins located at the apical-junctional complex in tubular epithelial cells. In four different animal models and patient biopsies with various kidney diseases, desmosomal components were significantly upregulated and partly miss-localized outside of the apical-junctional complexes along the whole lateral tubular epithelial cell membrane. The most upregulated component was desmoglein-2 (Dsg2). Mice with constitutive tubular epithelial cell-specific deletion of Dsg2 developed normally, and other desmosomal components were not altered in these mice. When challenged with different types of tubular epithelial cell injury (unilateral ureteral obstruction, ischemia-reperfusion, and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine crystal nephropathy), we found increased tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, proliferation, tubular atrophy, and inflammation compared to wild-type mice in all models and time points. In vitro, silencing DSG2 via siRNA weakened cell-cell adhesion in HK-2 cells and increased cell death. Thus, our data show a prominent upregulation of desmosomal components in tubular cells across species and diseases and suggest a protective role of Dsg2 against various injurious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Airforce Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lea Herkens
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ting Jia
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Sebastian Kant
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia A Krusche
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Moellmann J, Krueger K, Wong DWL, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM, Dehairs J, Swinnen JV, Noels H, Jankowski J, Lebherz C, Boor P, Marx N, Lehrke M. 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine-induced nephropathy causes hexosylceramide accumulation with increased mTOR signaling, reduced levels of protective SirT3 expression and impaired renal mitochondrial function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166825. [PMID: 37536502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by increased cardiovascular risk and heart failure (HF). In rodents, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA)-induced nephropathy is a frequently used CKD model. Cardiac and kidney tubular cells share high energy demand to guarantee constant contractive force of the heart or reabsorption/secretion of primary filtrated molecules and waste products by the kidney. Here we analyze time-dependent mechanisms of kidney damage and cardiac consequences under consideration of energetic pathways with the focus on mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS CKD was induced by alternating dietary adenine supplementation (0.2 % or 0.05 % of adenine) in C57BL/6J mice for 9 weeks. Progressive kidney damage led to reduced creatinine clearance, kidney fibrosis and renal inflammation after 3, 6, and 9 weeks. No difference in cardiac function, mitochondrial respiration nor left ventricular fibrosis was observed at any time point. Investigating mechanisms of renal damage, protective SirT3 was decreased in CKD, which contrasted an increase in protein kinase B (AKT) expression, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) downstream signaling, induction of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This occurred together with impaired renal mitochondrial function and accumulation of hexosylceramides (HexCer) as an established mediator of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS 2,8-DHA-induced CKD results in renal activation of the mTOR downstream signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, tubular injury, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and impaired kidney mitochondrial function in conjunction with renal hexosylceramide accumulation in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moellmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Krueger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dickson W L Wong
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI - Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Lebherz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Gäberlein K, Schröder SK, Nanda I, Steinlein C, Haaf T, Buhl EM, Sauvant P, Sapin V, Abergel A, Weiskirchen R. Genetic Characterization of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cell Line PAV-1. Cells 2023; 12:1603. [PMID: 37371073 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat hepatic stellate cell line PAV-1 was established two decades ago and proposed as a cellular model to study aspects of hepatic retinoic acid metabolism. This cell line exhibits a myofibroblast-like phenotype but also has the ability to store retinyl esters and synthesize retinoic acid from its precursor retinol. Importantly, when cultured with palmitic acid alone or in combination with retinol, the cells switch to a deactivated phenotype in which the proliferation and expression of profibrogenic marker genes are suppressed. Despite these interesting characteristics, the cell line has somehow fallen into oblivion. However, based on the fact that working with in vivo models is becoming increasingly complicated, genetically characterized established cell lines that mimic aspects of hepatic stellate cell biology are of fundamental value for biomedical research. To genetically characterize PAV-1 cells, we performed karyotype analysis using conventional chromosome analysis and multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY), which allowed us to identify numerical and specific chromosomal alteration in PAV-1 cells. In addition, we used a panel of 31 species-specific allelic variant sites to define a unique short tandem repeat (STR) profile for this cell line and performed bulk mRNA-sequencing, showing that PAV-1 cells express an abundance of genes specific for the proposed myofibroblastic phenotype. Finally, we used Rhodamine-Phalloidin staining and electron microscopy analysis, which showed that PAV-1 cells contain a robust intracellular network of filamentous actin and process typical ultrastructural features of hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Gäberlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claus Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Sauvant
- UMR CNRS 5248, CBMN, University Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
- Feed & Food Department, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Team "Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair", Institute Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Armand Abergel
- Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Medecine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Ermert K, Buhl EM, Klinkhammer BM, Floege J, Boor P. Reduction of Endothelial Glycocalyx on Peritubular Capillaries in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:138-147. [PMID: 36414084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), peritubular capillaries undergo anatomic and functional alterations, such as rarefaction and increased permeability. The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a carbohydrate-rich gel-like mesh, which covers the luminal surface of endothelial cells. It is involved in many regulatory functions of the endothelium, including vascular permeability. Herein, we investigated ultrastructural alterations of the EG in different murine CKD models. Fluorescence staining using different lectins with high affinity to components of the renal glycocalyx revealed a reduced binding to the endothelium in CKD in the animal models, and there were similar finding in human kidney specimens. Lanthanum Dysprosium Glycosamino Glycan adhesion staining technique was used to visualize the ultrastructure of the glycocalyx in transmission electron microscopy. This also enabled quantitative analyses, showing a significant reduction of the EG thickness and density. In addition, mRNA expression of proteins involved in glycocalyx biology, synthesis, and turnover (ie, syndecan 1 and glypican 1), which are main components of the glycocalyx, and exostosin 2, involved in the synthesis of the glycocalyx, were significantly up-regulated in endothelial cells isolated from murine CKD models. Visualization of glycocalyx using specific transmission electron microscopy analyses allows qualitative and quantitative analyses and revealed significant pathologic alterations in peritubular capillaries in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ermert
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Xu Y, Kuppe C, Perales-Patón J, Hayat S, Kranz J, Abdallah AT, Nagai J, Li Z, Peisker F, Saritas T, Halder M, Menzel S, Hoeft K, Kenter A, Kim H, van Roeyen CRC, Lehrke M, Moellmann J, Speer T, Buhl EM, Hoogenboezem R, Boor P, Jansen J, Knopp C, Kurth I, Smeets B, Bindels E, Reinders MEJ, Baan C, Gribnau J, Hoorn EJ, Steffens J, Huber TB, Costa I, Floege J, Schneider RK, Saez-Rodriguez J, Freedman BS, Kramann R. Adult human kidney organoids originate from CD24 + cells and represent an advanced model for adult polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1690-1701. [PMID: 36303074 PMCID: PMC7613830 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adult kidney organoids have been described as strictly tubular epithelia and termed tubuloids. While the cellular origin of tubuloids has remained elusive, here we report that they originate from a distinct CD24+ epithelial subpopulation. Long-term-cultured CD24+ cell-derived tubuloids represent a functional human kidney tubule. We show that kidney tubuloids can be used to model the most common inherited kidney disease, namely autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), reconstituting the phenotypic hallmark of this disease with cyst formation. Single-cell RNA sequencing of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited PKD1- and PKD2-knockout tubuloids and human ADPKD and control tissue shows similarities in upregulation of disease-driving genes. Furthermore, in a proof of concept, we demonstrate that tolvaptan, the only approved drug for ADPKD, has a significant effect on cyst size in tubuloids but no effect on a pluripotent stem cell-derived model. Thus, tubuloids are derived from a tubular epithelial subpopulation and represent an advanced system for ADPKD disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxian Xu
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Javier Perales-Patón
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kranz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Ali T Abdallah
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - James Nagai
- Institute of Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhijian Li
- Institute of Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Peisker
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maurice Halder
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Menzel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Hoeft
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annegien Kenter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Moellmann
- Department of Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Homburg, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Remco Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cordula Knopp
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bart Smeets
- Department of Pathology, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies E J Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Steffens
- Department of Urology, St Antonius Hospital, Eschweiler, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Costa
- Institute of Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering (Adjunct), and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology (Adjunct), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Nanda I, Schröder SK, Steinlein C, Haaf T, Buhl EM, Grimm DG, Weiskirchen R. Rat Hepatic Stellate Cell Line CFSC-2G: Genetic Markers and Short Tandem Repeat Profile Useful for Cell Line Authentication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182900. [PMID: 36139474 PMCID: PMC9497204 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are also known as lipocytes, fat-storing cells, perisinusoidal cells, or Ito cells. These liver-specific mesenchymal cells represent about 5% to 8% of all liver cells, playing a key role in maintaining the microenvironment of the hepatic sinusoid. Upon chronic liver injury or in primary culture, these cells become activated and transdifferentiate into a contractile phenotype, i.e., the myofibroblast, capable of producing and secreting large quantities of extracellular matrix compounds. Based on their central role in the initiation and progression of chronic liver diseases, cultured HSCs are valuable in vitro tools to study molecular and cellular aspects of liver diseases. However, the isolation of these cells requires special equipment, trained personnel, and in some cases needs approval from respective authorities. To overcome these limitations, several immortalized HSC lines were established. One of these cell lines is CFSC, which was originally established from cirrhotic rat livers induced by carbon tetrachloride. First introduced in 1991, this cell line and derivatives thereof (i.e., CFSC-2G, CFSC-3H, CFSC-5H, and CFSC-8B) are now used in many laboratories as an established in vitro HSC model. We here describe molecular features that are suitable for cell authentication. Importantly, chromosome banding and multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis demonstrate that the CFSC-2G genome has accumulated extensive chromosome rearrangements and most chromosomes exist in multiple copies producing a pseudo-triploid karyotype. Furthermore, our study documents a defined short tandem repeat (STR) profile including 31 species-specific markers, and a list of genes expressed in CFSC-2G established by bulk mRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claus Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva M. Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Domink G. Grimm
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability & Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Technical University of Munich, D-94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-808-8683
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7
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Nanda I, Steinlein C, Haaf T, Buhl EM, Grimm DG, Friedman SL, Meurer SK, Schröder SK, Weiskirchen R. Genetic Characterization of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cell Line HSC-T6 for In Vitro Cell Line Authentication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111783. [PMID: 35681478 PMCID: PMC9179542 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immortalized hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) established from mouse, rat, and humans are valuable in vitro models for the biomedical investigation of liver biology. These cell lines are homogenous, thereby providing consistent and reproducible results. They grow more robustly than primary HSCs and provide an unlimited supply of proteins or nucleic acids for biochemical studies. Moreover, they can overcome ethical concerns associated with the use of animal and human tissue and allow for fostering of the 3R principle of replacement, reduction, and refinement proposed in 1959 by William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch. Nevertheless, working with continuous cell lines also has some disadvantages. In particular, there are ample examples in which genetic drift and cell misidentification has led to invalid data. Therefore, many journals and granting agencies now recommend proper cell line authentication. We herein describe the genetic characterization of the rat HSC line HSC-T6, which was introduced as a new in vitro model for the study of retinoid metabolism. The consensus chromosome markers, outlined primarily through multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY), demonstrate that apart from the large derivative chromosome 1 (RNO1), at least two additional chromosomes (RNO4 and RNO7) are found to be in three copies in all metaphases. Additionally, we have defined a short tandem repeat (STR) profile for HSC-T6, including 31 species-specific markers. The typical features of these cells have been further determined by electron microscopy, Western blotting, and Rhodamine-Phalloidin staining. Finally, we have analyzed the transcriptome of HSC-T6 cells by mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq) using next generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (I.N.); (C.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Claus Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (I.N.); (C.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (I.N.); (C.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Eva M. Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Domink G. Grimm
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich & Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, D-94315 Straubing, Germany;
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Steffen K. Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.M.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.M.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.M.); (S.K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-8088683
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8
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Afrizal A, Hitch TCA, Viehof A, Treichel N, Riedel T, Abt B, Buhl EM, Kohlheyer D, Overmann J, Clavel T. Anaerobic single-cell dispensing facilitates the cultivation of human gut bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3861-3881. [PMID: 35233904 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation via classical agar plate (CAP) approaches is widely used to study microbial communities, but they are time-consuming. An alternative approach is the application of single-cell dispensing (SCD), which allows high-throughput, label-free sorting of microscopic particles. We aimed to develop a new anaerobic SCD workflow to cultivate human gut bacteria and compared it with CAP using faecal communities on three rich culture media. We found that the SCD approach significantly decreased the experimental time to obtain pure cultures from 17 ± 4 to 5 ± 0 days, while the isolate diversity and relative abundance coverage were comparable for both approaches. We further tested the total captured fraction by sequencing the sorted bacteria directly after growth as bulk biomass from 2400 dispensed single cells without downstream identification of individual strains. In this approach, the cultured fraction increased from 35.2% to 52.2% for SCD, highlighting the potential for deeper cultivation projects from single samples. SCD-based cultivation also captured species not detected by sequencing (16 ± 5 per sample, including seven novel taxa). From this work, 82 human gut bacterial species across five phyla (Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Desulfobacterota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) and 24 families were obtained, including the first cultured member of 11 novel genera and 10 novel species that were fully characterized taxonomically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrizal Afrizal
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina Viehof
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Treichel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedel
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birte Abt
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dietrich Kohlheyer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Aachener Verfahrenstechnik (AVT-MSB), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Strieder T, Puelles VG, Vogt M, Buhl EM, Saritas T, Hausmann R, Sterzer V, Leuchtle K, Boor P, Floege J, Moeller MJ, Stamellou E. Effects of Perfusion Pressures on Podocyte Loss in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Kidney. Cell Physiol Biochem 2021; 55:1-12. [PMID: 33851800 DOI: 10.33594/000000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Podocytes are lost in most glomerular diseases, leading to glomerulosclerosis and progressive kidney disease. It is generally assumed, that podocytes are exposed to the filtration flow and thus to significant shear forces driving their detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). In this context, foot process effacement has been proposed as potential adaptive response to increase adhesion of podocytes to the GBM. METHODS We have tested these hypotheses using optical clearing and high-resolution 3-dimensional morphometric analysis in the isolated perfused murine kidney. We investigated the dynamics of podocyte detachment at different perfusion pressures (50, 300 and more than 450 mmHg) in healthy young or old mice (20 vs. 71 weeks of age), or mice injected with anti-GBM serum to induce global foot process effacement. RESULTS Results show that healthy podocytes in young mice are tightly attached onto the GBM and even supramaximal pressures did not cause significant detachment. Compared to young mice, in aged mice and mice with anti-GBM nephritis and foot process effacement, gradual progressive loss of podocytes had occurred already before perfusion. High perfusion pressures resulted in a relatively minor additional loss of podocytes in aged mice. In mice with anti-GBM nephritis significant additional podocyte loss occurred at this early time point when increasing perfusion pressures to 300 mmHg or higher. CONCLUSION This work provides the first experimental evidence that podocytes are extraordinarily resistant to acutely increased perfusion pressures in an ex vivo isolated kidney perfusion model. Only in glomerular disease, significant numbers of injured podocytes detached following acute increases in perfusion pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Strieder
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Vogt
- Core Facility "Two-Photon Imaging" IZKF Aachen, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Hausmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Viktor Sterzer
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Leuchtle
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,
| | - Eleni Stamellou
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany, .,Institute of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Wong DWL, Klinkhammer BM, Djudjaj S, Villwock S, Timm MC, Buhl EM, Wucherpfennig S, Cacchi C, Braunschweig T, Knüchel-Clarke R, Jonigk D, Werlein C, Bülow RD, Dahl E, von Stillfried S, Boor P. Multisystemic Cellular Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies of COVID-19 Patients. Cells 2021; 10:1900. [PMID: 34440669 PMCID: PMC8394956 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiorgan tropism of SARS-CoV-2 has previously been shown for several major organs. We have comprehensively analyzed 25 different formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues/organs from autopsies of fatal COVID-19 cases (n = 8), using histopathological assessment, detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using polymerase chain reaction and RNA in situ hybridization, viral protein using immunohistochemistry, and virus particles using transmission electron microscopy. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was mainly localized in epithelial cells across all organs. Next to lung, trachea, kidney, heart, or liver, viral RNA was also found in tonsils, salivary glands, oropharynx, thyroid, adrenal gland, testicles, prostate, ovaries, small bowel, lymph nodes, skin and skeletal muscle. Viral RNA was predominantly found in cells expressing ACE2, TMPRSS2, or both. The SARS-CoV-2 replicating RNA was also detected in these organs. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were not suitable for reliable and specific SARS-CoV-2 detection in autopsies. These findings were validated using in situ hybridization on external COVID-19 autopsy samples (n = 9). Apart from the lung, correlation of viral detection and histopathological assessment did not reveal any specific alterations that could be attributed to SARS-CoV-2. In summary, SARS-CoV-2 and its replication could be observed across all organ systems, which co-localizes with ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mainly in epithelial but also in mesenchymal and endothelial cells. Apart from the respiratory tract, no specific (histo-)morphologic alterations could be assigned to the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson W. L. Wong
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Barbara M. Klinkhammer
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Sophia Villwock
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - M. Cherelle Timm
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Eva M. Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Wucherpfennig
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Claudio Cacchi
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Till Braunschweig
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Ruth Knüchel-Clarke
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Roman D. Bülow
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Edgar Dahl
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.W.L.W.); (B.M.K.); (S.D.); (S.V.); (M.C.T.); (E.M.B.); (S.W.); (C.C.); (T.B.); (R.K.-C.); (R.D.B.); (E.D.)
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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11
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von Stillfried S, Villwock S, Bülow RD, Djudjaj S, Buhl EM, Maurer A, Ortiz‐Brüchle N, Celec P, Klinkhammer BM, Wong DW, Cacchi C, Braunschweig T, Knüchel‐Clarke R, Dahl E, Boor P. SARS-CoV-2 RNA screening in routine pathology specimens. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1627-1641. [PMID: 33993637 PMCID: PMC8209898 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus detection methods are important to cope with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. Apart from the lung, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in multiple organs in severe cases. Less is known on organ tropism in patients developing mild or no symptoms, and some of such patients might be missed in symptom-indicated swab testing. Here, we tested and validated several approaches and selected the most reliable RT-PCR protocol for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients' routine diagnostic formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens available in pathology, to assess (i) organ tropism in samples from COVID-19-positive patients, (ii) unrecognized cases in selected tissues from negative or not-tested patients during a pandemic peak, and (iii) retrospectively, pre-pandemic lung samples. We identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA in seven samples from confirmed COVID-19 patients, in two gastric biopsies, one small bowel and one colon resection, one lung biopsy, one pleural resection and one pleural effusion specimen, while all other specimens were negative. In the pandemic peak cohort, we identified one previously unrecognized COVID-19 case in tonsillectomy samples. All pre-pandemic lung samples were negative. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in FFPE pathology specimens can potentially improve surveillance of COVID-19, allow retrospective studies, and advance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 organ tropism and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Villwock
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Roman D. Bülow
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Eva M. Buhl
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
- Electron Microscopy FacilityRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Angela Maurer
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | | | - Peter Celec
- Institute of VirologyBiomedical Research CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
- Institute of PathophysiologyFaculty of MedicineComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of Natural SciencesComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
| | | | | | - Claudio Cacchi
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | | | | | - Edgar Dahl
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
- RWTH Centralized Biomaterial Bank (RWTH cBMB)RWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
- Electron Microscopy FacilityRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
- Department of NephrologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
- Department of ImmunologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
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12
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Winnersbach P, Rossaint J, Buhl EM, Singh S, Lölsberg J, Wessling M, Rossaint R, Bleilevens C. Platelet count reduction during in vitro membrane oxygenation affects platelet activation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and clot stability, but does not prevent clotting. Perfusion 2021; 37:134-143. [PMID: 33475044 PMCID: PMC8928426 DOI: 10.1177/0267659121989231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Due to improved technology and increased application the mortality during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is constantly declining. Nevertheless, complications including haemorrhage or thrombus formation remain frequent. Local mitigation of coagulation within an ECMO system to prevent thrombus formation on ECMO components and optimizing systemic anticoagulation is an approach to reduce clotting and bleeding complications at once. Foreign surfaces of ECMO systems, activate platelets (PLTs), which besides their major role in coagulation, can trigger the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contributing to robust thrombus formation. The impact of a reduced PLT count on PLT activation and NET formation is of paramount importance and worth investigating. Methods: In this study platelet poor (PLT–) and native (PLT+) heparinized human blood was circulated in two identical in vitro test circuits for ECMO devices for 6 hours. PLT reduction was achieved by a centrifugation protocol prior to the experiments. To achieve native coagulation characteristics within the test circuits, the initial heparin dose was antagonized by continuous protamine administration. Results: The PLT– group showed significantly lower platelet activation, basal NET formation and limited clot stability measured via thromboelastometry. Fluorescent and scanning electron microscope imaging showed differences in clot composition. Both groups showed equal clot formation within the circuit. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the reduction of PLTs within an ECMO system is associated with limited PLT activation and NET formation, which reduces clot stability but is not sufficient to inhibit clot formation per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Winnersbach
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Rossaint
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Lölsberg
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Rossaint
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Bleilevens
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Wylensek D, Hitch TCA, Riedel T, Afrizal A, Kumar N, Wortmann E, Liu T, Devendran S, Lesker TR, Hernández SB, Heine V, Buhl EM, M D'Agostino P, Cumbo F, Fischöder T, Wyschkon M, Looft T, Parreira VR, Abt B, Doden HL, Ly L, Alves JMP, Reichlin M, Flisikowski K, Suarez LN, Neumann AP, Suen G, de Wouters T, Rohn S, Lagkouvardos I, Allen-Vercoe E, Spröer C, Bunk B, Taverne-Thiele AJ, Giesbers M, Wells JM, Neuhaus K, Schnieke A, Cava F, Segata N, Elling L, Strowig T, Ridlon JM, Gulder TAM, Overmann J, Clavel T. A collection of bacterial isolates from the pig intestine reveals functional and taxonomic diversity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6389. [PMID: 33319778 PMCID: PMC7738495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the gut microbiota of pigs is still scarce, despite the importance of these animals for biomedical research and agriculture. Here, we present a collection of cultured bacteria from the pig gut, including 110 species across 40 families and nine phyla. We provide taxonomic descriptions for 22 novel species and 16 genera. Meta-analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data and metagenome-assembled genomes reveal prevalent and pig-specific species within Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, and several new genera described in this study. Potentially interesting functions discovered in these organisms include a fucosyltransferase encoded in the genome of the novel species Clostridium porci, and prevalent gene clusters for biosynthesis of sactipeptide-like peptides. Many strains deconjugate primary bile acids in in vitro assays, and a Clostridium scindens strain produces secondary bile acids via dehydroxylation. In addition, cells of the novel species Bullifex porci are coccoidal or spherical under the culture conditions tested, in contrast with the usual helical shape of other members of the family Spirochaetaceae. The strain collection, called ‘Pig intestinal bacterial collection’ (PiBAC), is publicly available at www.dsmz.de/pibac and opens new avenues for functional studies of the pig gut microbiota. The authors present a public collection of 117 bacterial isolates from the pig gut, including the description of 38 novel taxa. Interesting functions discovered in these organisms include a new fucosyltransferease and sactipeptide-like molecules encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wylensek
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedel
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Afrizal Afrizal
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Esther Wortmann
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tianzhe Liu
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Till R Lesker
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sara B Hernández
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Heine
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul M D'Agostino
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Cumbo
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marzena Wyschkon
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torey Looft
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Valeria R Parreira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Birte Abt
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heidi L Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Weihenstephan School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Laura Navarro Suarez
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anthony P Neumann
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Food Technolgy and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center of Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja J Taverne-Thiele
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Electron Microscopy Center, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Weihenstephan School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tobias A M Gulder
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Buhl EM, Djudjaj S, Klinkhammer BM, Ermert K, Puelles VG, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, He C, Borkham‐Kamphorst E, Weiskirchen R, Denecke B, Trairatphisan P, Saez‐Rodriguez J, Huber TB, Olson LE, Floege J, Boor P. Dysregulated mesenchymal PDGFR-β drives kidney fibrosis. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11021. [PMID: 31943786 PMCID: PMC7059015 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is characterized by expansion and activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β)-positive mesenchymal cells. To study the consequences of PDGFR-β activation, we developed a model of primary renal fibrosis using transgenic mice with PDGFR-β activation specifically in renal mesenchymal cells, driving their pathological proliferation and phenotypic switch toward myofibroblasts. This resulted in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangial sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis with progressive anemia due to loss of erythropoietin production by fibroblasts. Fibrosis induced secondary tubular epithelial injury at later stages, coinciding with microinflammation, and aggravated the progression of hypertensive and obstructive nephropathy. Inhibition of PDGFR activation reversed fibrosis more effectively in the tubulointerstitium compared to glomeruli. Gene expression signatures in mice with PDGFR-β activation resembled those found in patients. In conclusion, PDGFR-β activation alone is sufficient to induce progressive renal fibrosis and failure, mimicking key aspects of chronic kidney disease in humans. Our data provide direct proof that fibrosis per se can drive chronic organ damage and establish a model of primary fibrosis allowing specific studies targeting fibrosis progression and regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Buhl
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- Electron Microscopy FacilityRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | | | - Katja Ermert
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Department of NephrologyMonash Health, and Center for Inflammatory DiseasesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological CenterMedical Clinic and Policlinic IVUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Chaoyong He
- Cardiovascular Biology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Erawan Borkham‐Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical ChemistryRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical ChemistryRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF)RWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Panuwat Trairatphisan
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute for Computational BiomedicineHeidelberg University, and Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Julio Saez‐Rodriguez
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute for Computational BiomedicineHeidelberg University, and Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
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15
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Slabu I, Roeth AA, Engelmann UM, Wiekhorst F, Buhl EM, Neumann UP, Schmitz-Rode T. Modeling of magnetoliposome uptake in human pancreatic tumor cells in vitro. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:184004. [PMID: 30699387 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The internalization kinetics resulting from magnetic nanoparticle interactions with tumor cells play an important role in nanoparticle-based cancer treatment efficiency. Here, the uptake kinetics of magnetoliposomes (ML) into human pancreatic tumor cells (MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3) are quantified using magnetic particle spectrometry. A comparison to the uptake kinetics for healthy L929 cells is given. The experimental results are used for the development of an uptake kinetics model describing the three relevant internalization processes: ML adsorption to the cell membrane, endo- and exocytosis. By fitting of experimental data, the rate constant of each internalization process is determined enabling the prediction of internalized ML at any incubation time. After seven hours incubation time, MiaPaCa-2 internalized three times more ML than BxPC-3 and L929 cells even though their ML adsorption rate constants were nearly the same. As the interaction of the ML with the cell membrane is non-specific, the uptake kinetics mirror the individual cell response to ML internalization. With a new mathematical term to cover the exocytosis contribution to the overall internalization process, the extended uptake kinetics model offers new possibilities to analyze the specific internalization mechanism for other nanoparticle and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Slabu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital, Aachen, Germany. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
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16
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van Roeyen CRC, Martin IV, Drescher A, Schuett KA, Hermert D, Raffetseder U, Otten S, Buhl EM, Braun GS, Kuppe C, Liehn E, Boor P, Weiskirchen R, Eriksson U, Gross O, Eitner F, Floege J, Ostendorf T. Identification of platelet-derived growth factor C as a mediator of both renal fibrosis and hypertension. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1103-1119. [PMID: 30827511 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) have been implicated in kidney disease progression. We previously found that PDGF-C is upregulated at sites of renal fibrosis and that antagonism of PDGF-C reduces fibrosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction model. We studied the role of PDGF-C in collagen 4A3-/- ("Alport") mice, a model of progressive renal fibrosis with greater relevance to human kidney disease. Alport mice were crossbred with PDGF-C-/- mice or administered a neutralizing PDGF-C antibody. Both PDGF-C deficiency and neutralization reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and mitigated glomerular injury, renal fibrosis, and renal inflammation. Unexpectedly, systolic blood pressure was also reduced in both Alport and wild-type mice treated with a neutralizing PDGF-C antibody. Neutralization of PDGF-C reduced arterial wall thickness in the renal cortex of Alport mice. Aortic rings isolated from anti-PDGF-C-treated wildtype mice exhibited reduced tension and faster relaxation than those of untreated mice. In vitro, PDGF-C upregulated angiotensinogen in aortic tissue and in primary hepatocytes and induced nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/p65-binding to the angiotensinogen promoter in hepatocytes. Neutralization of PDGF-C suppressed transcript expression of angiotensinogen in Alport mice and angiotensin II receptor type 1 in Alport and wildtype mice. Finally, administration of neutralizing PDGF-C antibodies ameliorated angiotensin II-induced hypertension in healthy mice. Thus, in addition to its key role in mediating renal fibrosis, we identified PDGF-C as a mediator of hypertension via effects on renal vasculature and on the renin-angiotensin system. The contribution to both renal fibrosis and hypertension render PDGF-C an attractive target in progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ina V Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana Drescher
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Hermert
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Raffetseder
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Otten
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerald S Braun
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa Liehn
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Gross
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Eitner
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Kidney Diseases Research, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Köppert S, Büscher A, Babler A, Ghallab A, Buhl EM, Latz E, Hengstler JG, Smith ER, Jahnen-Dechent W. Cellular Clearance and Biological Activity of Calciprotein Particles Depend on Their Maturation State and Crystallinity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1991. [PMID: 30233585 PMCID: PMC6131296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The liver-derived plasma protein fetuin-A is a systemic inhibitor of ectopic calcification. Fetuin-A stabilizes saturated mineral solutions by forming colloidal protein-mineral complexes called calciprotein particles (CPP). CPP are initially spherical, amorphous and soft, and are referred to as primary CPP. These particles spontaneously convert into secondary CPP, which are larger, oblongate, more crystalline, and less soluble. CPP mediate excess mineral transport and clearance from circulation. Methods: We studied by intravital two-photon microscopy the clearance of primary vs. secondary CPP by injecting i.v. synthetic fluorescent CPP in mice. We analyzed CPP organ distribution and identified CPP endocytosing cells by immunofluorescence. Cellular clearance was studied using bone marrow-derived mouse wildtype and scavenger receptor A (SRA)-deficient macrophages, as well as human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC), monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM), and human aortic endothelial cells (haEC). We employed mouse wildtype and mutant immortalized macrophages to analyze CPP-induced inflammasome activation and cytokine secretion. Results: In live mice, only primary CPP were rapidly cleared by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), whereas primary and secondary CPP were cleared by Kupffer cells. Scavenger receptor A (SRA)-deficient bone marrow macrophages endocytosed secondary CPP less well than did wildtype macrophages. In contrast, primary CPP endocytosis did not depend on the presence of SRA, suggesting involvement of an alternative clearance pathway. CPP triggered TLR4 dependent TNFα and IL-1β secretion in cultured macrophages. Calcium content-matched primary CPP caused twice more IL-1β secretion than did secondary CPP, which was associated with increased calcium-dependent inflammasome activation, suggesting that intracellular CPP dissolution and calcium overload may cause this inflammation. Conclusions: Secondary CPP are endocytosed by macrophages in liver and spleen via SRA. In contrast, our results suggest that primary CPP are cleared by LSEC via an alternative pathway. CPP induced TLR4-dependent TNFα and inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion in macrophages suggesting that inflammation and calcification may be considered consequences of prolonged CPP presence and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Köppert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Büscher
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Babler
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, >Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Eva M. Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, >Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edward R. Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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18
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Engelmann UM, Roeth AA, Eberbeck D, Buhl EM, Neumann UP, Schmitz-Rode T, Slabu I. Combining Bulk Temperature and Nanoheating Enables Advanced Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Efficacy on Pancreatic Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13210. [PMID: 30181576 PMCID: PMC6123461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many efforts are made worldwide to establish magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) as a treatment for organ-confined tumors. However, translation to clinical application hardly succeeds as it still lacks of understanding the mechanisms determining MFH cytotoxic effects. Here, we investigate the intracellular MFH efficacy with respect to different parameters and assess the intracellular cytotoxic effects in detail. For this, MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic tumor cells and L929 murine fibroblasts were loaded with iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and exposed to MFH for either 30 min or 90 min. The resulting cytotoxic effects were assessed via clonogenic assay. Our results demonstrate that cell damage depends not only on the obvious parameters bulk temperature and duration of treatment, but most importantly on cell type and thermal energy deposited per cell during MFH treatment. Tumor cell death of 95% was achieved by depositing an intracellular total thermal energy with about 50% margin to damage of healthy cells. This is attributed to combined intracellular nanoheating and extracellular bulk heating. Tumor cell damage of up to 86% was observed for MFH treatment without perceptible bulk temperature rise. Effective heating decreased by up to 65% after MNP were internalized inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Engelmann
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anjali A Roeth
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Eberbeck
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, D-10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, Electron Microscopic Facility, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ioana Slabu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University and University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 20, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
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19
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Van de Leur E, Meurer SK, Buhl EM, Weiskirchen R. N-Glycosylation of Lipocalin 2 Is Not Required for Secretion or Exosome Targeting. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29755357 PMCID: PMC5932398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a highly conserved secreted adipokine acting as a serum transport protein for small hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids and steroids. In addition, LCN2 limits bacterial growth by sequestering iron-containing siderophores and further protects against intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis associated with alterations in the microbiota. Human LCN2 contains one N-glycosylation site conserved in other species. It was postulated that this post-translational modification could facilitate protein folding, protects from proteolysis, is required for proper trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, and might be relevant for effective secretion. We here show that the homologous nucleoside antibiotic tunicamycin blocks N-linked glycosylation but not secretion of LCN2 in primary murine hepatocytes, derivatives thereof, human lung carcinoma cell line A549, and human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Moreover, both the glycosylated and the non-glycosylated LCN2 variants are equally targeted to exosomes, demonstrating that this post-translational modification is not necessary for proper trafficking of LCN2 into these membranous extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, a hydrophobic cluster analysis revealed that the N-glycosylation site is embedded in a highly hydrophobic evolutionarily conserved surrounding. In sum, our data indicate that the N-glycosylation of LCN2 is not required for proper secretion and exosome cargo recruitment in different cell types, but might be relevant to increase overall solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Djudjaj S, Martin IV, Buhl EM, Nothofer NJ, Leng L, Piecychna M, Floege J, Bernhagen J, Bucala R, Boor P. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Limits Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis by Counteracting Tubular Cell Cycle Arrest. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3590-3604. [PMID: 28801314 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common underlying process of progressive kidney diseases. We investigated the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, in this process. In mice subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction, genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of MIF aggravated fibrosis and inflammation, whereas treatment with recombinant MIF was beneficial, even in established fibrosis. In two other models of progressive kidney disease, global Mif deletion or MIF inhibition also worsened fibrosis and inflammation and associated with worse kidney function. Renal MIF expression was reduced in tubular cells in fibrotic compared with healthy murine and human kidneys. Bone marrow chimeras showed that Mif expression in bone marrow-derived cells did not affect fibrosis and inflammation after UUO. However, Mif gene deletion restricted to renal tubular epithelial cells aggravated these effects. In LPS-stimulated tubular cell cultures, Mif deletion led to enhanced G2/M cell-cycle arrest and increased expression of the CDK inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) and of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Furthermore, MIF inhibition reduced tubular cell proliferation in vitro In all three in vivo models, global Mif deletion or MIF inhibition caused similar effects and attenuated the expression of cyclin B1 in tubular cells. Mif deletion also resulted in reduced tubular cell apoptosis after UUO. Recombinant MIF exerted opposing effects on tubular cells in vitro and in vivo Our data identify renal tubular MIF as an endogenous renoprotective factor in progressive kidney diseases, raising the possibility of pharmacologic intervention with MIF pathway agonists, which are in advanced preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marta Piecychna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; and.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter Boor
- Departments of Pathology and .,Nephrology and Immunology, and
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Bábíčková J, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM, Djudjaj S, Hoss M, Heymann F, Tacke F, Floege J, Becker JU, Boor P. Regardless of etiology, progressive renal disease causes ultrastructural and functional alterations of peritubular capillaries. Kidney Int 2016; 91:70-85. [PMID: 27678159 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Progressive renal diseases are associated with rarefaction of peritubular capillaries, but the ultrastructural and functional alterations of the microvasculature are not well described. To study this, we analyzed different time points during progressive kidney damage and fibrosis in 3 murine models of different disease etiologies. These models were unilateral ureteral obstruction, unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and Col4a3-deficient mice, we analyzed ultrastructural alterations in patient biopsy specimens. Compared with kidneys of healthy mice, we found a significant and progressive reduction of peritubular capillaries in all models analyzed. Ultrastructurally, compared with the kidneys of control mice, focal widening of the subendothelial space and higher numbers of endothelial vacuoles and caveolae were found in fibrotic kidneys. Quantitative analysis showed that peritubular capillary endothelial cells in fibrotic kidneys had significantly and progressively reduced numbers of fenestrations and increased thickness of the cell soma and lamina densa of the capillary basement membrane. Similar ultrastructural changes were also observed in patient's kidney biopsy specimens. Compared with healthy murine kidneys, fibrotic kidneys had significantly increased extravasation of Evans blue dye in all 3 models. The extravasation could be visualized using 2-photon microscopy in real time in living animals and was mainly localized to capillary branching points. Finally, fibrotic kidneys in all models exhibited a significantly greater degree of interstitial deposition of fibrinogen. Thus, peritubular capillaries undergo significant ultrastructural and functional alterations during experimental progressive renal diseases, independent of the underlying injury. Analyses of these alterations could provide read-outs for the evaluation of therapeutic approaches targeting the renal microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Bábíčková
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Eva M Buhl
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Hoss
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Division of Gastroenterology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Division of Gastroenterology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan U Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Buhl EM, Djudjaj S, Babickova J, Klinkhammer BM, Folestad E, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Weiskirchen R, Hudkins K, Alpers CE, Eriksson U, Floege J, Boor P. The role of PDGF-D in healthy and fibrotic kidneys. Kidney Int 2016; 89:848-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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