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Petrovic A, Vukadin S, Sikora R, Bojanic K, Smolic R, Plavec D, Wu GY, Smolic M. Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced liver injury: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3071-3080. [PMID: 36051334 PMCID: PMC9331524 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects. These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism. However, they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic, skeletal muscle building, and performance-enhancing effects. Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs, leading to cardiovascular, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, and hematologic disorders. Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse. Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis, peliosis hepatis, and hepatic benign and malignant tumors. It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors, upregulation of bile acid synthesis, and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia. Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS. However, some long-term consequences are irreversible. AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders, especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS. In this paper, we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver, and their clinical presentations, prevalence, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Petrovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Sonja Vukadin
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Renata Sikora
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Dental Medicine, Health Center Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Neurosurgery and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, Health Center Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Davor Plavec
- Research Department, Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - George Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrenterology/Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
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Angulo E, Joyner S, Majeed NK, Nyenhuis S. A rare case of peliosis hepatis in primary immune deficiency. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20931996. [PMID: 32595972 PMCID: PMC7301656 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20931996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peliosis hepatis is a rare condition characterized by blackish-blue blood-filled cavities in hepatic parenchyma caused by dilatation of hepatic sinusoids. Peliosis hepatis has been described in secondary immunodeficiencies and certain medications. We present the first case of peliosis hepatis in a patient with a primary immunodeficiency, common variable immunodeficiency. A 44-year-old African-American male presented with gastrointestinal bleeding and elevated liver function tests. His medical history included common variable immunodeficiency and chronic kidney disease. The patient had jaundice, regenerative nodules on liver pathology, and low immunoglobulin levels. A magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen with contrast revealed a cirrhotic liver, a 5 × 3 cm lesion, and poorly defined nodules which had decreased enhancement. A computed tomography-guided liver biopsy revealed peliosis hepatis, focal nodular hyperplasia, and fibrosis. No other etiology of his liver disease was found. The etiology of peliosis hepatis in patients with primary immunodeficiencies remains unclear. Additional studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Angulo
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sydney Joyner
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nasma K Majeed
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharmilee Nyenhuis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
RATIONALE Peliosis hepatis (PH), which is characterized by blood-filled cavities in the liver, is a rare disease. Its diagnosis depends on postoperative pathological examinations and immunohistochemistry. PATIENT CONCERNS A 44-year-old female complained of right-middle upper abdominal pain and distension for 1 month, with occasional vomiting and fever. DIAGNOSIS Because of the similar imaging features, the patient was initially misdiagnosed as cystic echinococcosis (CE). The immunoassay of echinococcosis was negative. Irregular hepatectomy was performed. Eventually, the patient was diagnosed with PH based on postoperative histopathology and immunohistochemistry. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent hepatectomy. Then, the cystic lesion was collected for intraoperative pathological examination. Thus, the blood liquid was extracted from the cystic lesion. Pringle maneuver was administered to prevent bleeding, and then the whole cystic lesion was removed. OUTCOMES She recovered smoothly and there was no relapse occurred during 6 months' follow-up. LESSONS It is difficult to differentiate PH from CE and other hepatic diseases due to the lack of special imaging features. Pathological examinations and immunohistochemistry can provide a confirmed diagnosis of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinHeng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - YanTin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - SiNeng Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - NengWen Ke
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - XuBao Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
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Masarone M, Rosato V, Aglitti A, Bucci T, Caruso R, Salvatore T, Sasso FC, Tripodi MF, Persico M. Liver biopsy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Steatohepatitis represents the sole feature of liver damage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178473. [PMID: 28570615 PMCID: PMC5453539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies report a prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of between 70% and 80% in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nevertheless, it is not possible to differentiate between simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with non-invasive tests. The aim of this study was to differentiate between simple steatosis and NASH by liver biopsy in patients with hypertransaminasemia and MS or T2DM. Two hundred and fifteen patients with increased ALT levels and MS, and 136 patients at their first diagnosis of T2DM regardless of ALT values were consecutively admitted to a tertiary hepatology center between January 2004 and November 2014. Exclusion criteria were other causes of liver disease/ALT increase. Each patient underwent a clinical, laboratory and ultrasound evaluation, and a liver biopsy. Gender distribution, age, and body mass index were similar in the two groups of patients, whereas cholesterol levels, glycemia and blood pressure were significantly different between the two groups. The prevalence of NAFLD was 94.82% in MS patients and 100% in T2DM patients. NASH was present in 58.52% of MS patients and 96.82% of T2DM. Consequently, this study reveals that, by using liver biopsy, almost all patients with T2DM or MS have NAFLD, which in patients with T2DM means NASH. Importantly, it suggests that NASH may be one of the early complications of T2DM due to its pathophysiological correlation with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Masarone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valerio Rosato
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Department, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Aglitti
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bucci
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Rosa Caruso
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Teresa Salvatore
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Department, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Department, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Downes RO, Cambridge CL, Diggiss C, Iferenta J, Sharma M. A case of intra-abdominal hemorrhage secondary to peliosis hepatis. Int J Surg Case Rep 2014; 7C:47-50. [PMID: 25576958 PMCID: PMC4336394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION peliosis hepatis (PH) is a rare vascular condition of the liver characterized by the presence of cystic blood filled cavities distributed randomly throughout the liver parenchyma Tsokos and co-workers [1-6]. Peliosis is most commonly found in the liver but can also involve the spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and abdominal lymph nodes Tsokos and Erbersdobler [1]. PRESENTATION OF CASE We report a case of peliosis hepatis diagnosed post laparotomy. She required a re-look laparotomy with removal of packs peritoneal lavage, placement of intraseed and subhepatic drain. The patient was discharged after an 11-day recovery period. CONCLUSION We examine the literature and subsequently discuss the etiology and management of peliosis. Peliosis is a rare vascular condition of the liver characterized by the presence of cystic blood filled cavities. Causes are associated with a number of conditions, however, etiology is largely unknown. Management is overwhelmingly conservative except in a handful of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross O Downes
- General Surgery, Laparoscopy Bsc MB BS DM Doctors Hospital, Nassau, Bahamas.
| | - Craig L Cambridge
- Medical Student/Research Assistant Doctors Hospital, Nassau, Bahamas.
| | - Charles Diggiss
- General Surgery, Bariatrics FRCS CMO Doctors Hospital, Nassau, Bahamas.
| | - James Iferenta
- Emergency Services, FRCS F IAS Doctors Hospital, Nassau, Bahamas.
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Duboc H, Taché Y, Hofmann AF. The bile acid TGR5 membrane receptor: from basic research to clinical application. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:302-12. [PMID: 24411485 PMCID: PMC5953190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TGR5 receptor (or GP-BAR1, or M-BAR) was characterized ten years ago as the first identified G-coupled protein receptor specific for bile acids. TGR5 gene expression is widely distributed, including endocrine glands, adipocytes, muscles, immune organs, spinal cord, and the enteric nervous system. The effect of TGR5 activation depends on the tissue where it is expressed and the signalling cascade that it induces. Animal studies suggest that TGR5 activation influences energy production and thereby may be involved in obesity and diabetes. TGR5 activation also influences intestinal motility. This review provides an overview of TGR5-bile acid interactions in health as well as the possible involvement of TGR5 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Duboc
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Louis Mourier Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Paris, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, ERL INSERM U 1057/UMR 7203, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Yvette Taché
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Peliosis hepatis presenting as liver rupture in a vulnerable adult: a case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2013; 33:307-10. [PMID: 22104329 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0b013e31823a8b38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver rupture is a serious, life-threatening event that is commonly due to blunt abdominal trauma, which should be suspected in a patient who is unconscious or unable to communicate. We report an autopsy case of a 28-year-old woman with severe developmental delay who presented to the emergency department with hemoperitoneum due to massive liver rupture and subsequently died without a diagnosis. An autopsy performed by the hospital pathology department confirmed hemoperitoneum due to hepatic rupture. The case was then referred to the medical examiner to exclude a traumatic etiology. After review of the clinical data, radiological images, and gross and microscopic pathological features, a diagnosis of peliosis hepatis was established. This rare entity has been reported previously as a cause of spontaneous, nontraumatic liver rupture and is reported here to demonstrate its characteristic features and potential to present as fatal hepatic rupture in circumstances in which occult injury must be excluded.
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Kyriakou LG, Tzirogiannis KN, Demonakou MD, Kourentzi KT, Mykoniatis MG, Panoutsopoulos GI. Gadolinium chloride pretreatment ameliorates acute cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 29:624-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711430971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a known industrial and environmental pollutant. It causes hepatotoxicity upon acute administration. Features of cadmium-induced acute hepatoxicity encompass necrosis, apoptosis, peliosis and inflammatory infiltration. Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) may prevent cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing Kupffer cells. The effect of GdCl3 pretreatment on a model of acute cadmium-induced liver injury was investigated. Male Wistar rats 4–5 months old were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline followed by cadmium chloride (CdCl2; 6.5 mg/kg) or GdCl3 (10 mg/kg) followed by CdCl2 (6.5 mg/kg; groups I and II, respectively). Rats of both the groups were killed at 9, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 60 h after cadmium intoxication. Liver sections were analyzed for necrosis, apoptosis, peliosis and mitoses. Liver regeneration was also evaluated by tritiated thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also determined. Hepatic necrosis, hepatocyte and nonparenchymal cell apoptosis and macroscopic and microscopic types of peliosis hepatis were minimized by gadolinium pretreatment. Serum levels of AST and ALT were also greatly diminished in rats of group II. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA was increased in gadolinium pretreatment rats. Kupffer cell activation was minimal in both the groups of rats. Gadolinium pretreatment attenuates acute cadmium-induced liver injury in young Wistar rats, with mechanisms other than Kupffer cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas G Kyriakou
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria D Demonakou
- Histopathology Laboratory, Sismanoglion G.D. Hospital, Marousi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi T Kourentzi
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael G Mykoniatis
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, Orthias Artemidos and Plateon, Sparta, Lakonia, Greece
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Sullivan BP, Wang R, Tawfik O, Luyendyk JP. Protective and damaging effects of platelets in acute cholestatic liver injury revealed by depletion and inhibition strategies. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:286-94. [PMID: 20133375 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) causes cholestatic hepatitis characterized by intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cell injury and periportal hepatocellular necrosis. The progression of ANIT-induced hepatocyte injury is reported to involve extrahepatic cells including platelets. We showed recently that the procoagulant protein tissue factor (TF) is essential for ANIT-induced coagulation and contributes to ANIT-induced liver necrosis. Platelets have been shown to express TF and can contribute to coagulation cascade activation. To this end, we tested the hypothesis that platelet-dependent coagulation contributes to ANIT-induced liver injury. In ANIT (60 mg/kg)-treated mice, activation of the coagulation cascade occurred prior to a decrease of platelets in the blood. Immunostaining for glycoprotein IIb (CD41) revealed platelet accumulation along the borders of necrotic foci in livers of ANIT-treated mice. Antibody-mediated platelet depletion did not affect coagulation but markedly affected liver histopathology in ANIT-treated mice. Platelet depletion induced marked pooling of blood within necrotic lesions consistent with parenchymal-type peliosis as early as 24 h after ANIT treatment. In contrast, treatment with the P2Y(12) inhibitor clopidogrel significantly reduced ANIT-induced hepatocyte necrosis and serum alanine aminotransferase activity but did not exaggerate bleeding into necrotic foci. Clopidogrel also reduced hepatic neutrophil accumulation but did not affect induction of Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or chemokine CxC motif ligand-1 messenger RNA expression in liver. The data indicate that ANIT-induced coagulation is platelet independent and that platelets contribute to ANIT-induced hepatocyte necrosis by promoting neutrophil accumulation. In contrast, severe thrombocytopenia induces parenchymal-type peliosis in the livers of ANIT-treated mice, a rare hepatic lesion associated with pooling of blood in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Protective role of carnosine in mice with cadmium-induced acute hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2863-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yadav N, Khandelwal S. Therapeutic efficacy of Picroliv in chronic cadmium toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:871-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vougiouklakis T, Mitselou A, Batistatou A, Boumba V, Charalabopoulos K. First case of fatal pulmonary peliosis without any other organ involvement in a young testosterone abusing male. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 186:e13-6. [PMID: 19243902 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peliosis is a rare lesion characterized by the presence of blood-filled cysts, with unknown true incidence and etiology. It has been most frequently reported to the liver (peliosis hepatis) and to other organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system, such as spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. However, other organs may also be affected. Its occurrence has been linked to wasting conditions such as tuberculosis, cancer, immunosuppression and the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary peliosis, in a 29-year-old man who was abusing testosterone as it was proved by toxicological analysis. To our knowledge this is the third reported case of pulmonary peliosis and the first one that is not associated with peliosis of any other organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Vougiouklakis
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Clinical Unit, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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