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Wu Y, Li X, Guo Y, Jia Y, Sun P. Pravastatin Reduces Matrix Metalloproteinases Expression and Promotes Cholesterol Efflux in Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:9666963. [PMID: 36276856 PMCID: PMC9584666 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9666963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Chondrocyte metabolic disorder plays an important role in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). The use of statins in the treatment of OA has also been widely studied, but the mechanism is still confusing. The present study aims to investigate the effects of statin on osteoarthritis chondrocytes and its underlying mechanism. Major findings. An untargeted metabolomics study revealed that the treatment of statins significantly changed the metabolites of articular cartilage tissues collected from female osteoarthritis patients, and might be involved in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. In vitro study showed that 5-50 μmol/L of pravastatin exerts no cytotoxicity on human chondrocytes. Besides, 50 μmol/L of pravastatin caused a significant decrease in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MPP-13, and intracellular cholesterol in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced human chondrocytes. Furthermore, at both mRNA and protein levels, the expression of the proteins related to the cholesterol efflux pathway (liver X receptor and cholesterol efflux regulatory protein) were significantly up-regulated by 50 μmol/L of pravastatin in IL-1β-induced human chondrocytes. Conclusion Pravastatin can reduce the expression of MMPs in IL-1β-induced human chondrocytes and protect the chondrocyte matrix. The mechanism may be related to promoting the expression of proteins related to the cholesterol efflux pathway and reducing the level of cellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wu
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuezhou Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongyuan Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhua Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Tabaei BS, Mousavi SN, Rahimian A, Rostamkhani H, Mellati AA, Jameshorani M. Co-Administration of Vitamin E and Atorvastatin Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Expression in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:114-122. [PMID: 35291435 PMCID: PMC8919307 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.89102.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Negative effects of statins on glucose metabolism have been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of co-administration of vitamin E and atorvastatin on glycemic control in hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted at Vali-e-Asr Teaching Hospital (Zanjan, Iran) from July 2017 to March 2018. A total of 30 T2DM female patients were allocated to two groups, namely atorvastatin with placebo (n=15) and atorvastatin with vitamin E (n=15). The patients received daily 20 mg atorvastatin and 400 IU vitamin E or placebo for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical measures were recorded pre- and post-intervention. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Independent sample t test and paired t test were used to analyze between- and within-group variables, respectively. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to adjust the effect of baseline variables on the outcomes. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results After baseline adjustment, there was a significant improvement in homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P=0.04) and serum insulin (P<0.001) in the atorvastatin with vitamin E group compared to the atorvastatin with the placebo group. In addition, co-administration of vitamin E with atorvastatin significantly upregulated PPAR-γ expression (OR=5.4, P=0.04) in the PBMCs of T2DM patients. Conclusion Co-administration of vitamin E and atorvastatin reduced insulin resistance and improved PPAR-γ mRNA expression. Further studies are required to substantiate our findings. Trial registration number IRCT 20170918036256N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Sadat Tabaei
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Neda Mousavi
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,
Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Rahimian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Rostamkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Awsat Mellati
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Jameshorani
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Bioconversion of mevastatin to pravastatin by various microorganisms and its applications – A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yoo KS, Lim WT, Choi HS. Biology of Cholangiocytes: From Bench to Bedside. Gut Liver 2017; 10:687-98. [PMID: 27563020 PMCID: PMC5003190 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the lining epithelial cells in bile ducts, are an important subset of liver cells. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli and are involved in the modification of bile volume and composition. They are also involved in damaging and repairing the liver. Cholangiocytes have many functions including bile production. They are also involved in transport processes that regulate the volume and composition of bile. Cholangiocytes undergo proliferation and cell death under a variety of conditions. Cholangiocytes have functional and morphological heterogenecity. The immunobiology of cholangiocytes is important, particularly for understanding biliary disease. Secretion of different proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines suggests the major role that cholangiocytes play in inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, paracrine secretion of growth factors and peptides mediates extensive cross-talk with other liver cells, including hepatocytes, stellate cells, stem cells, subepithelial myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Cholangiopathy refers to a category of chronic liver diseases whose primary disease target is the cholangiocyte. Cholangiopathy usually results in end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplant. We summarize the biology of cholangiocytes and redefine the concept of cholangiopathy. We also discuss the recent progress that has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cholangiopathy and how such progress has influenced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Sang Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Lim
- Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cunha V, Santos MM, Moradas-Ferreira P, Castro LFC, Ferreira M. Simvastatin modulates gene expression of key receptors in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:465-476. [PMID: 28682217 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1335258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) are involved in the regulation of several metabolic processes and it is well known that these constituents may be modulated by different chemicals classes, including pharmaceuticals that may activate or antagonize NR. In mammals, some pharmaceuticals modulate the transcription of pregnane X receptor, Pxr, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, Ppars, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Ahr, affecting mRNA expression of genes belonging to various regulatory pathways, including lipid metabolism and detoxification mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of simvastatin (SIM), an anticholesterolemic drug, on selected NR and AhR mRNA transcription levels during zebrafish early development. Embryos were collected at different development stages (0, 2, 6, 14, 24, 48, and 72 hr post fertilization (hpf)) and mRNA of all target NR was detected at all time points. Embryos (1 and 24 hpf) were exposed to different concentrations of SIM (5 or 50 μg/L) in two differing assays with varying exposure times (2 or 80 hr). The transcription levels of ahr2, raraa, rarab, rarga, pparαa, pparβ1, pparγ, pxr, rxraa, rxrab, rxrbb, rxrga, rxrgb, as well as levels of cholesterol (Chol) were measured after exposure. SIM exerted no marked effect on Chol levels, and depending upon exposure duration mRNA levels of NR and AhR either increased or decreased. After 2 hr SIM treatment in 24 hpf embryos, transcription of ppars, pxr, and ahr was up-regulated, while after 80 hr mRNA levels of pxr and ahr were decreased with no marked changes in ppars. Data demonstrate that SIM produced alterations in gene expression of NR which are involved in varying physiological functions and that may disturb regulation of different physiological processes which might impair fish survival and ecosystems regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cunha
- a CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n , Matosinhos , Portugal
- b ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - M M Santos
- a CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n , Matosinhos , Portugal
- c FCUP-Department of Biology , Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre , Porto , Portugal
| | - P Moradas-Ferreira
- b ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- d I3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - L F C Castro
- a CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n , Matosinhos , Portugal
- c FCUP-Department of Biology , Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre , Porto , Portugal
| | - M Ferreira
- a CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n , Matosinhos , Portugal
- e School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science , Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Private mail box, Laucala Bay Road , Suva , Fiji Islands
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Lee J, Hong EM, Jang JA, Park SW, Koh DH, Choi MH, Jang HJ, Kae SH. Simvastatin Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor in Bile Duct Cancer Cells. Gut Liver 2016; 10:310-7. [PMID: 26470769 PMCID: PMC4780463 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Statins act as antineoplastic agents through the inhibition of cell proliferation. This study sought to demonstrate the effects of statins on extrahepatic bile duct cancer cell apoptosis and to document the changes in protein expression involved in tumor growth and suppression. Methods Human extrahepatic bile duct cancer cells were cultured. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to determine the effect of statins on cell proliferation. Apoptosis was measured by a cell death detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and caspase-3 activity assay, and flow cytometry was used to determine the percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and Akt was measured by Western blot analysis. Results Simvastatin suppressed cell proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest in bile duct cancer cells. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis via caspase-3 activation, downregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 protein, and enhanced the expression of the Bax protein. Moreover, simvastatin suppressed the expression of the IGF-1 receptor and IGF-1-induced ERK/Akt activation. Conclusions Simvastatin induces apoptosis in bile duct cancer cells, which suggests that it could be an antineoplastic agent for bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ju Ah Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Min Ho Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sea Hyub Kae
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
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Simvastatin induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation of bladder cancer cells via PPARγ signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35783. [PMID: 27779188 PMCID: PMC5078845 DOI: 10.1038/srep35783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is currently one of the most common drugs for old patients with hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic diseases by reducing cholesterol level and anti-lipid properties. Importantly, simvastatin has also been reported to have anti-tumor effect, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We collected several human bladder samples and performed microarray. Data analysis suggested bladder cancer (BCa) was significantly associated with fatty acid/lipid metabolism via PPAR signalling pathway. We observed simvastatin did not trigger BCa cell apoptosis, but reduced cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by PPARγ-activation. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis indicated that simvastatin induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, suggested by downregulation of CDK4/6 and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, simvastatin suppressed BCa cell metastasis by inhibiting EMT and affecting AKT/GSK3β. More importantly, we found that the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and the alterations of CDK4/6 and Cyclin D1 triggered by simvastatin could be recovered by PPARγ-antagonist (GW9662), whereas the treatment of PPARα-antagonist (GW6471) shown no significant effects on the BCa cells. Taken together, our study for the first time revealed that simvastatin inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at G1/G0 phase via PPARγ signalling pathway.
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Aboul-Fotouh GI, Zickri MB, Metwally HG, Ibrahim IR, Kamar SS, Sakr W. Therapeutic Effect of Adipose Derived Stem Cells versus Atorvastatin on Amiodarone Induced Lung Injury in Male Rat. Int J Stem Cells 2015; 8:170-80. [PMID: 26634065 PMCID: PMC4651281 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2015.8.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Amiodarone (AM), a class 3 antiarrhythmic drug, has been associated with variety of adverse effects, the most serious of which is pulmonary toxicity. Ator (A) is a statin, known for their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Recent studies provide evidence of potential therapeutic effect of statins on lung injury. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) have shown great promise in the repair of various tissues. The present study aimed at investigating and comparing the possible therapeutic effect of A and ADSCs on AM induced lung injury in albino rats. Methods and Results 34 adult male albino rats were divided into 5 groups: control group (Gp I), A group (Gp II) received 10 mg/kg of A orally 6 days (d)/week (w) for 4 weeks (ws), AM group (Gp III) received 30 mg/kg of AM orally 6 d/w for 4 ws, AM&A group (Gp IV) received AM for 4ws then A for other 4 ws and AM&SCs group (Gp V) received AM for 4 ws then injected with 0.5 ml ADSCs on 2 successive days intravenously (IV). Histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies were performed. Group III displayed bronchiolitis obliterans, thickened interalveolar septa (IAS) and thickened vascular wall which were proven morphometrically. Increased area% of collagen fibers and apoptotic changes were recorded. All findings regressed on A administration and ADSCs therapy. Conclusion Ator proved a definite ameliorating effect on the degenerative, inflammatory, apoptotic and fibrotic changes induced by AM. ADSCs administration denoted more remarkable therapeutic effect compared to A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha Baligh Zickri
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Gabr Metwally
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ihab Refaat Ibrahim
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samaa Samir Kamar
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael Sakr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Pioglitazone reduces lipid droplets in cholesterolosis of the gallbladder by increasing ABCA1 and NCEH1 expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 399:7-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Malekinejad H, Khoramjouy M, Hobbenaghi R, Amniattalab A. Atorvastatin attenuates the paraquat-induced pulmonary inflammation via PPARγ receptors: a new indication for atorvastatin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 114:79-89. [PMID: 25175654 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to highlight the role of PPARγ receptors and atorvastatin's protective effect on paraquat (PQ)-induced inflammation in the lungs. Forty-two male Wistar rats were exposed either against saline as control or PQ (3.5 mg/kg, IP) as test groups for 14 days. The test groups were nominated as: PQ, pioglitazone (PGT, 10 mg/kg, orally), atorvastatin (STN, 10 mg/kg, orally), PGT+STN, PGT+GW9662 (1 mg/kg) and STN+GW9662 (1 mg/kg). PGT and STN significantly (P<0.05) reduced the PQ-elevated myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde contents of the lungs and IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in serum. Histopathological studies revealed alveolar edema and hemorrhages along with hyaline exudates in alveoli confirming that PGT and STN reduced the damages. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that the PQ-induced inflammation resulted in a severe recruitment of CD68(+) macrophages, which PGT and STN remarkably diminished them. STN regulated the PQ-up-regulated COX-2 expression. The antagonistic effect of GW9662 as an absolute antagonist of PPARγ receptors on anti-inflammatory effect of STN in the regulation of COX-2 expression was observed. These data provide a molecular proof(s) of the STN-produced protective effects on the PQ-induced pulmonary inflammation, which is antagonized by PPARγ antagonist indicating its anti-inflammatory effects via PPARγ receptors. Moreover, a new indication for atorvastatin is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mona Khoramjouy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rahim Hobbenaghi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Amniattalab
- Department of Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran
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Tiaozhi Tongmai Granules reduce atherogenesis and promote the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in rabbit atherosclerotic plaque macrophages and the liver. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Byun HW, Hong EM, Park SH, Koh DH, Choi MH, Jang HJ, Kae SH, Lee J. Pravastatin activates the expression of farnesoid X receptor and liver X receptor alpha in Hep3B cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2014; 13:65-73. [PMID: 24463082 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(14)60009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are suggested to preserve gallbladder function by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and preventing cholesterol accumulation in gallbladder epithelial cells. They also affect cross-talk among the nuclear hormone receptors that regulate cholesterol-bile acid metabolism in the nuclei of hepatocytes. However, there is controversy over whether or how statins change the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha, PPARgamma, liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), ABCG5, ABCG8, and 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) which are directly involved in the cholesterol saturation index in bile. METHODS Human Hep3B cells were cultured on dishes. MTT assays were performed to determine the appropriate concentrations of reagents to be used. The protein expression of PPARalpha and PPARgamma was measured by Western blotting analysis, and the mRNA expression of LXRalpha, FXR, ABCG5, ABCG8 and CYP7A1 was estimated by RT-PCR. RESULTS In cultured Hep3B cells, pravastatin activated PPARalpha and PPARgamma protein expression, induced stronger expression of PPARgamma than that of PPARalpha, increased LXRalpha mRNA expression, activated ABCG5 and ABCG8 mRNA expression mediated by FXR as well as LXRalpha, enhanced FXR mRNA expression, and increased CYP7A1 mRNA expression mediated by the PPARgamma and LXRalpha pathways, together or independently. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that pravastatin prevents cholesterol gallstone diseases via the increase of FXR, LXRalpha and CYP7A1 in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Byun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 40 Seokwoo-dong, Hwasung, Kyungki-Do 445-170, Republic of Korea.
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Malekinejad H, Mehrabi M, Khoramjouy M, Rezaei-Golmisheh A. Antifibrotic effect of atorvastatin on paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis: role of PPARγ receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:294-302. [PMID: 24161914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to highlight the role of PPARγ in the paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Forty-two male Wistar rats were exposed either against saline as a control group or PQ (3.5mg/kg, i.p.) as test groups. The test groups were nominated as PQ (PQ-exposed non-treated animals), pioglitazone (PGT, 10mg/kg, orally), atorvastatin (STN, 10mg/kg, orally), PGT+STN, PGT+GW9662 (1mg/kg, i.p.) and STN+GW9662 (1mg/kg). Atorvastatin but not PGT was able to reverse significantly (P<0.05) the PQ-increased ratio of lung to body weight. STN was successfully able to recover the PQ-reduced antioxidant potency and the GW9662 administration resulted in antagonizing the protective effect of both PGT and STN. Although both PGT and STN were able to reduce the hydrxoproline content of the lungs, GW9662, however, could reverse only STN-related effect. Histochemical studies revealed that PQ exposure resulted in a remarkable increase of fibroblasts and collagen fibers in the interstitial tissue and around vessels and bronchioles, which was improved by the STN administration. Only STN-received animals showed the down-regulation of the TGF-β1 expression and GW9662 was able to antagonize this down-regulation. Co-administration of PGT and STN could not exert any synergistic protective effect. These data suggest that the PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis could be more effectively reversed by STN rather than PGT. Moreover, STN-induced protective effects might attribute to the regulation of TGF-β1 expression, which is antagonized by PPARγ antagonist, suggesting that STN may improve the PQ-induced damages via PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Ellesat KS, Holth TF, Wojewodzic MW, Hylland K. Atorvastatin up-regulate toxicologically relevant genes in rainbow trout gills. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1841-1856. [PMID: 22555812 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There are large and increasing discharges of statins into the aquatic environment. Statins are cholesterol-lowering pharmaceuticals, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, an enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Earlier studies have shown that statins will affect the expression of a range of genes in mammalian tissues and this group of pharmaceuticals has also been shown to affect membrane transporters. Changes in gene expression and ion transport in aquatic organisms may have dramatic consequences for the individual. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether waterborne exposure to a selected statin, atorvastatin, would affect gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill or liver or ion regulation in gills. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to two atorvastatin acid and atorvastatin lactone concentrations for 7 days (nominal concentrations 200 ng L(-1) and 10 μg L(-1)). The exposures caused up-regulated gene expression in gill, not liver, and only at the lowest concentration. Genes involved in membrane transport (pgp, mrp1), oxidative stress response (sod, mt), apoptosis (bax) and biotransformation (sult2b) were differentially expressed whereas the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis (hmgr, fdps) or peroxisomal proliferation (ppar) were not affected. There were no significant changes in gill Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity following exposure to atorvastatin. The pattern of differentially expressed genes in rainbow trout gills differ from responses previously observed in mammalian tissues following statin exposure.
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Dong SH, Lee J, Koh DH, Choi MH, Jang HJ, Kae SH. Pravastatin activates PPARalpha/PPARgamma expression in the liver and gallbladder epithelium of hamsters. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:185-90. [PMID: 21459726 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our earlier study with cultured gallbladder epithelial cells demonstrated that statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) activate the expression of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, consequently blocking the production of pro-inflmmatory cytokines. The present study used hamsters to investigate the effects of pavastatin on PPARalpha/PPARgamma expression in the liver and gallbladder epithelium, and to determine whether pravastatin suppresses cholesterol crystal formation in the gallbladder. METHODS A total of 40 Golden Syrian male hamsters (4 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups (basal diet control; basal diet+pavastatin; high cholesterol diet; high cholesterol diet+pravastatin). All hamsters were 11 weeks old at the end of the experiment. The liver, gallbladder and bile were harvested. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting for PPARalpha and PPARgamma were performed in the liver and gallbladder. A drop of fresh bile was examined for cholesterol crystals under a microscope. RESULTS In the gallbladder and liver of the hamsters, pravastatin activated the PPARalpha and PPARgamma expression of gallbladder epithelial cells and hepatocytes, and particularly the response of PPARgamma was much stronger than that of PPARalpha. Pravastatin suppressed the formation of cholesterol gallstones or crystals in the gallbladder. CONCLUSION Pravastatin is an effective medication to activate PPARs (especially PPARgamma) in the liver and the gallbladder epithelium of hamsters, and contributes to the prevention of gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ho Dong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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