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Baba B, Ceylani T, Gurbanov R, Acikgoz E, Keskin S, Allahverdi H, Samgane G, Tombuloglu H, Teker HT. Promoting longevity in aged liver through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and SCD probiotics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 125:105517. [PMID: 38851091 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
This investigation explores the combined influence of SCD Probiotics and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) on liver health in elderly male Sprague-Dawley rats. Through the administration of intravenous TUDCA (300 mg/kg) and oral SCD Probiotics (3 mL at 1 × 10^8 CFU) daily for one week, this study evaluates the biomolecular composition, histopathological alterations, and inflammasome activity in the liver. Analytical methods encompassed ATR-FTIR spectroscopy integrated with machine learning for the assessment of biomolecular structures, RT-qPCR for quantifying inflammasome markers (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL18, IL1β), and histological examinations to assess liver pathology. The findings reveal that TUDCA prominently enhanced lipid metabolism by reducing cholesterol esters, while SCD Probiotics modulated both lipid and protein profiles, notably affecting fatty acid chain lengths and protein configurations. Histological analysis showed significant reductions in cellular degeneration, lymphatic infiltration, and hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, the study noted a decrease in the immunoreactivity for NLRP3 and ASC, suggesting suppressed inflammasome activity. While SCD Probiotics reduced the expression of certain inflammasome-related genes, they also paradoxically increased AST and LDH levels. Conversely, an exclusive elevation in albumin levels was observed in the group treated with SCD Probiotics, implying a protective role against liver damage. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of TUDCA and SCD Probiotics for managing age-associated liver disorders, illustrating their individual and synergistic effects on liver health and pathology. This study provides insights into the complex interactions of these agents, advocating for customized therapeutic approaches to combat liver fibrosis, enhance liver functionality, and decrease inflammation in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Baba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yüksek İhtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taha Ceylani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Muş Alparslan University Muş, Turkey; Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis, Muş Alparslan University Muş, Turkey.
| | - Rafig Gurbanov
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Bilecik, Turkey; Central Research Laboratory, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Allahverdi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Muş Alparslan University Muş, Turkey
| | - Gizem Samgane
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hikmet Taner Teker
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Ankara Medipol University Ankara, Turkey.
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Teker HT, Ceylani T, Keskin S, Samgane G, Baba B, Acıkgoz E, Gurbanov R. Reduced liver damage and fibrosis with combined SCD Probiotics and intermittent fasting in aged rat. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18014. [PMID: 37897241 PMCID: PMC10805504 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of SCD Probiotics supplementation on liver biomolecule content and histological changes during a 30-day intermittent fasting (IF) program in 24-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats underwent 18-h daily fasting and received 1 × 108 CFU of SCD Probiotics daily. Liver tissue biomolecules were analysed using FTIR Spectroscopy, LDA, and SVM techniques, while histopathological evaluations used Haematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome-stained tissues. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Gross alterations in the quantity of biomolecules were observed with individual or combined treatments. LDA and SVM analyses demonstrated a high accuracy in differentiating control and treated groups. The combination treatments led to the most significant reduction in cholesterol ester (1740 cm-1 ) and improved protein phosphorylation (A1239 /A2955 and A1080 /A1545 ) and carbonylation (A1740 /A1545 ). Individually, IF and SCD Probiotics were more effective in enhancing membrane dynamics (Bw2922 /Bw2955 ). In treated groups, histological evaluations showed decreased hepatocyte degeneration, lymphocyticinfiltration, steatosis and fibrosis. Serum ALP, LDH and albumin levels significantly increased in the SCD Probiotics and combined treatment groups. This study offers valuable insights into the potential mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of IF and SCD Probiotics on liver biomolecule content, contributing to the development of personalized nutrition and health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Taner Teker
- Department of Medical Biology and GeneticsAnkara Medipol UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Taha Ceylani
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsMuş Alparslan UniversityMuşTurkey
- Department of Food Quality Control and AnalysisMuş Alparslan UniversityMuşTurkey
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyVan Yuzuncu Yil UniversityVanTurkey
| | - Gizem Samgane
- Department of BioengineeringBilecik Şeyh Edebali UniversityBilecikTurkey
| | - Burcu Baba
- Department of Medical BiochemistryYüksek İhtisas UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Eda Acıkgoz
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyVan Yuzuncu Yil UniversityVanTurkey
| | - Rafig Gurbanov
- Department of BioengineeringBilecik Şeyh Edebali UniversityBilecikTurkey
- Central Research Laboratory (BARUM)Bilecik Şeyh Edebali UniversityBilecikTurkey
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DiLeo DA, Gidener T, Aytaman A. Chronic Liver Disease in the Older Patient-Evaluation and Management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2023; 25:390-400. [PMID: 37991713 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-023-00908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As our population ages, the number of elderly patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) will increase. In this review we explore risk factors for liver injury, noninvasive assessment of liver disease, complications of cirrhosis, and management of frailty and sarcopenia in the older patient with ACLD. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple guidelines regarding ACLD have been updated over the past few years. New cutoffs for FIB-4 and NAFLD (MASLD - Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease) fibrosis scores for elderly patients are being validated. Older patients with MASLD benefit from caloric restriction, exercise programs, and GLP-1 agonists. Patients with ACLD need to be screened for alcohol use disorder with modified scoring systems, and if positive, benefit from referral to chemical dependency programs. Carvedilol and diuretics may safely be used in the elderly for portal hypertension and ascites, respectively, with careful monitoring. Malnutrition, frailty, sarcopenia, and bone mineral disease are common in older patients with ACLD, and early intervention may improve outcomes. Early identification of ACLD in elderly patients allows us to manage risk factors for liver injury, screen for complications, and implement lifestyle and pharmacological therapy to reduce decompensation and death. Future studies may clarify the role of noninvasive imaging in assessing liver fibrosis in the elderly and optimal interventions for nutrition, frailty, sarcopenia, bone health in addition to reevaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis for liver conditions with rising antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Anthony DiLeo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Brooklyn Campus of the Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, 800 Poly Pl, Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USA.
| | - Tolga Gidener
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ayse Aytaman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Brooklyn Campus of the Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, 800 Poly Pl, Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USA
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Teker HT, Ceylani T, Keskin S, Samgane G, Mansuroglu S, Baba B, Allahverdi H, Acıkgoz E, Gurbanov R. Age-related differences in response to plasma exchange in male rat liver tissues: insights from histopathological and machine-learning assisted spectrochemical analyses. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10032-3. [PMID: 37017896 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the biological effects of blood plasma exchange in liver tissues of aged and young rats using machine learning methods and spectrochemical and histopathological approaches. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were the machine learning algorithms employed. Young plasma was given to old male rats (24 months), while old plasma was given to young male rats (5 weeks) for thirty days. LDA (95.83-100%) and SVM (87.5-91.67%) detected significant qualitative changes in liver biomolecules. In old rats, young plasma infusion increased the length of fatty acids, triglyceride, lipid carbonyl, and glycogen levels. Nucleic acid concentration, phosphorylation, and carbonylation rates of proteins were also increased, whereas a decrease in protein concentration was measured. Aged plasma decreased protein carbonylation, triglyceride, and lipid carbonyl levels. Young plasma infusion improved hepatic fibrosis and cellular degeneration and reduced hepatic microvesicular steatosis in aged rats. Otherwise, old plasma infusion in young rats caused disrupted cellular organization, steatosis, and increased fibrosis. Young plasma administration increased liver glycogen accumulation and serum albumin levels. Aged plasma infusion raised serum ALT levels while diminished ALP concentrations in young rats, suggesting possible liver dysfunction. Young plasma increased serum albumin levels in old rats. The study concluded that young plasma infusion might be associated with declined liver damage and fibrosis in aged rats, while aged plasma infusion negatively impacted liver health in young rats. These results imply that young blood plasma holds potential as a rejuvenation therapy for liver health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Taner Teker
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taha Ceylani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
- Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Gizem Samgane
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Sina Mansuroglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Burcu Baba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yüksek İhtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Allahverdi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Eda Acıkgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Rafig Gurbanov
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey.
- Central Research Laboratory, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey.
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Wu Y, Liu F. Aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio and the risk of diabetic nephropathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A biopsy-based study. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108235. [PMID: 35853763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between baseline serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR) in both clinicopathological features and renal outcome among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS As a retrospective cohort study, we included 253 patients with T2DM and biopsy-confirmed DN. For receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the optimal cut-off for AAR to predict end stage renal disease (ESRD) was 1.22. So, patients were divided into two groups according to their AAR at the time of renal biopsy: high AAR Group (those with AAR > 1.22); low AAR Group (those with AAR ≤1.22). Association between AAR and clinicopathological features as well as renal outcome were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with higher AAR presented elder, more hypertensive, more insulin use, higher serum cholesterol, more proteinuria and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Compared with low AAR group, patients with high AAR had more severe glomerular pathological lesions and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. For prognostic analysis, high AAR Group was associated with a higher risk of progression to ESRD in univariate analysis. No matter treated with continuous or categorical variate, higher AAR remained an independent predictor for ESRD after adjusted for various confounding factors: gender, age, the duration of diabetes, serum glucose level, hypertension, serum lipid level, smoking, insulin use, eGFR and proteinuria. CONCLUSION High AAR was associated with more severe renal pathologic lesions and worse renal function in patients with T2DM and DN, which might be a novel noninvasive predictor for ESRD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To our knowledge, there was no biopsy-based cohort study. In our study, high AAR was associated with more severe renal pathologic lesions and worse renal function in patients with T2DM and DN, which might be a novel noninvasive predictor of ESRD for patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Jun BG, Kim M, Shin HS, Yi JJ, Yi SW. Impact of overweight and obesity on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cohort study in 14.3 million Koreans. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:109-115. [PMID: 35249102 PMCID: PMC9276765 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether obesity and being overweight, defined by body mass index (BMI), increase hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been less apparent in Asian populations. METHODS Overall, 14,265,822 Korean adults who underwent routine health examinations during 2003-2006 were followed up for HCC. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) associated with BMI were calculated. RESULTS During 13.7 years (mean) of follow-up, 47,308 individuals developed HCC. HRs of HCC associated with BMIs of 25.0-26.4, 26.5-27.9, 28.0-29.4, 29.5-30.9 and ≥31 kg/m² compared to those for 23.5-24.9 kg/m² were 1.05, 1.20, 1.39, 1.59 and 2.13, respectively. For BMI < 25 kg/m², linear associations were not apparent. For BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, the HR per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 1.60 (total), 1.60 (men), and 1.59 (women). The corresponding HRs were 1.56, 1.61 and 1.60 for individuals aged <45, 45-64 and ≥65 years, respectively. Further adjustment for alanine transaminase (ALT) levels substantially reduced the HRs for high BMI, especially in men and younger adults. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity clearly increase HCC risk in Koreans. ALT levels are a mediator of the impact of obesity, but it may not accurately predict high BMI-induced liver damage that can potentially progress to HCC, especially in women and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baek Gyu Jun
- grid.411627.70000 0004 0647 4151Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, 01757 Republic of Korea
| | - Moonho Kim
- grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Hematology and Oncology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25440 Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Sik Shin
- grid.412677.10000 0004 1798 4157Department of Family Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Jeon Yi
- grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Yi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea.
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Recent Updates and Advances in Winiwarter-Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans): Biomolecular Mechanisms, Diagnostics and Clinical Consequences. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101736. [PMID: 34679434 PMCID: PMC8535045 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease is a segmental inflammatory, thrombotic occlusive peripheral vascular disease with unknown aetiology that usually involves the medium and small-sized vessels of young male smokers. Due to its unknown aetiology and similarities with atherosclerosis and vasculitis, TAO diagnosis is still challenging. We aimed to review the status of biomolecular and laboratory para-clinical markers in TAO compared to atherosclerosis and vasculitis. We reported that, although some biomarkers might be common in TAO, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis, each disease occurs through a different pathway and, to our knowledge, there is no specific and definitive marker for differentiating TAO from atherosclerosis or vasculitis. Our review highlighted that pro-inflammatory and cell-mediated immunity cytokines, IL-33, HMGB1, neopterin, MMPs, ICAM1, complement components, fibrinogen, oxidative stress, NO levels, eNOS polymorphism, adrenalin and noradrenalin, lead, cadmium, and homocysteine are common markers. Nitric oxide, MPV, TLRs, MDA, ox-LDL, sST2, antioxidant system, autoantibodies, and type of infection are differential markers, whereas platelet and leukocyte count, haemoglobin, lipid profile, CRP, ESR, FBS, creatinine, d-dimer, hypercoagulation activity, as well as protein C and S are controversial markers. Finally, our study proposed diagnostic panels for laboratory differential diagnosis to be considered at first and in more advanced stages.
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Zou Y, Zhong L, Hu C, Sheng G. Association between the alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio and new-onset non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a nonobese Chinese population: a population-based longitudinal study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:245. [PMID: 33239040 PMCID: PMC7690093 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ratio has been considered an alternative marker for hepatic steatosis. However, few studies have investigated the association of the ALT/AST ratio with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in nonobese people. METHODS A total of 12,127 nonobese participants who were free of NAFLD participated in this study. The participants were divided into quintiles of the ALT/AST ratio. Multiple Cox regression models were used to explore the association of the ALT/AST ratio with new-onset NAFLD. RESULTS During the five-year follow-up period, 2147 individuals (17.7%) developed new-onset NAFLD. After adjusting for all non-collinear covariates, the multiple Cox regression analysis results showed that a higher ALT/AST ratio was independently associated with new-onset NAFLD in nonobese Chinese (adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs]: 2.10, 95% confidence intervals: 1.88, 2.36). The aHRs for NAFLD across increasing quintiles of the ALT/AST ratio were 1, 1.63 (1.30, 2.04), 2.07 (1.65, 2.60), 2.84 (2.33, 3.48) and 3.49 (2.78, 4.39) (P for trend< 0.001). The positive association was more significant among people with high blood pressure, high blood lipids and hyperglycaemia, as well as in men. Additionally, the regression spline showed that the saturation effect of the ALT/AST ratio on NAFLD risk was at 0.93 in this study population, which was 1.22 in males and 0.89 in females. CONCLUSIONS In nonobese Chinese individuals without NAFLD at baseline, the increase in the ALT/AST ratio is closely associated with the risk of new-onset NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- Cardiology Department, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Pediatrics Department, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Medical Department of Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.,Gastroenterology Department, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Guotai Sheng
- Cardiology Department, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Lim AKH. Abnormal liver function tests associated with severe rhabdomyolysis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1020-1028. [PMID: 32205993 PMCID: PMC7081005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i10.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome of skeletal muscle injury with release of cellular constituents such as potassium, phosphate, urate and intracellular proteins such as myoglobin into the circulation, which may cause complications including acute kidney injury, electrolyte disturbance and cardiac instability. Abnormal liver function tests are frequently observed in cases of severe rhabdomyolysis. Typically, there is an increase in serum aminotransferases, namely aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. This raises the question of liver injury and often triggers a pathway of investigation which may lead to a liver biopsy. However, muscle can also be a source of the increased aminotransferase activity. This review discusses the dilemma of finding abnormal liver function tests in the setting of muscle injury and the potential implications of such an association. It delves into some of the clinical and experimental evidence for correlating muscle injury to raised aminotransferases, and discusses pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress which may cause actual liver injury. Serum aminotransferases lack tissue specificity to allow clinicians to distinguish primary liver injury from muscle injury. This review also explores potential approaches to improve the accuracy of our diagnostic tools, so that excessive or unnecessary liver investigations can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy KH Lim
- Department of General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
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10
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Lim AKH, Arumugananthan C, Lau Hing Yim C, Jellie LJ, Wong EWW, Junckerstorff RK. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship between Serum Creatine Kinase and Liver Biochemistry in Patients with Rhabdomyolysis. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010081. [PMID: 31905634 PMCID: PMC7019809 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal liver function tests are commonly observed with rhabdomyolysis, but the nature of this association is not fully defined. This study aims to determine the functional relationship between serum creatine kinase, as a marker of rhabdomyolysis severity, and liver biochemistry. We used linear regression to model the relationship between liver biochemistry and peak serum creatine kinase. A total of 528 patients with a median age of 74 years were included. The distribution of creatine kinase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were significantly skewed, and these variables were log-transformed prior to regression. There was a positive linear correlation between log-alanine aminotransferase and log-creatine kinase. In the multiple regression analysis, log-creatine kinase, age, acute kidney injury stage, and chronic liver disease were independently associated with log-alanine aminotransferase. This model explained 46% of the variance of log-alanine aminotransferase. We found no correlation between the log-creatine kinase and the log-bilirubin, log-alkaline phosphatase, or log-γ-glutamyl transferase. Serum alanine aminotransferase was not associated with inpatient mortality but a higher creatine kinase-alanine aminotransferase ratio was associated with lower odds of mortality. In conclusion, an isolated elevation in alanine aminotransferase can occur in rhabdomyolysis, and it may be possible to anticipate the level of increase based on the peak creatine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy K. H. Lim
- General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; (C.A.); (C.L.H.Y.); (L.J.J.); (E.W.W.W.); (R.K.J.)
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Chitherangee Arumugananthan
- General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; (C.A.); (C.L.H.Y.); (L.J.J.); (E.W.W.W.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Corinne Lau Hing Yim
- General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; (C.A.); (C.L.H.Y.); (L.J.J.); (E.W.W.W.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Lucy J. Jellie
- General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; (C.A.); (C.L.H.Y.); (L.J.J.); (E.W.W.W.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Elena W. W. Wong
- General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; (C.A.); (C.L.H.Y.); (L.J.J.); (E.W.W.W.); (R.K.J.)
| | - Ralph K. Junckerstorff
- General Medicine, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; (C.A.); (C.L.H.Y.); (L.J.J.); (E.W.W.W.); (R.K.J.)
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Xu J, Xia Y, Li S, Cheng X, Hu S, Gao Y, Zhou X, Wang G, Zheng Q. A retrospective pilot study to examine the potential of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio as a predictor of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Clin Biochem 2019; 56:357-366. [PMID: 30453754 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218817797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AST/ALT) is an independent predictor of hepatic disease. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between preoperative AST/ALT and postoperative acute kidney injury in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. METHODS A total of 422 hepatitis B- or C- virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma patients, who underwent hepatectomy between September 2012 and April 2018, were enrolled this retrospective study. From all patients, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase parameters were collected, and the AST/ALT ratio was calculated. For diagnostic criteria of postoperative acute kidney injury, the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria guidelines were used. RESULTS In 48 patients (11.4%), postoperative acute kidney injury was confirmed. In patients with postoperative acute kidney injury, the mean preoperative serum AST/ALT was significantly higher when compared with patients without postoperative acute kidney injury. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, AST/ALT, haemoglobin, age, hypertension, Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification and the Milan criteria were all confirmed as predictive factors of postsurgical acute kidney injury. We found that an AST/ALT of 1.29 was the best cut-off point for predicting postoperative acute kidney injury. The positive predictive value (23.9%) of the cut-off is actually poor. After matching the propensity score, AST/ALT ≥1.29 was still confirmed as an independent predictor of postoperative acute kidney injury by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Preoperative elevated serum AST/ALT may be a potential independent predictor of postoperative acute kidney injury in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who have undergone hepatectomy. This needs to be tested in further prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Xu
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xia
- 2 Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suzhen Li
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Hu
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qichang Zheng
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qing X, Zeng D, Wang H, Ni X, Liu L, Lai J, Khalique A, Pan K, Jing B. Preventing subclinical necrotic enteritis through Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 by ameliorating lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. AMB Express 2017; 7:139. [PMID: 28655217 PMCID: PMC5484656 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies have focused on the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii in certain diseases. Here, we studied the prevention ability of a probiotic strain, L. johnsonii BS15 on subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE), and its underlying mechanism. 180 male Cobb 500 chicks were randomly allotted into three groups and administrated with BS15 (1 × 106 cfu/g) or Man Rogosa Sharpe liquid medium throughout a 28-day experimental period. With the exception of the normal group, SNE infection was treated for the remaining experimental period after the chicks were fed with normal diet 14 days. Results showed that BS15 notably suppressed the SNE-induced loss of average daily gain and liver functional abnormality. Additionally, BS15 facilitated lipid metabolism of SNE boilers when the contents of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and adipose triglyceride lipase in adipose tissue and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. BS15 also attenuated the hepatic lipid accumulation of stricken chicks by suppressing the genes expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c as well as stimulating the genes expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. Moreover, BS15 enhanced the development of SNE gut by improving the intestinal development and digestion as well as adjusting the gut microflora. Therefore, BS15 may provide a promising natural preventative strategy against SNE, which may be contributed to the amelioration of lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora.
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Cheah MCC, McCullough AJ, Goh GBB. Current Modalities of Fibrosis Assessment in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2017; 5:261-271. [PMID: 28936407 PMCID: PMC5606972 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning global health concern. In the subset of NAFLD patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the presence of significant fibrosis at index assessment is associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. Hence, there is a growing need to accurately assess and stage fibrosis. Liver biopsy, the current gold standard, has limitations with sampling error and is invasive, with associated inherent risk. This has led to a host of non-invasive means of assessing fibrosis, which has garnered relevance in a disease that requires serial assessment of fibrosis longitudinally over time. This review discusses, comprehensively, the various tools available to the clinician for the assessment of fibrosis, including the various scoring systems used in liver biopsy, the non-invasive means of serum biomarkers, such as the highly-validated NAFLD fibrosis score, and the imaging-based modalities, such as transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark CC Cheah
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Arthur J McCullough
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
| | - George Boon-Bee Goh
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- *Correspondence to: Dr George Boon-Bee Goh, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore. Tel: +65-62223322, Fax: +65-62273623, E-mail:
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Age as a Confounding Factor for the Accurate Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Advanced NAFLD Fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:740-751. [PMID: 27725647 PMCID: PMC5418560 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-invasive fibrosis scores are widely used to identify/exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, these scores were principally developed and validated in patients aged between 35 and 65 years of age. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of age on the performance of non-invasive fibrosis tests in NAFLD. METHODS Patients were recruited from European specialist hepatology clinics. The cohort was divided into five age-based groups: ≤35 (n=74), 36-45 (n=96), 46-55 (n=197), 56-64 (n=191), and ≥65 years (n=76), and the performance of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) ratio, fibrosis 4 (FIB-4), and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) for advanced fibrosis (stage F3-F4) for each group was assessed using liver biopsy as the standard. RESULTS Six hundred and thirty-four patients were included. The diagnostic accuracy of the AST/ALT ratio was lower than NFS and FIB-4 in all the age groups. The AST/ALT ratio, NFS, and FIB-4 score performed poorly for a diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in those aged ≤35 years (area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs 0.52, 0.52, and 0.60, respectively). For all groups >35 years, AUROCs for advanced fibrosis were similar for the NFS and FIB-4 score (range 0.77-0.84). However, the specificity for advanced fibrosis using the FIB-4 and NFS declined with age, becoming unacceptably low in those aged ≥65 years (35% for FIB-4 and 20% for NFS). New cutoffs were derived (and validated) for those aged ≥65 years, which improved specificity to 70% without adversely affecting sensitivity (FIB-4 2.0, sensitivity 77%; NFS 0.12, sensitivity 80%). CONCLUSIONS The NFS and FIB-4 scores have similar accuracy for advanced fibrosis in patients aged >35 years. However, the specificity for advanced fibrosis is unacceptably low in patients aged ≥65 years, resulting in a high false positive rate. New thresholds for use in patients aged ≥65 years are proposed to address this issue.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease worldwide. It is related with increased morbidity and mortality of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its main health implications are increased risks of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases and malignancies. This paper reviews the advances in research of NAFLD in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, assessment of disease progression and risks for combined cardiovascular diseases and/or T2D as well as management.
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Watt GP, Vatcheva KP, Griffith DM, Reininger BM, Beretta L, Fallon MB, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP. The Precarious Health of Young Mexican American Men in South Texas, Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, 2004-2015. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E113. [PMID: 27560721 PMCID: PMC5003530 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.160020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hispanic men have higher rates of illness and death from various chronic conditions than do non-Hispanic men. We aimed to characterize the health of Mexican American men living on the US–Mexico border in South Texas and elucidate indications of chronic disease in young men. Methods We sampled all male participants from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, an ongoing population-based cohort of Mexican Americans in Brownsville, Texas. We calculated descriptive statistics and stratified the sample into 3 age groups to estimate the prevalence of sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors by age group and evaluated differences between age groups. Results Obesity prevalence was approximately 50% across all age groups (P = .83). Diabetes prevalence was high overall (26.8%), and 16.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.1%–23.8%) of men younger than 35 had diabetes. More than 70% of these young men had elevated liver enzymes, and mean values of aspartate aminotransferase were significantly higher in younger men (45.0 u/L; 95% CI, 39.5–50.6 u/L) than in both older age groups. Less than 20% of young men had any form of health insurance. Current smoking was higher in young men than in men in the other groups, and the rate was higher than the national prevalence of current smoking among Hispanic men. Conclusions We suggest a need for obesity and diabetes prevention programs and smoking cessation programs for men in this region. Opportunities exist to expand current intervention programs and tailor them to better reach this vulnerable population of young Hispanic men. Elevated liver enzymes in men younger than 35 suggest a substantial burden of liver abnormalities, a finding that warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P Watt
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, 1 W University Blvd, Brownsville, TX 78520.
| | - Kristina P Vatcheva
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Derek M Griffith
- Institute for Research on Men's Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Belinda M Reininger
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael B Fallon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus, Brownsville, Texas
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A Guide to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Childhood and Adolescence. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060947. [PMID: 27314342 PMCID: PMC4926480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease, affecting 10%–20% of the general paediatric population. Within the next 10 years it is expected to become the leading cause of liver pathology, liver failure and indication for liver transplantation in childhood and adolescence in the Western world. While our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease remains limited, it is thought to be the hepatic manifestation of more widespread metabolic dysfunction and is strongly associated with a number of metabolic risk factors, including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease and, most significantly, obesity. Despite this, ”paediatric” NAFLD remains under-studied, under-recognised and, potentially, undermanaged. This article will explore and evaluate our current understanding of NAFLD in childhood and adolescence and how it differs from adult NAFLD, in terms of its epidemiology, pathophysiology, natural history, diagnosis and clinical management. Given the current absence of definitive radiological and histopathological diagnostic tests, maintenance of a high clinical suspicion by all members of the multidisciplinary team in primary and specialist care settings remains the most potent of diagnostic tools, enabling early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic intervention.
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