1
|
Cui D, Li Z, Wei C, Zhang Q, Xiao C. Long non-coding RNA LINC00491 accelerates head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression through regulating miR-508-3p/SATB1 axis and activating Wnt signaling pathway. Cytokine 2024; 175:156444. [PMID: 38150791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck epidermis. Accumulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to be involved in the occurrence and development of HNSCC. LncRNA long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 491 (LINC00491) has been confirmed to regulate the progression of some cancers. In our study, we aimed to explore the potential biological function of LINC00491 and expound the regulatory mechanism by which LINC00491 affects the progression of HNSCC. RT-qPCR was utilized to analyze the expression of LINC00491 in HNSCC cell lines and the normal cell line. Functionally, we carried out a series of assays to measure cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, such as EdU assay, colony formation, wound healing and western blot assays. Also, mechanism assays including RNA pull down and RIP were also implemented to investigate the interaction of LINC00491 and RNAs. As a result, we discovered that LINC00491 was highly expressed in HNSCC cells. In addition, LINC00491 depletion suppressed cell proliferation, migration and EMT process. Furthermore, we discovered that LINC00491 could bind to miR-508-3p. MiR-508-3p overexpression can restrain HNSCC cell growth. Importantly, miR-508-3p can target SATB homeobox 1 (SATB1) in HNSCC cells. Further, Wnt signaling pathway was proved to be activated by LINC00491 through SATB1 in HNSCC cells. In a word, LINC00491 accelerated HNSCC progression through regulating miR-508-3p/SATB1 axis and activating Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cui
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zexi Li
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianjin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoshizawa M, Shiozaki A, Ashihara E. Depletion of DNTTIP2 Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:18-29. [PMID: 38151292 PMCID: PMC10756344 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant cancers worldwide and the seventh most common cause of cancer-related death in both sexes. Herein, we analyzed open access data and discovered that expression of a gene called deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminal-interacting protein 2 (DNTTIP2) is linked to prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We then elucidated the role of DNTTIP2 in the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A WST-8 assay, cell cycle analysis, Annexin-V staining, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and western blot analysis were conducted to assess cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and expression of DNTTIP2 mRNA and protein, respectively, in DNTTIP2-depleteted MIA-PaCa-2 and PK-1 cells. RESULTS Depletion of DNTTIP2 induced G1 arrest in MIA-PaCa-2 cells by decreasing expression of special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6). In addition, depletion of DNTTIP2 induced G2 arrest in PK-1 cells by decreasing expression of CDK1. Depletion of DNTTIP2 did not induce apoptosis in MIA-PaCa-2 or PK-1 cells. CONCLUSION DNTTIP2 is involved in proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. Thus, DNTTIP2 is a potential target for inhibiting progression of pancreatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu Y, Sun S, Bi J, Kong C, Yin L. Construction and analysis of a ceRNA network and patterns of immune infiltration in bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1939-1955. [PMID: 34159075 PMCID: PMC8185653 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common malignant tumor, accounting for an estimate of 549,000 new BC cases and 200,000 BC-related deaths worldwide in 2018. The prognosis of BC has not substantially improved despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data and clinical information of BC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Cell-type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm was used to assess immune infiltration. The survival analyses were performed using the selected components of a ceRNA network and selected immune cell types by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression to calculate the risk score. The accuracy of prognosis prediction was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, survival curves, and nomograms. Finally, the correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between the signature components of the ceRNA network and the immune cell signature. Results Two completed survival analyses included selected components of the ceRNA network (ELN, SREBF1, DSC2, TTLL7, DIP2C, SATB1, hsa-miR-20a-5p, and hsa-miR-29c-3p) and selected immune cell types (M0 macrophages, M2 macrophages, resting mast cells, and neutrophils). ROC curves, survival curves (all P values <0.05), nomograms, and calibration curves indicated that the accuracy of the two survival analyses was acceptable. Moreover, the correlations between TTLL7 and resting mast cells (R=0.24, P<0.001), DSC2 and resting mast cells (R=−0.23, P<0.001), ELN and resting mast cells (R=0.44, P<0.001), and hsa-miR-29c-3p and M0 macrophages (R=−0.29, P<0.001) were significant, indicating that interactions of these factors may play significant roles in the prognosis of BC. Conclusions TTLL7, DSC2, ELN, hsa-miR-29c-3p, resting mast cells, and M0 macrophages may play an important role in the development of BC. However, additional studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ning MY, Cheng ZL, Zhao J. MicroRNA-448 targets SATB1 to reverse the cisplatin resistance in lung cancer via mediating Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. J Biochem 2021; 168:41-51. [PMID: 32525527 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether miR-448 reverses the cisplatin (DDP) resistance in lung cancer by modulating SATB1. QRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the miR-448 and SATB1 expressions in DDP-sensitive and -resistant lung cancer patients. A microarray was used to investigate the cytoplasmic/nucleic ratio (C/N ratios) of genes in A549 cells targeted by miR-448, followed by Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. A549/DDP cells were transfected with miR-448 mimics/inhibitors with or without SATB1 siRNA followed by MTT assay, Edu staining, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and western blotting. MiR-448 was lower but SATB1 was increased in DDP-resistant patients and A549/DDP cells. And the patients showed low miR-448 expression or SATB1 positive expression had poor prognosis. SATB1, as a target gene with higher C/N ratios (>1), was found negatively regulated by miR-448. Besides, miR-448 inhibitors increased resistance index of A549/DDP cells, promoted cell proliferation, increased cell distribution in S phrase, declined cell apoptosis and activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, SATB1 siRNA could reverse the above effect caused by miR-448 inhibitors. MiR-448 targeting SATB1 to counteract the DDP resistance of lung cancer cells via Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Ning
- Department of Pharmacy, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No.16 Xinhua West Road, Yunhe District, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Cangzhou People's Hospital, No.7 Qingchi Road, Xinhua District, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No.16 Xinhua West Road, Yunhe District, Cangzhou 061001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Glatzel-Plucińska N, Piotrowska A, Dzięgiel P, Podhorska-Okołów M. The Role of SATB1 in Tumour Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4156. [PMID: 31450715 PMCID: PMC6747166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a long-drawn, multistep process, in which metastatic spread is an unequivocal hallmark of a poor prognosis. The progression and dissemination of epithelial cancers is commonly thought to rely on the epidermal-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their junctions and apical-basal polarity, and they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype with its migratory and invasive capabilities. One of the proteins involved in cancer progression and EMT may be SATB1 (Special AT-Rich Binding Protein 1)-a chromatin organiser and a global transcriptional regulator. SATB1 organizes chromatin into spatial loops, providing a "docking site" necessary for the binding of further transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. SATB1 has the ability to regulate whole sets of genes, even those located on distant chromosomes. SATB1 was found to be overexpressed in numerous malignancies, including lymphomas, breast, colorectal, prostate, liver, bladder and ovarian cancers. In the solid tumours, an elevated SATB1 level was observed to be associated with an aggressive phenotype, presence of lymph node, distant metastases, and a poor prognosis. In this review, we briefly describe the prognostic significance of SATB1 expression in most common human cancers, and analyse its impact on EMT and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Glatzel-Plucińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang L, Cao Y, Song X, Wang X, Li Y, Yu M, Li M, Liu X, Huang F, Chen F, Wan H. HOXC6 promotes migration, invasion and proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells via modulating expression of genes involved in malignant phenotypes. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6607. [PMID: 30886783 PMCID: PMC6421064 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HOXC6 is a member of the HOX gene family. The elevated expression of this gene occurs in prostate and breast cancers. However, the role of HOXC6 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains largely uninvestigated. Methods The expression of HOXC6 was examined by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting assays. The lentivirus-mediated expression of HOXC6 was verified at mRNA and protein levels. Wound healing and Matrigel assays were performed to assess the effect of HOXC6 on the migration and invasion of cancer cells. The growth curving, CCK8, and colony formation assays were utilized to access the proliferation capacities. RNA-seq was performed to evaluate the downstream targets of HOXC6. Bioinformatic tool was used to analyze the gene expression. Results HOXC6 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues. HOXC6 overexpression promoted the migration, invasion, and proliferation of both Eca109 and TE10 cells. There were 2,155 up-regulated and 759 down-regulated genes in Eca109-HOXC6 cells and 95 up-regulated and 47 down-regulated genes in TE10-HOXC6 cells compared with the results of control. Interestingly, there were only 20 common genes, including 17 up-regulated and three down-regulated genes with similar changes upon HOXC6 transfection in both cell lines. HOXC6 activated several crucial genes implicated in the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Discussion HOXC6 is highly expressed in ESCC and promotes malignant phenotype of ESCC cells. HOXC6 can be used as a new therapeutic target of ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Minglan Yu
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingying Li
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haisu Wan
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nüssing S, Koay HF, Sant S, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Lappas M, D Udekem Y, Konstantinov IE, Berzins SP, Rimmelzwaan GF, Turner SJ, Clemens EB, Godfrey DI, Nguyen TH, Kedzierska K. Divergent SATB1 expression across human life span and tissue compartments. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:498-511. [PMID: 30803026 PMCID: PMC6618325 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Special AT-rich binding protein-1 (SATB1) is a global chromatin organizer capable of activating or repressing gene transcription in mice and humans. The role of SATB1 is pivotal for T-cell development, with SATB1-knockout mice being neonatally lethal, although the exact mechanism is unknown. Moreover, SATB1 is dysregulated in T-cell lymphoma and proposed to suppress transcription of the Pdcd1 gene, encoding the immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Thus, SATB1 expression in T-cell subsets across different tissue compartments in humans is of potential importance for targeting PD-1. Here, we comprehensively analyzed SATB1 expression across different human tissues and immune compartments by flow cytometry and correlated this with PD-1 expression. We investigated SATB1 protein levels in pediatric and adult donors and assessed expression dynamics of this chromatin organizer across different immune cell subsets in human organs, as well as in antigen-specific T cells directed against acute and chronic viral infections. Our data demonstrate that SATB1 expression in humans is the highest in T-cell progenitors in the thymus, and then becomes downregulated in mature T cells in the periphery. Importantly, SATB1 expression in peripheral mature T cells is not static and follows fine-tuned expression dynamics, which appear to be tissue- and antigen-dependent. Furthermore, SATB1 expression negatively correlates with PD-1 expression in virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Our study has implications for understanding the role of SATB1 in human health and disease and suggests an approach for modulating PD-1 in T cells, highly relevant to human malignancies or chronic viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Yves D Udekem
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital and Melbourne Children's Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital and Melbourne Children's Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi Ho Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Zheng Y, Ji Y, Zhang X. The expression of special AT-rich binding protein 1 in cervical cancer and its clinical significance. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:945-951. [PMID: 30774380 PMCID: PMC6361226 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s191414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oncogenic potential of special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1) has been reported in various types of cancer, but its function in cervical cancer remains not fully investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SATB1 mRNA expression on tumor progression and outcomes in the cervical cancer patients. Methods A total of 33 cervical cancer patients treated in our hospital from September 2012 to December 2015 were included. The mRNA expression level of STAB1 in cervical cancer tissue was determined by real-time PCR, and the patients were divided into dichotomous groups based on their SATB1 expression level. Clinical characteristics, recurrence, and survival outcomes were compared between groups. Results Compared with the SATB1-low group, the SATB1-high group had significantly advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages (P=0.037) and histologic grade (P=0.036). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that SATB1-high group had a worse overall survival (P=0.078, marginal significant). In the subgroup analysis of pathological types, adenocarcinomas group (n=8) had a significantly higher SATB1 expression level as compared with the squamous cell carcinomas (n=18) and adenosquamous carcinomas (n=7) groups (both P<0.05). Cervical squamous cell carcinomas patients with a high-expression SATB1 (n=8) had more advanced FIGO stages (P=0.015) and histologic grades (P=0.060, marginal significant) as well as a higher (P=0.069, marginal significant) incidence of lymphatic metastasis than those with a low expression of SATB1 (n=10). Conclusion These results showed that expression of SATB1 may have an effect on the disease progression and survival outcome of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China,
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China,
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China,
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Jiashi County People's Hospital of Kashi Region, Kashi, Xinjiang 844000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei L, Ye H, Li G, Lu Y, Zhou Q, Zheng S, Lin Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Chen R. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote progression and gemcitabine resistance via the SDF-1/SATB-1 pathway in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1065. [PMID: 30337520 PMCID: PMC6194073 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a dominant component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, are mainly considered as promotors of malignant progression, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that SDF-1 secreted by CAFs stimulates malignant progression and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer, partially owing to paracrine induction of SATB-1 in pancreatic cancer cells. CAF-secreted SDF-1 upregulated the expression of SATB-1 in pancreatic cancer cells, which contributed to the maintenance of CAF properties, forming a reciprocal feedback loop. SATB-1 was verified to be overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemical staining, which correlated with tumor progression and clinical prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients. We found that SATB-1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in SW1990 and PANC-1 cells in vitro, whereas overexpression of SATB-1 in Capan-2 and BxPC-3 cells had the opposite effect. Immunofluorescence staining showed that conditioned medium from SW1990 cells expressing SATB-1 maintained the local supportive function of CAFs. Furthermore, downregulation of SATB-1 inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. In addition, we found that overexpression of SATB-1 in pancreatic cancer cells participated in the process of gemcitabine resistance. Finally, we investigated the clinical correlations between SDF-1 and SATB-1 in human pancreatic cancer specimens. In summary, these findings demonstrated that the SDF-1/CXCR4/SATB-1 axis may be a potential new target of clinical interventions for pancreatic cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huilin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanting Lu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou women and children's medical center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shangyou Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yimin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Rufu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Functional relevance of SATB1 in immune regulation and tumorigenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
11
|
Zhang S, Tong YX, Xu XS, Lin H, Chao TF. Prognostic significance of SATB1 in gastrointestinal cancer: a meta-analysis and literature review. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48410-48423. [PMID: 28430598 PMCID: PMC5564658 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The special AT-rich sequence-binding proteins 1 (SATB1) is a major regulator involved in cell differentiation. It has been shown that SATB1 acts as an oncogenic regulator. The clinical and prognostic significance of SATB1 in gastrointestinal cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate the impact of SATB1 in gastrointestinal cancer. Results A total of 3174 gastrointestinal cancer patients from 15 studies were included. The correlation between SATB1 expression and OS or RFS was investigated in 12 and 5 studies respectively. The results of meta-analysis showed that SATB1 overexpression is inversely correlated with OS (combined HR: 1.79, p = 0.0003) and RFS (combined HR: 2.46, p < 0.0001). In subgroup analysis, SATB1 expression is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer in Asian population. SATB1 expression is associated with stage, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Methodology Published studies with data on overall survival (OS) and/or relapse free survival (RFS) and SATB1 expression were searched from Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase (up to Dec 30, 2016). The outcome measurement is hazard ratio (HR) for OS or RFS related with SATB1 expression. Two reviewers independently screened the literatures, extracted the data and performed meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3.0 software. The combined HRs were calculated by fixed- or random-effect models. Conclusions The results of this meta-analysis suggest that SATB1 overexpression is related to advanced stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. SATB1 overexpression is a marker indicating poor prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Xin Tong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Shang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Fei Chao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Special AT-rich Sequence Binding Protein 1 (SATB1) and its role in solid tumors. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:96-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Sandoval-Bórquez A, Polakovicova I, Carrasco-Véliz N, Lobos-González L, Riquelme I, Carrasco-Avino G, Bizama C, Norero E, Owen GI, Roa JC, Corvalán AH. MicroRNA-335-5p is a potential suppressor of metastasis and invasion in gastric cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:114. [PMID: 29075357 PMCID: PMC5645854 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple aberrant microRNA expression has been reported in gastric cancer. Among them, microRNA-335-5p (miR-335), a microRNA regulated by DNA methylation, has been reported to possess both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter activities. Results Herein, we show that miR-335 levels are reduced in gastric cancer and significantly associate with lymph node metastasis, depth of tumor invasion, and ultimately poor patient survival in a cohort of Amerindian/Hispanic patients. In two gastric cancer cell lines AGS and, Hs 746T the exogenous miR-335 decreases migration, invasion, viability, and anchorage-independent cell growth capacities. Performing a PCR array on cells transfected with miR-335, 19 (30.6%) out of 62 genes involved in metastasis and tumor invasion showed decreased transcription levels. Network enrichment analysis narrowed these genes to nine (PLAUR, CDH11, COL4A2, CTGF, CTSK, MMP7, PDGFA, TIMP1, and TIMP2). Elevated levels of PLAUR, a validated target gene, and CDH11 were confirmed in tumors with low expression of miR-335. The 3′UTR of CDH11 was identified to be directly targeted by miR-335. Downregulation of miR-335 was also demonstrated in plasma samples from gastric cancer patients and inversely correlated with DNA methylation of promoter region (Z = 1.96, p = 0.029). DNA methylation, evaluated by methylation-specific PCR assay, was found in plasma from 23 (56.1%) out of 41 gastric cancer patients but in only 9 (30%) out of 30 healthy donors (p = 0.029, Pearson’s correlation). Taken in consideration, our results of the association with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis together with functional assays on cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity are in accordance with the downregulation of miR-335 in gastric cancer. Conclusions Comprehensive evaluation of metastasis and invasion pathway identified a subset of associated genes and confirmed PLAUR and CDH11, both targets of miR-335, to be overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues. DNA methylation of miR-335 may be a promissory strategy for non-invasive approach to gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-017-0413-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Carrasco-Véliz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Química, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Parque Biotecnológico, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Norero
- Esophagogastric Surgery Unit, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile.,Digestive Surgery Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Roa
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Analysis of cellular and molecular antitumor effects upon inhibition of SATB1 in glioblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:3. [PMID: 28049521 PMCID: PMC5209874 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Special AT-rich Sequence Binding Protein 1 (SATB1) regulates the expression of many genes by acting as a global chromatin organizer. While in many tumor entities SATB1 overexpression has been observed and connected to pro-tumorigenic processes, somewhat contradictory evidence exists in brain tumors with regard to SATB1 overexpression in glioblastoma and its association with poorer prognosis and tumor progression. On the functional side, initial data indicate that SATB1 may be involved in several tumor cell-relevant processes. Methods For the detailed analysis of the functional relevance and possible therapeutic potential of SATB1 inhibition, we employ transient siRNA-mediated knockdown and comprehensively analyze the cellular and molecular role of SATB1 in glioblastoma. Results In various cell lines with different SATB1 expression levels, a SATB1 gene dose-dependent inhibition of anchorage-dependent and –independent proliferation is observed. This is due to cell cycle-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of SATB1 knockdown. Molecular analyses reveal SATB1 knockdown effects on multiple important (proto-) oncogenes, including Myc, Bcl-2, Pim-1, EGFR, β-catenin and Survivin. Molecules involved in cell cycle, EMT and cell adhesion are affected as well. The putative therapeutic relevance of SATB1 inhibition is further supported in an in vivo tumor xenograft mouse model, where the treatment with polymeric nanoparticles containing SATB1-specific siRNAs exerts antitumor effects. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that SATB1 may represent a promising target molecule in glioblastoma therapy whose inhibition or knockdown affects multiple crucial pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-3006-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mansour MA, Hyodo T, Akter KA, Kokuryo T, Uehara K, Nagino M, Senga T. SATB1 and SATB2 play opposing roles in c-Myc expression and progression of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4993-5006. [PMID: 26701851 PMCID: PMC4826260 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 and 2 (SATB1/2) are nuclear matrix-associated proteins involved in chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression. SATB2 acts as a tumor suppressor in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and colon cancer, whereas SATB1 promotes the progression of numerous types of cancers. In this study, we examined the effects of SATB1 and SATB2 on the malignant characteristics of colorectal cancer cells. SATB1 and SATB2 expression were negatively correlated in colorectal cancer specimens. SATB1 expression was increased, whereas SATB2 expression was reduced, in colorectal cancer tissues compared to control tissues. Exogenous expression of SATB2 in colorectal cancer cells suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation and tumor proliferation in mice. c-Myc was reduced by SATB2 expression, and exogenous expression of c-Myc in SATB2-expressing cells restored proliferation, colony formation and in vivo tumor growth of colorectal cancer cells. We also showed that c-Myc reduction by SATB2 was mediated by the inactivation of ERK5. In contrast, SATB1 promoted c-Myc expression. The expression of SATB1 in colorectal cancer tissues was positively correlated with c-Myc expression, and SATB1 knockdown reduced c-Myc expression in colorectal cancer cells. Finally, we showed that SATB1 knockdown in colorectal cancer cells suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation and cell invasion. Our results reveal interesting features of how the structural homologs SATB1 and SATB2 exert opposing functions in colorectal tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Mansour
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan.,Biochemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Toshinori Hyodo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Khondker Ayesha Akter
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Toshio Kokuryo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Keisuke Uehara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Takeshi Senga
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Q, Wu G, Li JX. Effect of hypoxia on expression of placental trophoblast cells SATB1 and β-catenin and its correlation with the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:567-71. [PMID: 27262068 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of hypoxia on the expression of placental trophoblast cells SATB1 and β-catenin and its correlation with the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. METHODS Trophoblastic cell lines HRT8/SVneo were cultured, SATB1 and β-catenin expression and cell biological behavior were determined after hypoxia reoxygenation treatment; cell biological behavior and the expression of related genes were determined after the transfection of SATB1 and β-catenin siRNA; preeclampsia placenta and normal placenta tissues were collected and the expression of SATB1 and β-catenin were determined. RESULTS OD value, cell migration rate, mRNA contents of SATB1 and β-catenin of H/R group were significantly lower than those of Nor group, cell apoptosis rate was higher than that of Nor group and the number of invasive cells was less than that of Nor group; OD value and bcl-2 mRNA content of SATB1-siRNA group were lower than those of NC group; cell apoptosis rate as well as Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and Caspase-9 mRNA contents were higher than those of NC group; cell migration rate as well as CTSB, CTSD, MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA contents of β-catenin-siRNA group were lower than those of NC group; the number of invasive cells was less than that of NC group; the expression levels of SATB1 and β-catenin in preeclampsia placenta tissue were significantly lower than those in normal placenta tissue. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia can inhibit the expression of SATB1 and β-catenin in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, which can affect the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, LinYi 276003, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, General Hospital of Laiwu Iron and Steel Company, Laiwu 271126, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Li
- Department of Proctology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|