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Pham AC, Holstein SA, Borgstahl GE. Structural Insight into Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase (GGDPS) for Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:14-23. [PMID: 37756579 PMCID: PMC10762340 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), the source of the isoprenoid donor in protein geranylgeranylation reactions, has become an attractive target for anticancer therapy due to the reliance of cancers on geranylgeranylated proteins. Current GGDPS inhibitor development focuses on optimizing the drug-target enzyme interactions of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate-based drugs. To advance GGDPS inhibitor development, understanding the enzyme structure, active site, and ligand/product interactions is essential. Here we provide a comprehensive structure-focused review of GGDPS. We reviewed available yeast and human GGDPS structures and then used AlphaFold modeling to complete unsolved structural aspects of these models. We delineate the elements of higher-order structure formation, product-substrate binding, the electrostatic surface, and small-molecule inhibitor binding. With the rise of structure-based drug design, the information provided here will serve as a valuable tool for rationally optimizing inhibitor selectivity and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sarah A. Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gloria E.O. Borgstahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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2
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Park J, Pandya VR, Ezekiel SJ, Berghuis AM. Phosphonate and Bisphosphonate Inhibitors of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthases: A Structure-Guided Perspective. Front Chem 2021; 8:612728. [PMID: 33490038 PMCID: PMC7815940 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.612728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates and bisphosphonates have proven their pharmacological utility as inhibitors of enzymes that metabolize phosphate and pyrophosphate substrates. The blockbuster class of drugs nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates represent one of the best-known examples. Widely used to treat bone-resorption disorders, these drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Playing a key role in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, this enzyme is also a potential anticancer target. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research efforts to identify new inhibitors of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase for various therapeutic applications. While the majority of these efforts have been directed against the human enzyme, some have been targeted on its homologs from other organisms, such as protozoan parasites and insects. Our particular focus is on the structures of the target enzymes and how the structural information has guided the drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Vishal R Pandya
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sean J Ezekiel
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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3
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Regulation of the Notch-ATM-abl axis by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31570763 PMCID: PMC6768865 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch proteins drive oncogenesis of many cancers, most prominently T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Because geranylgeranylated Rab proteins regulate Notch processing, we hypothesized that inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) would impair Notch processing and reduce viability of T-ALL cells that express Notch. Here, we show that GGDPS inhibition reduces Notch1 expression and impairs the proliferation of T-ALL cells. GGDPS inhibition also reduces Rab7 membrane association and depletes Notch1 mRNA. GGDPS inhibition increases phosphorylation of histone H2A.X, and inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM) mitigate GGDPS inhibitor-induced apoptosis. GGDPS inhibition also influences c-abl activity downstream of caspases, and inhibitors of these enzymes prevent GGDPS inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Surprisingly, induction of apoptosis by GGDPS inhibition is reduced by co-treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors. While inhibitors of γ-secretase deplete one specific form of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), they also increase Notch1 mRNA expression and increase alternate forms of Notch1 protein expression in cells treated with a GGDPS inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibitors of γ-secretase and ATM increase Notch1 mRNA stability independent of GGDPS inhibition. These results provide a model by which T-ALL cells use Notch1 to avoid DNA-damage-induced apoptosis, and can be overcome by inhibition of GGDPS through effects on Notch1 expression and its subsequent response.
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Waller DD, Park J, Tsantrizos YS. Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and/or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) biosynthesis and its implication in the treatment of cancers. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:41-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1568964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaeok Park
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Youla S. Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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5
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Weissenrieder JS, Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Inhibiting geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis reduces nuclear androgen receptor signaling and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cell models. Prostate 2019; 79:21-30. [PMID: 30106164 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate, tumors can progress to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). This transdifferentiation process is poorly understood, but trafficking of transcriptional factors and/or cytoskeletal rearrangements may be involved. We observed the role of geranylgeranylation in this process by treatment with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase which blocks the prenylation of small GTPases such as Rho and Rab family proteins, including Cdc42 and Rac1. METHODS We examined the therapeutic potential of DGBP in LNCaP, C4-2B4, and 22Rv1 cell culture models. Cell morphology and protein expression were quantified to observe the development of the neuroendocrine phenotype in androgen-deprivation and abiraterone-treated LNCaP models of NEPC development. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to examine AR activity, and immunofluorescence visualized the localization of AR within the cell. RESULTS Essential genes in the isoprenoid pathway, such as HMGCR, MVK, GGPS1, and GGT1, were highly expressed in a subset of castration resistant prostate cancers reported by Beltran et al. Under treatment with DGBP, nuclear localization of AR decreased in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and C4-2B4 cell lines, luciferase reporter activity was reduced in LNCaP and 22Rv1, and AR target gene transcription also decreased in LNCaP. Conversely, nuclear localization of AR was enhanced by the addition of GGOH. Finally, induction of the NEPC structural and molecular phenotype via androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells was inhibited by DGBP in a GGOH-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS DGBP is a novel compound with the potential to reduce AR transcriptional activity and inhibit PCa progression to NEPC phenotype. These results suggest that DGBP may be used to block cell growth and metastasis in both hormone therapy sensitive and resistant paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Weissenrieder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Xu Z, Duan F, Lu H, Abdulkadhim Dragh M, Xia Y, Liang H, Hong L. UBIAD1 suppresses the proliferation of bladder carcinoma cells by regulating H-Ras intracellular trafficking via interaction with the C-terminal domain of H-Ras. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 30518913 PMCID: PMC6281600 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) plays a key role in biosynthesis of vitamin K2 and coenzyme Q10 using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). However, the mechanism by which UBIAD1 participates in tumorigenesis remains unknown. This study show that UBIAD1 interacts with H-Ras, retains H-Ras in the Golgi apparatus, prevents H-Ras trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, blocks the aberrant activation of Ras/MAPK signaling, and inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells. In addition, GGPP was required to maintain the function of UBIAD1 in regulating the Ras/ERK signaling pathway. A Drosophila model was employed to confirm the function of UBIAD1/HEIX in vivo. The activation of Ras/ERK signaling at the plasma membrane induced melanotic masses in Drosophila larvae. Our study suggests that UBIAD1 serves as a tumor suppressor in cancer and tentatively reveals the underlying mechanism of melanotic mass formation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengsen Duan
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiai Lu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Maytham Abdulkadhim Dragh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Xu W, Zhan P, Xu T, Jin J, Miu Y, Zhou Z, Zhu Q, Wan B, Xi G, Ye L, Liu Y, Gao J, Li H, Lv T, Song Y. Overexpression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase contributes to tumour metastasis and correlates with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2177-2189. [PMID: 29377583 PMCID: PMC5867137 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the biological role of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. GGPPS expression was detected in lung adenocarcinoma tissues by qRT‐PCR, tissue microarray (TMA) and western blotting. The relationships between GGPPS expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients were assessed. GGPPS was down‐regulated in SPCA‐1, PC9 and A549 cells using siRNA and up‐regulated in A549 cells using an adenoviral vector. The biological roles of GGPPS in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined by MTT and colony formation assays, flow cytometry, and transwell and wound‐healing assays, respectively. In addition, the regulatory roles of GGPPS on the expression of several epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were determined. Furthermore, the Rac1/Cdc42 prenylation was detected after knockdown of GGPPS in SPCA‐1 and PC9 cells. GGPPS expression was significantly increased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared to that in adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of GGPPS was correlated with large tumours, high TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients. Knockdown of GGPPS inhibited the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells, but did not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, GGPPS inhibition significantly increased the expression of E‐cadherin and reduced the expression of N‐cadherin and vimentin in lung adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, the Rac1/Cdc42 geranylgeranylation was reduced by GGPPS knockdown. Overexpression of GGPPS correlates with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma and contributes to metastasis through regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Intensive Care Unit, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Wujian Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianxiang Xu
- Center of Tumor, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiajia Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Miu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zejun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangmin Xi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Parrales A, Thoenen E, Iwakuma T. The interplay between mutant p53 and the mevalonate pathway. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:460-470. [PMID: 29238070 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the TP53 gene lead to accumulation of dysfunctional TP53 proteins in tumors, showing oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) activities. Stabilization of mutant TP53 (mutp53) is required for the GOF; however, the mechanisms by which mutp53 promotes cancer progression and how mutp53 stability is regulated are not completely understood. Recent work from our laboratory has identified statins, inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway, as degraders of conformational mutp53. Specific reduction of mevalonate-5-phosphate (MVP), a metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, by statins or mevalonate kinase (MVK) knockdown triggers CHIP ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation of conformational mutp53 by inhibiting interaction between mutp53 and DNAJA1, a Hsp40 family member. Thus, the mevalonate pathway contributes to mutp53 stabilization. Given that mutp53 is shown to promote cancer progression by upregulating mRNA expression of mevalonate pathway enzymes by binding to the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and subsequently increasing activities of mevalonate pathway-associated oncogenic proteins (e.g., Ras, Rho, YAP/TAZ), there is a positive-feedback loop between mutp53 and the mevalonate pathway. Here, we summarize recent evidence linking the mevalonate pathway-mutp53 axis with cancer progression and further discuss the clinical relevance of this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Parrales
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thoenen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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9
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Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Targeting protein geranylgeranylation slows tumor development in a murine model of prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:872-882. [PMID: 27624889 PMCID: PMC5710670 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1219817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) plays a critical role in providing substrates and enzymes necessary for the post-translational modification and thus activation of a number of proteins involved in prostate cancer metastasis. Previous work by our lab found novel compound disodium [(6Z,11E,15E)-9-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-17-hydroxy-2,6,12,16-tetramethyheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl]phosphonate (GGOHBP), which inhibits the IBP enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), reduced protein geranylgeranylation without altering protein farnesylation. This activity significantly reduced adrenal gland tumor burden in a murine model of human prostate cancer metastasis which relied on treatment of established disease. The present study determined the ability of GGDPS inhibition to slow the development of prostate cancer metastasis in a preventative murine model. Using tail vein injection of human derived PC-3 prostate cancer cells 4 d after initiating daily GGOHBP or vehicle treatments, we found GGOHBP significantly reduced whole body tumor burden, significantly slowed the development of tumors, and prolonged overall survival as compared to vehicle treated animals. The observed reduction in soft tissue tumor burden corresponded to a biochemical reduction in Rap1A geranylgeranylation, which for prostate cancer is important in its own merit and which serves as a surrogate marker for Rho family, i.e. Rac, protein modification. This effect was present in all treated mice pointing to strong target engagement, which was not observed in non-tumor burdened tissues or control mice. Our findings reiterate a role for protein geranylgeranylation in the development of prostate cancer metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raymond J. Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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10
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Kuo KK, Wu BN, Liu CP, Yang TY, Kao LP, Wu JR, Lai WT, Chen IJ. Xanthine-based KMUP-1 improves HDL via PPARγ/SR-B1, LDL via LDLRs, and HSL via PKA/PKG for hepatic fat loss. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2070-84. [PMID: 26351364 PMCID: PMC4617394 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI)/eNOS enhancer KMUP-1, targeting G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), improves dyslipidemia. We compared its lipid-lowering effects with simvastatin and explored hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) translocation in hepatic fat loss. KMUP-1 HCl (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg/day) and simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) were administered in C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by gavage for 8 weeks. KMUP-1 inhibited HFD-induced plasma/liver TG, total cholesterol, and LDL; increased HDL/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR)/Rho kinase II (ROCK II)/PPARγ/ABCA1; and decreased liver and body weight. KMUP-1 HCl in drinking water (2.5 mg/200 ml tap water) for 1–14 or 8–14 weeks decreased HFD-induced liver and body weight and scavenger receptor class B type I expression and increased protein kinase A (PKA)/PKG/LDLRs/HSL expression and immunoreactivity. In HepG2 cells incubated with serum or exogenous mevalonate, KMUP-1 (10−7∼10−5 M) reversed HMGR expression by feedback regulation, colocalized expression of ABCA1/apolipoprotein A-I/LXRα/PPARγ, and reduced exogenous geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate/farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP)-induced RhoA/ROCK II expression. A guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) antagonist reversed KMUP-1-induced ROCK II reduction, indicating cGMP/eNOS involvement. KMUP-1 inceased PKG and LDLRs surrounded by LDL and restored oxidized LDL-induced PKA expresion. Unlike simvastatin, KMUP-1 could not inhibit 14C mevalonate formation. KMUP-1 could, but simvastatin could not, decrease ROCK II expression by exogenous FPP/CGPP. KMUP-1 improves HDL via PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1/Apo-I expression and increases LDLRs/PKA/PKG/HSL expression and immunoreactivity, leading to TG hydrolysis to lower hepatic fat and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Kai Kuo
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Chung-Pin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Li-Pin Kao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Jiunn-Ren Wu
- Department of Pedatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine
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Abstract
Metabolic processes are altered in cancer cells, which obtain advantages from this metabolic reprogramming in terms of energy production and synthesis of biomolecules that sustain their uncontrolled proliferation. Due to the conceptual progresses in the last decade, metabolic reprogramming was recently included as one of the new hallmarks of cancer. The advent of high-throughput technologies to amass an abundance of omic data, together with the development of new computational methods that allow the integration and analysis of omic data by using genome-scale reconstructions of human metabolism, have increased and accelerated the discovery and development of anticancer drugs and tumor-specific metabolic biomarkers. Here we review and discuss the latest advances in the context of metabolic reprogramming and the future in cancer research.
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12
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Reilly JE, Zhou X, Tong H, Kuder CH, Wiemer DF, Hohl RJ. In vitro studies in a myelogenous leukemia cell line suggest an organized binding of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:83-92. [PMID: 25952057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A small set of isoprenoid bisphosphonates ethers has been tested in the K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line to determine their impact on isoprenoid biosynthesis. Five of these compounds inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) with IC50 values below 1 μM in enzyme assays, but in cells their apparent activity is more varied. In particular, the isomeric C-geranyl-O-prenyl and C-prenyl-O-geranyl bisphosphonates are quite different in their activity with the former consistently demonstrating greater impairment of geranylgeranylation in cells but the latter showing greater impact in the enzyme assays with GGDPS. Together, these findings suggest an organized binding of these inhibitors in the two hydrophobic channels of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, E531 Chemistry Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Craig H Kuder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, E531 Chemistry Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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13
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Jiang P, Mukthavaram R, Chao Y, Nomura N, Bharati IS, Fogal V, Pastorino S, Teng D, Cong X, Pingle SC, Kapoor S, Shetty K, Aggrawal A, Vali S, Abbasi T, Chien S, Kesari S. In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of mevalonate pathway modulation on human cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1562-71. [PMID: 25093497 PMCID: PMC4200085 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increasing usage of statins (the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) has revealed a number of unexpected beneficial effects, including a reduction in cancer risk. Methods: We investigated the direct anticancer effects of different statins approved for clinical use on human breast and brain cancer cells. We also explored the effects of statins on cancer cells using in silico simulations. Results: In vitro studies showed that cerivastatin, pitavastatin, and fluvastatin were the most potent anti-proliferative, autophagy inducing agents in human cancer cells including stem cell-like primary glioblastoma cell lines. Consistently, pitavastatin was more effective than fluvastatin in inhibiting U87 tumour growth in vivo. Intraperitoneal injection was much better than oral administration in delaying glioblastoma growth. Following statin treatment, tumour cells were rescued by adding mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Knockdown of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase-1 also induced strong cell autophagy and cell death in vitro and reduced U87 tumour growth in vivo. These data demonstrate that statins main effect is via targeting the mevalonate synthesis pathway in tumour cells. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the potent anticancer effects of statins. These safe and well-tolerated drugs need to be further investigated as cancer chemotherapeutics in comprehensive clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jiang
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - R Mukthavaram
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Y Chao
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - N Nomura
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - I S Bharati
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - V Fogal
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - S Pastorino
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - D Teng
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - X Cong
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - S C Pingle
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - S Kapoor
- Cellworks Group, Inc., 2025 Gateway Place, Suite 265, San Jose, CA 95110, USA
| | - K Shetty
- Cellworks Group, Inc., 2025 Gateway Place, Suite 265, San Jose, CA 95110, USA
| | - A Aggrawal
- Cellworks Group, Inc., 2025 Gateway Place, Suite 265, San Jose, CA 95110, USA
| | - S Vali
- Cellworks Group, Inc., 2025 Gateway Place, Suite 265, San Jose, CA 95110, USA
| | - T Abbasi
- Cellworks Group, Inc., 2025 Gateway Place, Suite 265, San Jose, CA 95110, USA
| | - S Chien
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - S Kesari
- 1] Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA [2] Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Park J, Matralis AN, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS. Human isoprenoid synthase enzymes as therapeutic targets. Front Chem 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25101260 PMCID: PMC4106277 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, the complex biochemical network known as the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids, which consists of a vast array of metabolites that are vital for proper cellular functions. Two key isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are responsible for the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins, and serve as the biosynthetic precursors to numerous other biomolecules. The down-stream metabolite of FPP and GGPP is squalene, the precursor to steroids, bile acids, lipoproteins, and vitamin D. In the past, interest in prenyl synthase inhibitors focused mainly on the role of the FPP in lytic bone diseases. More recently pre-clinical and clinical studies have strongly implicated high levels of protein prenylation in a plethora of human diseases, including non-skeletal cancers, the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus mainly on the potential therapeutic value of down-regulating the biosynthesis of FPP, GGPP, and squalene. We summarize the most recent drug discovery efforts and the structural data available that support the current on-going studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Yu DC, Liu J, Chen J, Shao JJ, Shen X, Xia HG, Li CJ, Xue B, Ding YT. GGPPS1 predicts the biological character of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:248. [PMID: 24716791 PMCID: PMC4028285 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been associated with diabetes and obesity, but a possible connection with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its potential interaction with hepatitis and cirrhosis are open to discussion. Our previous investigations have shown that GGPPS1 plays a critical role during hyperinsulinism. In this report, the expression and distribution of GGPPS1 in liver cancer, and its clinical significance were investigated. Methods 70 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were included in this study. Three different types of tissues from each HCC patient were assembled immediately after surgical resection: tumor-free tissue >5 cm far from tumor edge (TF), adjacent nonmalignant tissue within 2 cm (AT), and tissue from the tumor (TT). Normal liver tissues from 10 liver transplant donors served as healthy control (HC) while 10 patients with liver cirrhosis as cirrhosis control (CC). The expression and distribution of GGPPS1 were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blots, or real-time PCR. The relationship between the expression of GGPPS1 and clinic pathologic index were analyzed. Results We found that GGPPS1 was intensified mainly in the cytoplasm of liver tumor cells. Both the expression of GGPPS1 mRNA and protein were upregulated in TT comparing to AT or TF. Meanwhile, HCC patients with cirrhosis had relative higher expression of GGPPS1. In addition, many pathologic characters show close correlation with GGPPS1, such as tumor stage, vessel invasion, and early recurrence. Conclusion GGPPS1 may play a critical role during the development of HCC from cirrhosis and is of clinical significance for predicting biological character of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, P,R, China.
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16
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Feizi A, Bordel S. Metabolic and protein interaction sub-networks controlling the proliferation rate of cancer cells and their impact on patient survival. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3041. [PMID: 24154670 PMCID: PMC3807112 DOI: 10.1038/srep03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can have a broad scope of proliferation rates. Here we aim to identify the molecular mechanisms that allow some cancer cell lines to grow up to 4 times faster than other cell lines. The correlation of gene expression profiles with the growth rate in 60 different cell lines has been analyzed using several genome-scale biological networks and new algorithms. New possible regulatory feedback loops have been suggested and the known roles of several cell cycle related transcription factors have been confirmed. Over 100 growth-correlated metabolic sub-networks have been identified, suggesting a key role of simultaneous lipid synthesis and degradation in the energy supply of the cancer cells growth. Many metabolic sub-networks involved in cell line proliferation appeared also to correlate negatively with the survival expectancy of colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Feizi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Kemivägen 10, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Jerby L, Ruppin E. Predicting drug targets and biomarkers of cancer via genome-scale metabolic modeling. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 18:5572-84. [PMID: 23071359 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of cancer cells is reprogrammed in various ways to support their growth and survival. Studying these phenomena to develop noninvasive diagnostic tools and selective treatments is a promising avenue. Metabolic modeling has recently emerged as a new way to study human metabolism in a systematic, genome-scale manner by using pertinent high-throughput omics data. This method has been shown in various studies to provide fairly accurate estimates of the metabolic phenotype and its modifications following genetic and environmental perturbations. Here, we provide an overview of genome-scale metabolic modeling and its current use to model human metabolism in health and disease. We then describe the initial steps made using it to study cancer metabolism and how it may be harnessed to enhance ongoing experimental efforts to identify drug targets and biomarkers for cancer in a rationale-based manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livnat Jerby
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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18
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Tong H, Kuder CH, Wasko BM, Hohl RJ. Quantitative determination of isopentenyl diphosphate in cultured mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2013; 433:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Agren R, Bordel S, Mardinoglu A, Pornputtapong N, Nookaew I, Nielsen J. Reconstruction of genome-scale active metabolic networks for 69 human cell types and 16 cancer types using INIT. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002518. [PMID: 22615553 PMCID: PMC3355067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of high throughput analytical methods has given physicians the potential access to extensive and patient-specific data sets, such as gene sequences, gene expression profiles or metabolite footprints. This opens for a new approach in health care, which is both personalized and based on system-level analysis. Genome-scale metabolic networks provide a mechanistic description of the relationships between different genes, which is valuable for the analysis and interpretation of large experimental data-sets. Here we describe the generation of genome-scale active metabolic networks for 69 different cell types and 16 cancer types using the INIT (Integrative Network Inference for Tissues) algorithm. The INIT algorithm uses cell type specific information about protein abundances contained in the Human Proteome Atlas as the main source of evidence. The generated models constitute the first step towards establishing a Human Metabolic Atlas, which will be a comprehensive description (accessible online) of the metabolism of different human cell types, and will allow for tissue-level and organism-level simulations in order to achieve a better understanding of complex diseases. A comparative analysis between the active metabolic networks of cancer types and healthy cell types allowed for identification of cancer-specific metabolic features that constitute generic potential drug targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Agren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wasko BM, Dudakovic A, Hohl RJ. Bisphosphonates Induce Autophagy by Depleting Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:540-6. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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