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Hurwitz SJ, De R, LeCher JC, Downs-Bowen JA, Goh SL, Zandi K, McBrayer T, Amblard F, Patel D, Kohler JJ, Bhasin M, Dobosh BS, Sukhatme V, Tirouvanziam RM, Schinazi RF. Why Certain Repurposed Drugs Are Unlikely to Be Effective Antivirals to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:651. [PMID: 38675992 PMCID: PMC11053489 DOI: 10.3390/v16040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Most repurposed drugs have proved ineffective for treating COVID-19. We evaluated median effective and toxic concentrations (EC50, CC50) of 49 drugs, mostly from previous clinical trials, in Vero cells. Ratios of reported unbound peak plasma concentrations, (Cmax)/EC50, were used to predict the potential in vivo efficacy. The 20 drugs with the highest ratios were retested in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells, and their CC50 was determined in an expanded panel of cell lines. Many of the 20 drugs with the highest ratios were inactive in human Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells. Antivirals effective in controlled clinical trials had unbound Cmax/EC50 ≥ 6.8 in Calu-3 or Caco-2 cells. EC50 of nucleoside analogs were cell dependent. This approach and earlier availability of more relevant cultures could have reduced the number of unwarranted clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn J. Hurwitz
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Ramyani De
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Julia C. LeCher
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Jessica A. Downs-Bowen
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Shu Ling Goh
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Tamara McBrayer
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - James J. Kohler
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Brian S. Dobosh
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Vikas Sukhatme
- Morningside Center for Innovative and Affordable Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Rabindra M. Tirouvanziam
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis & Airways Disease Research, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.); (B.S.D.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.J.H.); (R.D.); (J.C.L.); (J.A.D.-B.); (S.L.G.); (K.Z.); (T.M.); (F.A.); (D.P.); (J.J.K.)
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2
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Copy Number Variations as Determinants of Colorectal Tumor Progression in Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021738. [PMID: 36675253 PMCID: PMC9866722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, increasing evidence has shown that copy number variations (CNVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Colorectal adenomas are highly prevalent lesions, but only 5% of these adenomas ever progress to carcinoma. This review summarizes the different CNVs associated with adenoma-carcinoma CRC progression and with CRC staging. Characterization of CNVs in circulating free-RNA and in blood-derived exosomes augers well with the potential of using such assays for patient management and early detection of metastasis. To overcome the limitations related to tissue biopsies and tumor heterogeneity, using CNVs to characterize tumor-derived materials in biofluids provides less invasive sampling methods and a sample that collectively represents multiple tumor sites in heterogeneous samples. Liquid biopsies provide a source of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-derived exosomes (TDE), circulating free RNA, and non-coding RNA. This review provides an overview of the current diagnostic and predictive models from liquid biopsies.
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Hassan MS, Cwidak N, Johnson C, Däster S, Eppenberger-Castori S, Awasthi N, Li J, Schwarz MA, von Holzen U. Therapeutic Potential of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Flavopiridol on c-Myc Overexpressing Esophageal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746385. [PMID: 34621175 PMCID: PMC8490822 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors with elevated c-Myc expression often exhibit a highly aggressive phenotype, and c-Myc amplification has been shown to be frequent in esophageal cancer. Emerging data suggests that synthetic lethal interactions between c-Myc pathway activation and small molecules inhibition involved in cell cycle signaling can be therapeutically exploited to preferentially kill tumor cells. We therefore investigated whether exploiting elevated c-Myc expression is effective in treating esophageal cancer with the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol. We found frequent overexpression of c-Myc in human esophageal cancer cell lines and tissues. c-Myc overexpression correlated with accelerated esophageal cancer subcutaneous xenograft tumor growth. Esophageal cancer cells with elevated c-Myc expression were found preferentially more sensitive to induction of apoptosis by the CDK inhibition flavopiridol compared to esophageal cancer cells with lower c-Myc expression. In addition, we observed that flavopiridol alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (NPT) or in combinations with the targeted agent BMS-754807 significantly inhibited esophageal cancer cell proliferation and subcutaneous xenograft tumor growth while significantly enhancing overall mice survival. These results indicate that aggressive esophageal cancer cells with elevated c-Myc expression are sensitive to the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol, and that flavopiridol alone or in combination can be a potential therapy for c-Myc overexpressing esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sazzad Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, United States.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas Cwidak
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Chloe Johnson
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | | | | | - Niranjan Awasthi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, United States.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States.,University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Margaret A Schwarz
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, United States
| | - Urs von Holzen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, United States.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, United States.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN, United States
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Lawal B, Liu YL, Mokgautsi N, Khedkar H, Sumitra MR, Wu ATH, Huang HS. Pharmacoinformatics and Preclinical Studies of NSC765690 and NSC765599, Potential STAT3/CDK2/4/6 Inhibitors with Antitumor Activities against NCI60 Human Tumor Cell Lines. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010092. [PMID: 33477856 PMCID: PMC7832910 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcriptional regulator of a number of biological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis, while cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a critical regulator of cell cycle progression. These proteins appear to play central roles in angiogenesis and cell survival and are widely implicated in tumor progression. In this study, we used the well-characterized US National Cancer Institute 60 (NCI60) human tumor cell lines to screen the in vitro anti-cancer activities of our novel small molecule derivatives (NSC765690 and NSC765599) of salicylanilide. Furthermore, we used the DTP-COMPARE algorithm and in silico drug target prediction to identify the potential molecular targets, and finally, we used molecular docking to assess the interaction between the compounds and prominent potential targets. We found that NSC765690 and NSC765599 exhibited an anti-proliferative effect against the 60 panels of NCI human cancer cell lines, and dose-dependent cytotoxic preference for NSCLC, melanoma, renal, and breast cancer cell lines. Protein–ligand interactions studies revealed that NSC765690 and NSC765599 were favored ligands for STAT3/CDK2/4/6. Moreover, cyclization of the salicylanilide core scaffold of NSC765690 mediated its higher anti-cancer activities and had greater potential to interact with STAT3/CDK2/4/6 than did NSC765599 with an open-ring structure. NSC765690 and NSC765599 met the required safety and criteria of a good drug candidate, and are thus worthy of further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations in tumor-bearing mice to assess their full therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Lawal
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (B.L.); (N.M.); (H.K.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ntlotlang Mokgautsi
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (B.L.); (N.M.); (H.K.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Harshita Khedkar
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (B.L.); (N.M.); (H.K.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Maryam Rachmawati Sumitra
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (B.L.); (N.M.); (H.K.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (H.-S.H.)
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (B.L.); (N.M.); (H.K.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (H.-S.H.)
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5
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Taleghani A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Potent Cytotoxic Natural Flavonoids: The Limits of Perspective. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5555-5579. [PMID: 30799786 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190222142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the numerous biologic and pharmacologic functions in the human body that act as potent antioxidants, flavonoids (flavones, flavanones, flavonols, flavanols and isoflavones) are noted as cancer preventive or therapeutic agents. METHODS This review summarizes the published data using PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. RESULTS In this context, recognition and introduction of the most active cytotoxic flavonoids as promising agents for cancer therapy gives insight for further evaluations. However, there are some critical points that may affect the entering of flavonoids as active cytotoxic phytochemicals in the clinical phase. Issues such as the abundance of active species in nature, the methods of extraction and purification, solubility, pharmacokinetic profile, presence of the chiral moieties, method of synthesis, and structure modification may limit the entry of a selected compound for use in humans. Although plenty of basic evidence exists for cytotoxic/antitumor activity of the versatility of flavonoids for entry into clinical trials, the above-mentioned concerns must be considered. CONCLUSION This review is an effort to introduce cytotoxic natural flavonoids (IC50< 10 µM) that may have the potential to be used against various tumor cells. Also, active constituents, molecular mechanisms, and related clinical trials have been discussed as well as the limitations and challenges of using flavonoids in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Taleghani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan Province, Gonbad Kavus, P.O. Box 163, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Vijayaraghavan S, Moulder S, Keyomarsi K, Layman RM. Inhibiting CDK in Cancer Therapy: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Target Oncol 2017; 13:21-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bilgin B, Sendur MAN, Şener Dede D, Akıncı MB, Yalçın B. A current and comprehensive review of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1559-1569. [PMID: 28657360 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1348344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to endocrine treatment generally occurs over time, especially in the metastatic stage. In this paper, we aimed to review the mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibition and clinical usage of new agents in the light of recent literature updates. SCOPE A literature search was carried out using PubMed, Medline and ASCO and ESMO annual-meeting abstracts by using the following search keywords; "palbociclib", "abemaciclib", "ribociclib", "cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors" and "CDK 4/6" in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The last search was on 10 June 2017. FINDINGS CDKs and cyclins are two molecules that have a key role in cell cycle progression. Today, there are three highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in clinical development - palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib. Palbociclib and ribociclib were recently approved by the US FDA in combination with letrozole for the treatment of MBC in a first-line setting, as well as palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant for hormone-receptor (HR)-positive MBC that had progressed while on previous endocrine therapy according to the PALOMA-1, MONALEESA-2 and PALOMA-3 trials, respectively. In the recently published randomized phase III MONARCH 2 trial, abemaciclib plus letrozole had longer progression-free survival and higher objective response rates with less serious adverse events in advanced HR-positive breast cancer previously treated with hormonal treatment. CONCLUSION CDK4/6 inhibition is a new and promising target for patients with hormone-receptor-positive MBC. Both palbociclib and ribociclib showed significant additive benefit for patients receiving first-line treatment for HR-positive, epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer. Palbociclib and abemaciclib also had significant activity in combination with fulvestrant for patients with MBC that progressed on previous endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Bilgin
- a Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mehmet A N Sendur
- a Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Didem Şener Dede
- a Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Muhammed Bülent Akıncı
- a Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Bülent Yalçın
- a Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey
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8
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Mita MM, Mita AC, Moseley JL, Poon J, Small KA, Jou YM, Kirschmeier P, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Statkevich P, Sankhala KK, Sarantopoulos J, Cleary JM, Chirieac LR, Rodig SJ, Bannerji R, Shapiro GI. Phase 1 safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib administered every three weeks in patients with advanced malignancies. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1258-1268. [PMID: 28859059 PMCID: PMC5672931 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dinaciclib is a potent inhibitor of cell cycle and transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases. This Phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of various dosing schedules of dinaciclib in advanced solid tumour patients and assessed pharmacodynamic and preliminary anti-tumour activity. Methods: In part 1, patients were enrolled in escalating cohorts of 2-h infusions administered once every 3 weeks, utilising an accelerated titration design until a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was defined. In part 2, 8- and 24-h infusions were evaluated. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for all schedules. Pharmacodynamic effects were assessed with an ex vivo stimulated lymphocyte proliferation assay performed in whole blood. Effects of dinaciclib on retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation and other CDK targets were evaluated in skin and tumour biopsies. In addition to tumour size, metabolic response was evaluated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Results: Sixty-one patients were enrolled to parts 1 and 2. The RP2Ds were 50, 7.4 and 10.4 mg m−2 as 2- 8- and 24-hour infusions, respectively. Dose-limiting toxicities included pancytopenia, neutropenic fever, elevated transaminases, hyperuricemia and hypotension. Pharmacokinetics demonstrated rapid distribution and a short plasma half-life. Dinaciclib suppressed proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. In skin and tumour biopsies, dinaciclib reduced Rb phosphorylation at CDK2 phospho-sites and modulated expression of cyclin D1 and p53, suggestive of CDK9 inhibition. Although there were no RECIST responses, eight patients had prolonged stable disease and received between 6 and 30 cycles. Early metabolic responses occurred. Conclusions: Dinaciclib is tolerable at doses demonstrating target engagement in surrogate and tumour tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Mita
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Alain C Mita
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jennifer L Moseley
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Da Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yali Zhu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Kamelesh K Sankhala
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - John Sarantopoulos
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - James M Cleary
- Early Drug Development Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lucian R Chirieac
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Early Drug Development Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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9
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Dong K, Yang X, Zhao T, Zhu X. An insight into the inhibitory selectivity of 4-(Pyrazol- 4-yl)-pyrimidines to CDK4 over CDK2. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1279283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xueyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Tengteng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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10
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Cai Z, Liu Q. Cell Cycle Regulation in Treatment of Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:251-270. [PMID: 29282688 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression and cell proliferation are under precise and orchestrated control in normal cells. However, uncontrolled cell proliferation caused by aberrant cell cycle progression is a crucial characteristic of cancer. Understanding cell cycle progression and its regulation sheds light on cancer treatment. Agents targeting cell cycle regulators (such as CDKs) have been considered as promising candidates in cancer treatment. Although the first-generation pan-CDK inhibitors failed in clinical trials because of their adverse events and low efficacy, new selective CDK 4/6 inhibitors showed potent efficacy with tolerable safety in preclinical and clinical studies. Here we will review the mechanisms of cell cycle regulation and targeting key cell cycle regulators (such as CDKs) in breast cancer treatment. Particularly, we will discuss the mechanism of CDK inhibitors in disrupting cell cycle progression, the use of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in treatment of advanced, hormone receptor (HR)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients, and other clinical trials that aim to extend the utilization of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Cai
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Abstract
CDK9 is a protein in constant development in cancer therapy. Herein we present an overview of the enzyme as a target for cancer therapy. We provide data on its characteristics and mechanism of action. In recent years, CDK9 inhibitors that have been designed with molecular modeling have demonstrated good antitumoral activity in vitro. Clinical studies of the drugs flavopiridol, dinaciclib, seliciclib, SNS-032 and RGB-286638 used as CDK9 inhibitors are also reviewed, with their additional targets and their relative IC50 values. Unfortunately, treatment with these drugs remains unsuccessful and involves many adverse effects. We could conclude that there are many small molecules that bind to CDK9, but their lack of selectivity against other CDKs do not allow them to get to the clinical use. However, drug designers currently have the tools needed to improve the selectivity of CDK9 inhibitors and to make successful treatment available to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Morales
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- a Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Medicine , Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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12
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DiPippo AJ, Patel NK, Barnett CM. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacotherapy 2016; 36:652-67. [PMID: 27087139 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) that is resistant to endocrine therapy presents a significant clinical challenge. The well-known role of cell cycle dysregulation in these patients is partly mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. Specific cyclin and CDK complexes regulate cell cycle progression by managing the transition through the cell cycle, and inhibition of CDKs represents an important target for novel agents. First-generation CDK inhibitors (e.g., flavopiridol) were relatively nonselective and had an unacceptable toxicity profile in early trials. Second-generation CDK inhibitors were designed to target the CDK4 and CDK6 (CDK4/6) pathway and have shown promising clinical activity with an acceptable toxicity profile in patients with MBC. Palbociclib is a first-in-class CDK4/6 inhibitor that was granted accelerated U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in combination with letrozole for the treatment of MBC in the first-line setting (February 2015) as well as in combination with fulvestrant for MBC that had progressed on previous endocrine therapy (February 2016). Other CDK4/6 inhibitors, including ribociclib and abemaciclib, are under investigation as monotherapy and in combination with endocrine or anti-human epidermal growth receptor 2 therapy for the treatment of MBC. Ongoing clinical trials should provide additional information to guide the appropriate use of these agents and identify patient populations that could derive the most benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J DiPippo
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neelam K Patel
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad M Barnett
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Awan FT, Jones JA, Maddocks K, Poi M, Grever MR, Johnson A, Byrd JC, Andritsos LA. A phase 1 clinical trial of flavopiridol consolidation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients following chemoimmunotherapy. Ann Hematol 2016; 95:1137-43. [PMID: 27118540 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who receive chemoimmunotherapy and do not achieve complete remission experience significantly shortened progression-free interval (PFS). Additionally, the majority of patients treated for relapsed disease demonstrate evidence of measurable disease. Eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) results in improved PFS and overall survival. Maintenance therapy might result in eradication of MRD and improve response duration but might be associated with an increase in incidence of infectious complications. Flavopiridol is a broad cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with established safety and efficacy in patients with relapsed CLL, particularly patients with high-risk cytogenetic features. A pharmacologically derived schedule was utilized as consolidation therapy in this phase I study to assess the safety and feasibility of outpatient therapy with flavopiridol in patients with low tumor burden. Flavopiridol was administered as a 30-min loading dose of 30 mg/m(2) followed by a 4-h infusion of 30 mg/m(2) once weekly for 3 weeks every 5 weeks (1 cycle) for planned 2 cycles in ten patients. Therapy was extremely well tolerated and no patient developed acute tumor lysis syndrome. The most common toxicities were gastrointestinal. Of the patients, 22 % improved their response from a PR to CR. Eighty-eight percent experienced a reduction in tumor burden as measured by extent of bone marrow involvement including patients with del17p and complex karyotype. The study establishes the safety and efficacy of flavopiridol as consolidation therapy after chemoimmunotherapy for patients with CLL. Further evaluation is required in larger trials for the utility of CDK inhibitors as consolidation or maintenance strategies.Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00377104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh T Awan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Kami Maddocks
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Ming Poi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Michael R Grever
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Amy Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Leslie A Andritsos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
- Starling Loving Hall, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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14
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Guo HM, Sun YM, Zhang SX, Ju XL, Xie AY, Li J, Zou L, Sun XD, Li HL, Zheng Y. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 8-hydroxypiperidinylmethyl-baicalein (BA-j) as a novel selective CDK1 inhibitor in monkey. Fitoterapia 2015; 107:36-43. [PMID: 26474673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is the only necessary CDK in the cell proliferation process and a new target in the research and development of anti-cancer drugs. 8-Hydroxypiperidinemethyl-baicalein (BA-j) is a Mannich base derivative of baicalein (BA) isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, as a novel selective CDK1 inhibitor. 12 metabolites of BA-j in the monkey urine were identified by LC-MS-MS and (1)H NMR. The major metabolic pathways of BA-j, by capturing oxygen free radicals ((.)O2(-)) and releasing peroxides (H2O2), are degraded into active intermediate metabolite dihydroflavonol, then into main metabolite M179 by Shiff reaction, second metabolite M264 by sulfation, trace amount of metabolite M559 by glucuronidation UGT1A9, and without metabolism by CYP3A4. The metabolic process of BA-j by regulating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was related with BA-j selectively inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Pharmacokinetics of 10mg/kg oral BA-j in monkey by HPLC-UV was best fitted to a two-compartment open model, with t1/2(β) of 4.2h, Cmax 25.4μM at 2h, and Vd 12.6L, meaning the drug distributing widely in body fluids with no special selectivity to certain tissues, and being able to permeate through the blood-brain barrier. The protein binding rate of BA-j was 91.8%. BA-j has excellent druggability for oral administration or injection, and it may be developed into a novel anti-cancer drug as a selective CDK1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiu-Lan Ju
- College of Vocational and Technical, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ai-Yun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hai-Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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15
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Zhang S, Bao Y, Ju X, Li K, Shang H, Ha L, Qian Y, Zou L, Sun X, Li J, Wang Q, Fan Q. BA-j as a novel CDK1 inhibitor selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by regulating ROS. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13626. [PMID: 26330167 PMCID: PMC4557050 DOI: 10.1038/srep13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is the only necessary CDK in cell proliferation and a novel target in the development of anticancer drugs. 8-Hydroxypiperidinemethyl-baicalein (BA-j) is a novel selective CDK1 inhibitor with broad spectrum anti-cancer activity (IC50 12.3 μM) and 2 tumor xenografts. Because of the differential mechanisms controlling redox-states in normal and cancer cells, BA-j can capture oxygen free radicals (·O2−) and selectively increase the level of H2O2 in cancer cells, thereby specifically oxidize and activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway bypassing the extrinsic death receptor pathway, thus inducing apoptosis in cancer cells rather than in normal cells. BA-j is different from cytotoxic anticancer drugs which can activate both the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and the extrinsic death receptor pathway, and therefore harm normal cells while killing cancer cells. The molecular and biochemical mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation suggest that BA-j may be developed into a novel anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiulan Ju
- College of Vocational and Technical, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Kangjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyan Shang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lisha Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qianru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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16
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Garcia-Cuellar MP, Füller E, Mäthner E, Breitinger C, Hetzner K, Zeitlmann L, Borkhardt A, Slany RK. Efficacy of cyclin-dependent-kinase 9 inhibitors in a murine model of mixed-lineage leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:1427-35. [PMID: 24445865 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-lineage leukemia fusion proteins activate their target genes predominantly by stimulating transcriptional elongation. A core component necessary for this activity is cyclin-dependent kinase 9. Here we explored the effectiveness of small molecules targeting this enzyme as potential therapeutics. A screen of seven compounds with anti-CDK9 activity applied to a panel of leukemia cell lines identified flavopiridol and the experimental inhibitor PC585 as superior in efficacy with inhibitory concentrations in the submicromolar range. Both substances induced rapid dephosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain, accompanied by downregulation of CDK9-dependent transcripts for MYC and HOXA9. Global gene expression analysis indicated the induction of a general stress response program, culminating in widespread apoptosis. Importantly, colony-forming activity in leukemia lines and primary patient samples could be completely inhibited under conditions that did not affect native precursors from bone marrow. In vivo application in a mouse transplant model significantly delayed disease with PC585 showing also oral activity. These results suggest CDK9 inhibition as novel treatment option for mixed-lineage leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Füller
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Mäthner
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Breitinger
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Hetzner
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Zeitlmann
- Ingenium Pharmaceuticals AG, Munich, Germany
| | - A Borkhardt
- Clinic of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Clinical Immunology, Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R K Slany
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Nemunaitis JJ, Small KA, Kirschmeier P, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Jou YM, Statkevich P, Yao SL, Bannerji R. A first-in-human, phase 1, dose-escalation study of dinaciclib, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, administered weekly in subjects with advanced malignancies. J Transl Med 2013; 11:259. [PMID: 24131779 PMCID: PMC3853718 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dinaciclib, a small-molecule, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, inhibits cell cycle progression and proliferation in various tumor cell lines in vitro. We conducted an open-label, dose-escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability, and bioactivity of dinaciclib in adults with advanced malignancies. Methods Dinaciclib was administered starting at a dose of 0.33 mg/m2, as a 2-hour intravenous infusion once weekly for 3 weeks (on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle), to determine the maximum administered dose (MAD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), and safety and tolerability. Pharmacodynamics of dinaciclib were assessed using an ex vivo phytohemagglutinin lymphocyte stimulation assay and immunohistochemistry staining for retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in skin biopsies. Evidence of antitumor activity was assessed by sequential computed tomography imaging after every 2 treatment cycles. Results Forty-eight subjects with solid tumors were treated. The MAD was found to be 14 mg/m2 and the RP2D was determined to be 12 mg/m2; DLTs at the MAD included orthostatic hypotension and elevated uric acid. Forty-seven (98%) subjects reported adverse events (AEs) across all dose levels; the most common AEs were nausea, anemia, decreased appetite, and fatigue. Dinaciclib administered at the RP2D significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, demonstrating a pharmacodynamic effect. Ten subjects treated at a variety of doses achieved prolonged stable disease for at least 4 treatment cycles. Conclusions Dinaciclib administered every week for 3 weeks (on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle) was generally safe and well tolerated. Initial bioactivity and observed disease stabilization support further evaluation of dinaciclib as a treatment option for patients with advanced solid malignancies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov #
NCT00871663
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, 1700 Pacific Avenue, Suite 1100, Dallas, TX 75201, USA.
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18
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Jia B, Choy E, Cote G, Harmon D, Ye S, Kan Q, Mankin H, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is crucial in the growth of liposarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 342:104-12. [PMID: 24007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the second most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, but treatment options have been quite limited thus far. In this study, we investigated the functional and therapeutic relevance of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) as a putative target in liposarcoma. CDK11 knockdown by synthetic siRNA or lentiviral shRNA decreased cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in liposarcoma cells. Moreover, CDK11 knockdown enhances the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin to inhibit cell growth in liposarcoma cells. These findings suggest that CDK11 is critical for the growth and proliferation of liposarcoma cells. CDK11 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of liposarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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Heitzer E, Auer M, Ulz P, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Circulating tumor cells and DNA as liquid biopsies. Genome Med 2013; 5:73. [PMID: 23998943 PMCID: PMC3979149 DOI: 10.1186/gm477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For cancer patients, the current approach to prognosis relies on clinicopathological staging, but usually this provides little information about the individual response to treatment. Therefore, there is a tremendous need for protein and genetic biomarkers with predictive and prognostic information. As biomarkers are identified, the serial monitoring of tumor genotypes, which are instable and prone to changes under selection pressure, is becoming increasingly possible. To this end, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shed from primary and metastatic cancers may allow the non-invasive analysis of the evolution of tumor genomes during treatment and disease progression through 'liquid biopsies'. Here we review recent progress in the identification of CTCs among thousands of other cells in the blood and new high-resolution approaches, including recent microfluidic platforms, for dissecting the genomes of CTCs and obtaining functional data. We also discuss new ctDNA-based approaches, which may become a powerful alternative to CTC analysis. Together, these approaches provide novel biological insights into the process of metastasis and may elucidate signaling pathways involved in cell invasiveness and metastatic competence. In medicine these liquid biopsies may emerge to be powerful predictive and prognostic biomarkers and could therefore be instrumental for areas such as precision or personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Auer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen B Geigl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Galons H, Oumata N, Gloulou O, Meijer L. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors closer to market launch? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:945-63. [PMID: 23600454 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.789861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors was stimulated by the demonstration that their pharmacological activities could lead to therapies for numerous diseases. Until now, despite the clinical introduction of a dozen compounds belonging to other classes of kinase inhibitors, no CDK inhibitor has reached the marketplace. AREAS COVERED This review covers CDK inhibitor patents published between 2009 and September 2012. It presents compounds currently undergoing clinical development, along with our earlier (2010) review of the same topic, as well as descriptions of recently published compounds not disclosed in the patent literature. It provides the reader with an update of all chemical structures of current interest in the CDK inhibitor field. EXPERT OPINION Though cancer remains the most obvious application for CDK inhibition, other indications, such as HIV infection, could potentially be treated with CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Galons
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, INSERM U 1022, Université Paris - Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
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21
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Heitzer E, Auer M, Gasch C, Pichler M, Ulz P, Hoffmann EM, Lax S, Waldispuehl-Geigl J, Mauermann O, Lackner C, Höfler G, Eisner F, Sill H, Samonigg H, Pantel K, Riethdorf S, Bauernhofer T, Geigl JB, Speicher MR. Complex tumor genomes inferred from single circulating tumor cells by array-CGH and next-generation sequencing. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2965-75. [PMID: 23471846 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) released into blood from primary cancers and metastases reflect the current status of tumor genotypes, which are prone to changes. Here, we conducted the first comprehensive genomic profiling of CTCs using array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and next-generation sequencing. We used the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-cleared CellSearch system, which detected CTCs in 21 of 37 patients (range, 1-202/7.5 mL sample) with stage IV colorectal carcinoma. In total, we were able to isolate 37 intact CTCs from six patients and identified in those multiple colorectal cancer-associated copy number changes, many of which were also present in the respective primary tumor. We then used massive parallel sequencing of a panel of 68 colorectal cancer-associated genes to compare the mutation spectrum in the primary tumors, metastases, and the corresponding CTCs from two of these patients. Mutations in known driver genes [e.g., adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), KRAS, or PIK3CA] found in the primary tumor and metastasis were also detected in corresponding CTCs. However, we also observed mutations exclusively in CTCs. To address whether these mutations were derived from a small subclone in the primary tumor or represented new variants of metastatic cells, we conducted additional deep sequencing of the primary tumor and metastasis and applied a customized statistical algorithm for analysis. We found that most mutations initially found only in CTCs were also present at subclonal level in the primary tumors and metastases from the same patient. This study paves the way to use CTCs as a liquid biopsy in patients with cancer, providing more effective options to monitor tumor genomes that are prone to change during progression, treatment, and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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22
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Luke JJ, D'Adamo DR, Dickson MA, Keohan ML, Carvajal RD, Maki RG, de Stanchina E, Musi E, Singer S, Schwartz GK. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol potentiates doxorubicin efficacy in advanced sarcomas: preclinical investigations and results of a phase I dose-escalation clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2638-47. [PMID: 22374332 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulated cyclin-dependent kinases are important to the growth of some sarcomas. Flavopiridol is a pan-CDK inhibitor that has been shown to potentiate chemotherapy. As such, we explored the potentiation of doxorubicin by flavopiridol in sarcoma, in vitro and in vivo, and conducted a phase I trial of flavopiridol with doxorubicin in patients with advanced sarcomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sarcoma cell lines and xenografts were treated with flavopiridol alone and in combination with doxorubicin. In the phase I study, doxorubicin and flavopiridol were administered on two flavopiridol schedules; a 1-hour bolus and split dosing as a 30-minute bolus followed by a 4-hour infusion. RESULTS Preclinically, flavopiridol potentiated doxorubicin. In vivo, doxorubicin administered 1 hour before flavopiridol was more active than doxorubicin alone. Clinically, 31 patients were enrolled on protocol and flavopiridol was escalated to target dose in two schedules (90 mg/m(2) bolus; 50 mg/m(2) bolus + 40 mg/m(2) infusion) both in combination with doxorubicin (60 mg/m(2)). Dose-limiting toxicities were neutropenia, leukopenia, and febrile neutropenia but no maximum tolerated dose was defined. Flavopiridol pharmacokinetics showed increasing C(max) with increasing dose. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) responses included two partial responses, however, stable disease was seen in 16 patients. Of 12 evaluable patients with progressive well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, eight had stable disease greater than 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The sequential combination of doxorubicin followed by flavopiridol is well tolerated on both schedules. Disease control was observed in well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma specifically, a disease in which CDK4 is known to be amplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Saradhi UVRV, Gupta SV, Chiu M, Wang J, Ling Y, Liu Z, Newman DJ, Covey JM, Kinghorn AD, Marcucci G, Lucas DM, Grever MR, Phelps MA, Chan KK. Characterization of silvestrol pharmacokinetics in mice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. AAPS J 2011; 13:347-56. [PMID: 21499689 PMCID: PMC3160157 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of the plant natural product silvestrol in mice, using ansamitocin P-3 as the internal standard. The method was validated in plasma with a lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/mL, accuracy ranging from 87 to 114%, and precision (coefficient of variation) below 15%. The validated method was used to characterize pharmacokinetics in C57BL/6 mice and metabolism in mouse, human and rat plasma, and liver microsomes. Mice were dosed with silvestrol formulated in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin via intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral routes followed by blood sampling up to 24 h. Intraperitoneal systemic availability was 100%, but oral administration resulted in only 1.7% bioavailability. Gradual degradation of silvestrol was observed in mouse and human plasma, with approximately 60% of the parent drug remaining after 6 h. In rat plasma, however, silvestrol was completely converted to silvestric acid (SA) within 10 min. Evaluation in microsomes provided further evidence that the main metabolite formed was SA, which subsequently showed no cytotoxic or cytostatic activity in a silvestrol-sensitive lymphoblastic cell line. The ability of the analytical assay to measure tissue levels of silvestrol was evaluated in liver, brain, kidney, and spleen. Results indicated the method was capable of accurately measuring tissue levels of silvestrol and suggested it has a relatively low distribution to brain. Together, these data suggest an overall favorable pharmacokinetic profile of silvestrol in mice and provide crucial information for its continued development toward potential clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. V. R. Vijaya Saradhi
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Sneha V. Gupta
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Ming Chiu
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Yonghua Ling
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Zhongfa Liu
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | | | | | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
- />College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - David M. Lucas
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
- />College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Michael R. Grever
- />College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
- />College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Kenneth K. Chan
- />College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
- />College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
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