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Tutunea-Fatan E, Arumugarajah S, Suri RS, Edgar CR, Hon I, Dikeakos JD, Gunaratnam L. Sensing Dying Cells in Health and Disease: The Importance of Kidney Injury Molecule-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:795-808. [PMID: 38353655 PMCID: PMC11164124 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), also known as T-cell Ig and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1), is a widely recognized biomarker for AKI, but its biological function is less appreciated. KIM-1/TIM-1 belongs to the T-cell Ig and mucin domain family of conserved transmembrane proteins, which bear the characteristic six-cysteine Ig-like variable domain. The latter enables binding of KIM-1/TIM-1 to its natural ligand, phosphatidylserine, expressed on the surface of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. KIM-1/TIM-1 is expressed in a variety of tissues and plays fundamental roles in regulating sterile inflammation and adaptive immune responses. In the kidney, KIM-1 is upregulated on injured renal proximal tubule cells, which transforms them into phagocytes for clearance of dying cells and helps to dampen sterile inflammation. TIM-1, expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer T cells, is essential for cell activation and immune regulatory functions in the host. Functional polymorphisms in the gene for KIM-1/TIM-1, HAVCR1 , have been associated with susceptibility to immunoinflammatory conditions and hepatitis A virus-induced liver failure, which is thought to be due to a differential ability of KIM-1/TIM-1 variants to bind phosphatidylserine. This review will summarize the role of KIM-1/TIM-1 in health and disease and its potential clinical applications as a biomarker and therapeutic target in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tutunea-Fatan
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabitha Arumugarajah
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita S. Suri
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandra R. Edgar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingrid Hon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Ghose A, Lapitan P, Apte V, Ghosh A, Kandala A, Basu S, Parkes J, Shinde SD, Boussios S, Sharma A, Das P, Vasdev N, Rebuzzi SE, Ürün Y, Kanesvaran R, Maniam A, Banna GL. Antibody Drug Conjugates in Urological Cancers: A Review of the Current Landscape. Curr Oncol Rep 2024; 26:633-646. [PMID: 38652426 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our review delves into the progress across urological malignancies and discusses ongoing challenges and future directions in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) development, emphasising their transformative potential in cancer care. RECENT FINDINGS ADCs have advanced from hematologic to solid tumours, notably in breast cancer, and are now pivotal in metastatic urological cancers as both monotherapies and in combination regimens, underscored by the FDA's approval of enfortumab vedotin and sacituzumab govitecan for metastatic urothelial cancer. Progress in metastatic prostate cancer, particularly with ADCs targeting PSMA and STEAP1, is noteworthy, although renal cell cancer presents ongoing challenges. There is a continual search for agents in the metastatic, relapsed testicular cancer landscape. ADCs have emerged as a pivotal innovation in oncology, blending targeted antibody therapy with potent cytotoxic drugs, significantly advancing treatment options for urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon and Watford NHS Trust, Watford, UK
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
- Immuno-Oncology Clinical Network, London, UK
- The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- British Oncology Network for Undergraduate Societies, London, UK
- United Kingdom and Ireland Global Cancer Network, London, UK
| | - Patricia Lapitan
- British Oncology Network for Undergraduate Societies, London, UK
- United Kingdom and Ireland Global Cancer Network, London, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Vedika Apte
- University College London Medical School, London, UK
- University College London Oncology Society, London, UK
| | - Adheesh Ghosh
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sreejana Basu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Oncology Society, London, UK
| | - Jo Parkes
- Immuno-Oncology Clinical Network, London, UK
- Worcestershire Oncology Centre, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, UK
- British Oncology Pharmacy Association, London, UK
| | - Sayali D Shinde
- Cancer Academic Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
- Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- AELIA Organisation, 9Th Km Thessaloniki - Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anand Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon and Watford NHS Trust, Watford, UK
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Prantik Das
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation (AHERF), Chennai, India
| | - Sara E Rebuzzi
- The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Savona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Yüksel Ürün
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ravindran Kanesvaran
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akash Maniam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
- Caribbean Cancer Research Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Giuseppe L Banna
- The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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3
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Cao J, Qing J, Zhu L, Chen Z. Role of TIM-1 in the development and treatment of tumours. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1307806. [PMID: 38831760 PMCID: PMC11144867 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1307806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin structural domain 1 (TIM-1, also known as hepatitis A virus cell receptor 1) is a co-stimulatory molecule that is expressed predominantly on the surface of T cells. TIM-1 promotes the activation and proliferation of T cells, cytokine secretion, and can also be overexpressed in various types of cancer. Upregulation of TIM-1 expression may be associated with the development and progression of cancer. After reviewing the literature, we propose that TIM-1 affects tumour development mainly through two pathways. In the Direct pathway: overexpression in tumours activates tumour-related signaling pathways, mediates the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, and directly affects tumour development directly. In the indirect pathway: In addition to changing the tumour microenvironment and influencing the growth of tumours, TIM-1 binds to ligands to encourage the activation, proliferation, and generation of cytokines by immune cells. This review examines how TIM-1 stimulates the development of tumours in direct and indirect ways, and how TIM-1 is exploited as a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Cao
- Joint Inspection Center of Precision Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jilin Qing
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Graduate school, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- Joint Inspection Center of Precision Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Li K, Xie G, Deng X, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Huang Z. Antibody-drug conjugates in urinary tumors: clinical application, challenge, and perspectives. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1259784. [PMID: 38173833 PMCID: PMC10761427 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1259784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tumors primarily consist of kidney, urothelial, and prostate malignancies, which pose significant treatment challenges, particularly in advanced stages. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, combining monoclonal antibody specificity with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic payloads. This review highlights recent advancements, opportunities, and challenges in ADC application for urinary tumors. We discuss the FDA-approved ADCs and other novel ADCs under investigation, emphasizing their potential to improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, we explore strategies to address challenges, such as toxicity management, predictive biomarker identification, and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, we examine the integration of ADCs with other treatment modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, and radiation therapy. By addressing these challenges and exploring innovative approaches, the development of ADCs may significantly enhance therapeutic options and outcomes for patients with advanced urinary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guoqing Xie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiyue Deng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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5
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Sganga S, Riondino S, Iannantuono GM, Rosenfeld R, Roselli M, Torino F. Antibody-Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Renal Cancer: A Scoping Review on Current Evidence and Clinical Perspectives. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1339. [PMID: 37763107 PMCID: PMC10532725 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are complex chemical structures composed of a monoclonal antibody, serving as a link to target cells, which is conjugated with a potent cytotoxic drug (i.e., payload) through a chemical linker. Inspired by Paul Ehrlich's concept of the ideal anticancer drug as a "magic bullet", ADCs are also highly specific anticancer agents, as they have been demonstrated to recognize, bind, and neutralize cancer cells, limiting injuries to normal cells. ADCs are among the newest pharmacologic breakthroughs in treating solid and hematologic malignancies. Indeed, in recent years, various ADCs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency for the treatment of several cancers, resulting in a "practice-changing" approach. However, despite these successes, no ADC is approved for treating patients affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In the present paper, we thoroughly reviewed the current literature and summarized preclinical studies and clinical trials that evaluated the activity and toxicity profile of ADCs in RCC patients. Moreover, we scrutinized the potential causes that, until now, hampered the therapeutical success of ADCs in those patients. Finally, we discussed novel strategies that would improve the development of ADCs and their efficacy in treating RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Torino
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (S.R.); (G.M.I.); (R.R.); (M.R.)
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6
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Yang J, Wang K, Yang Z. Treatment strategies for clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Past, present and future. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133832. [PMID: 37025584 PMCID: PMC10070676 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent histological subtype of kidney cancer, which is prone to metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The burden it places on human health due to its refractory nature and rising incidence rate is substantial. Researchers have recently determined the ccRCC risk factors and optimized the clinical therapy based on the disease's underlying molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we review the established clinical therapies and novel potential therapeutic approaches for ccRCC, and we support the importance of investigating novel therapeutic options in the context of combining established therapies as a research hotspot, with the goal of providing diversified therapeutic options that promise to address the issue of drug resistance, with a view to the early realization of precision medicine and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kuansong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichun Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichun Yang,
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7
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Maecker H, Jonnalagadda V, Bhakta S, Jammalamadaka V, Junutula JR. Exploration of the antibody-drug conjugate clinical landscape. MAbs 2023; 15:2229101. [PMID: 37639687 PMCID: PMC10464553 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2229101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) field has undergone a renaissance, with substantial recent developmental investment and subsequent drug approvals over the past 6 y. In November 2022, ElahereTM became the latest ADC to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To date, over 260 ADCs have been tested in the clinic against various oncology indications. Here, we review the clinical landscape of ADCs that are currently FDA approved (11), agents currently in clinical trials but not yet approved (164), and candidates discontinued following clinical testing (92). These clinically tested ADCs are further analyzed by their targeting tumor antigen(s), linker, payload choices, and highest clinical stage achieved, highlighting limitations associated with the discontinued drug candidates. Lastly, we discuss biologic engineering modifications preclinically demonstrated to improve the therapeutic index that if incorporated may increase the proportion of molecules that successfully transition to regulatory approval.
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8
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Heumos S, Dehn S, Bräutigam K, Codrea MC, Schürch CM, Lauer UM, Nahnsen S, Schindler M. Multiomics surface receptor profiling of the NCI-60 tumor cell panel uncovers novel theranostics for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:311. [PMID: 36221114 PMCID: PMC9555072 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionized cancer therapy. However, therapeutic targeting of inhibitory T cell receptors such as PD-1 not only initiates a broad immune response against tumors, but also causes severe adverse effects. An ideal future stratified immunotherapy would interfere with cancer-specific cell surface receptors only. METHODS To identify such candidates, we profiled the surface receptors of the NCI-60 tumor cell panel via flow cytometry. The resulting surface receptor expression data were integrated into proteomic and transcriptomic NCI-60 datasets applying a sophisticated multiomics multiple co-inertia analysis (MCIA). This allowed us to identify surface profiles for skin, brain, colon, kidney, and bone marrow derived cell lines and cancer entity-specific cell surface receptor biomarkers for colon and renal cancer. RESULTS For colon cancer, identified biomarkers are CD15, CD104, CD324, CD326, CD49f, and for renal cancer, CD24, CD26, CD106 (VCAM1), EGFR, SSEA-3 (B3GALT5), SSEA-4 (TMCC1), TIM1 (HAVCR1), and TRA-1-60R (PODXL). Further data mining revealed that CD106 (VCAM1) in particular is a promising novel immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of renal cancer. CONCLUSION Altogether, our innovative multiomics analysis of the NCI-60 panel represents a highly valuable resource for uncovering surface receptors that could be further exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heumos
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Biomedical Data Science, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Dehn
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marius C Codrea
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Nahnsen
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Biomedical Data Science, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Hayashi T, Hinata N. Current status and future prospects of antibody-drug conjugates in urological malignancies. Int J Urol 2022; 29:1100-1108. [PMID: 35581739 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates represent a promising new treatment option that uses the targeting ability of an antibody to deliver cytotoxic drugs directly to tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates provide the opportunity to deliver drugs to antigen-expressing cancer cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue, achieving wider therapeutic windows. To date, three antibody-drug conjugates have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and many antibody-drug conjugates are under clinical development for urological malignancies. In this paper, we review the mechanism, history, and development of antibody-drug conjugates, and review the current landscape of antibody-drug conjugates in urological malignancies including 12 targets and 18 antibody-drug conjugates in prostate cancer, renal cancer, and urothelial cancer. Furthermore, we review the rational combination of antibody-drug conjugates with immune checkpoint inhibitors and consider future prospects to enhance the therapeutic activity of antibody-drug conjugates in urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hinata
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Uro-Oncology. Target Oncol 2022; 17:203-221. [PMID: 35567672 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-022-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently available treatment options for patients with refractory metastatic prostate, bladder, or kidney cancers are limited with the prognosis remaining poor. Advances in the pathobiology of tumors has led to the discovery of cancer antigens that may be used as the target for cancer treatment. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new concept in cancer treatment that broaden therapeutic landscape. ADCs are examples of a 'drug delivery into the tumor' system composed of an antigen-directed antibody linked to a cytotoxic drug that may release cytotoxic components after binding to the antigen located on the surface of tumor cells. The clinical properties of drugs are influenced by every component of ADCs. Regarding uro-oncology, enfortumab vedotin (EV) and sacituzumab govitecan (SG) are currently registered for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer following previous treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (iCPI; programmed death receptor-1 [PD-1] or programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1]) inhibitor) and platinum-containing chemotherapy. The EV-301 trial showed that EV significantly prolonged the overall survival compared with classic chemotherapy. The TROPHY-U-01 trial conducted to evaluate SG demonstrated promising results as regards the objective response rate and duration of response. The safety and efficacy of ADCs in monotherapy and polytherapy (mainly with iCPIs) for different cancer stages and tumor types are assessed in numerous ongoing clinical trials. The aim of this review is to present new molecular biomarkers, specific mechanisms of action, and ongoing clinical trials of ADCs in genitourinary cancers. In the expert discussion, we assess the place of ADCs in uro-oncology and discuss their clinical value.
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11
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Menon S, Parakh S, Scott AM, Gan HK. Antibody-drug conjugates: beyond current approvals and potential future strategies. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:252-277. [PMID: 36046842 PMCID: PMC9400743 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent approvals for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in multiple malignancies in recent years have fuelled the ongoing development of this class of drugs. These novel agents combine the benefits of high specific targeting of oncogenic cell surface antigens with the additional cell kill from high potency cytotoxic payloads, thus achieving wider therapeutic windows. This review will summarise the clinical activity of ADCs in tumour types not covered elsewhere in this issue, such as gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) cancers and glioblastoma (GBM). In addition to the ongoing clinical testing of existing ADCs, there is substantial preclinical and early phase testing of newer ADCs or ADC incorporating strategies. This review will provide selected insights into such future development, focusing on the development of novel ADCs against new antigen targets in the tumour microenvironment (TME) and combination of ADCs with immuno-oncology (IO) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Menon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Centre at Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia;College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Sagun Parakh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Centre at Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia;College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Centre at Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia;College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Hui K. Gan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Centre at Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre, Heidelberg Victoria 3084, Australia;College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia
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12
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Teicher BA, Morris J. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targets, Drugs and Linkers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:463-529. [PMID: 35209819 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220224110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates offer the possibility of directing powerful cytotoxic agents to a malignant tumor while sparing normal tissue. The challenge is to select an antibody target expressed exclusively or at highly elevated levels on the surface of tumor cells and either not all or at low levels on normal cells. The current review explores 78 targets that have been explored as antibody-drug conjugate targets. Some of these targets have been abandoned, 9 or more are the targets of FDA-approved drugs, and most remain active clinical interest. Antibody-drug conjugates require potent cytotoxic drug payloads, several of these small molecules are discussed, as are the linkers between the protein component and small molecule components of the conjugates. Finally, conclusions regarding the elements for the successful antibody-drug conjugate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
| | - Joel Morris
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
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Braun DA, Bakouny Z, Hirsch L, Flippot R, Van Allen EM, Wu CJ, Choueiri TK. Beyond conventional immune-checkpoint inhibition - novel immunotherapies for renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:199-214. [PMID: 33437048 PMCID: PMC8317018 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-00455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The management of advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been transformed by the development of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nonetheless, most patients do not derive durable clinical benefit from these agents. Importantly, unlike other immunotherapy-responsive solid tumours, most RCCs have only a moderate mutational burden, and paradoxically, high levels of tumour CD8+ T cell infiltration are associated with a worse prognosis in patients with this disease. Building on the successes of antibodies targeting the PD-1 and CTLA4 immune checkpoints, multiple innovative immunotherapies are now in clinical development for the treatment of patients with RCC, including ICIs with novel targets, co-stimulatory pathway agonists, modified cytokines, metabolic pathway modulators, cell therapies and therapeutic vaccines. However, the successful development of such novel immune-based treatments and of immunotherapy-based combinations will require a disease-specific framework that incorporates a deep understanding of RCC immunobiology. In this Review, using the structure provided by the well-described cancer-immunity cycle, we outline the key steps required for a successful antitumour immune response in the context of RCC, and describe the development of promising new immunotherapies within the context of this framework. With this approach, we summarize and analyse the most encouraging targets of novel immune-based therapies within the RCC microenvironment, and review the landscape of emerging antigen-directed therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Braun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ziad Bakouny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laure Hirsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ronan Flippot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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