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Wang W, Liu Y, Yao Z, Chen D, Tang Y, Cui J, Zhang J, Liu H, Hao Z. A microfluidic-based gut-on-a-chip model containing the gut microbiota of patients with depression reveals physiological characteristics similar to depression. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2537-2550. [PMID: 38623757 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The diverse commensal microbiome of the human intestine has been considered to play a central role in depression. However, no host-microbiota co-culture system has been developed for depression, which hinders the controlled study of the interaction between depression and gut microbiota. We designed and manufactured a microfluidic-based gut-on-a-chip model containing the gut microbiota of patients with depression (depression-on-gut-chip, DoGC), which enables the extended co-culture of viable aerobic human intestinal epithelial cells and anaerobic gut microbiota, and allows the direct study of interactions between human gut microbiota and depression. We introduced representative gut microbiota from individuals with depression into our constructed DoGC model, successfully recapitulating the gut microbiota structure of depressed patients. This further led to the manifestation of physiological characteristics resembling depression, such as reduced gut barrier function, chronic low-grade inflammatory responses and decreased neurotransmitter 5-HT levels. Metabolome analysis of substances in the DoGC revealed a significant increase in lipopolysaccharides and tyrosine, while hyodeoxycholic acid, L-proline and L-threonine were significantly reduced, indicating the occurrence of depression. The proposed DoGC can serve as an effective platform for studying the gut microbiota of patients with depression, providing important cues for their roles in the pathology of this condition and acting as a powerful tool for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhikai Yao
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Dengbo Chen
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jingwei Cui
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiangjiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zikai Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Liu L, Wu Q, Miao X, Fan T, Meng Z, Chen X, Zhu W. Study on toxicity effects of environmental pollutants based on metabolomics: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131815. [PMID: 34375834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on non-target organisms have received more and more attention. As a new omics technology, metabolomics can clarify the metabolic homeostasis of the organism at the overall level by studying the changes in the relative contents of endogenous metabolites in the organism. Recently, a large number of studies have used metabolomics technology to study the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on organisms. In this review, we reviewed the analysis processes and data processes of metabolomics and its application in the study of the toxic effects of environmental pollutants including heavy metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and microplastics. In addition, we emphasized that the combination of metabolomics and other omics technologies will help to explore the toxic mechanism of environmental pollutants and provide new research ideas for the toxicological evaluation of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Qinchao Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xinyi Miao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Tianle Fan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Yang X, Gong J, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhang W, Yang J, Lin J, Chai Y, Liu J. Evaluation of the combined toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and cadmium on earthworms in soil using multi-level biomarkers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112441. [PMID: 34174738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with cadmium (Cd) in soil may cause the combined biological effects, but few study reported about their joint toxic effects on earthworms. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of sub-lethal levels of MWCNTs (10, 50, 100 mg/kg) and Cd (2.0, 10 mg/kg) on earthworms Eisenia fetida for 14 days. The changes in multi-level biomarkers of growth inhibition rate, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYP1A2, 2C9 and 3A4), and small molecular metabolites (metabolomics) were determined. The toxic interaction between MWCNTs and Cd was characterized by the combination of the biomarker integration index (BRI), joint effect index concentration addition index (CAI), and the effect concentration addition index (EAI). The results showed that the single MWCNTs exposure caused insignificant change in most biomarkers, while the combined exposure of MWCNTs (50-100 mg/kg) and 10 mg/kg Cd led to significant changes in ten most important metabolites identified by metabolomics and activities of CYP1A2, 2C9, and 3A4. Compared with the toxicity of Cd alone, the combined toxicity of the mixture was significantly reduced. According to the integration of BRI and CAI/EAI, a clearly antagonistic interaction at relatively low effects was observed between MWCNTs and Cd. The responses of multiple biomarkers suggest the toxic action mode of the mixture on earthworms was related to the oxidative injury, and the disruption of amino acid, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism, and the urea cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiuping Gong
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchuan Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water, Environment, Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chai
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
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Yang X, Gong J, Zhang X, Zhang W, Li D, Lin J, Li X, Chai Y, Liu J. The responses of the growth, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes activities and the metabolomics in earthworms to sublethal doses of dichlorvos in soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111547. [PMID: 33254406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to sublethal doses of dichlorvos (spiked concentration of 0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/kg) in soil for 14 days, the metabolomics and activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4) of earthworms were analyzed aiming to identify sensitive biomarkers and reveal possible mode of toxic action. The results showed that CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 activity appeared to be more sensitive than CYP3A4 activity in response to dichlorvos, and that metabolic responses based on the metabolomics depended on both of the length of exposure and exposure dose. Malate, ornithine, glucose, inosine, myo-inositol and some amino acids (glutamine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, histidine, glutamate, lysine) and CYP isozenzymes may be biomarkers to reveal the toxic effect of dichlorvos on earthworms. Compared to controls, when dichlorvos dose reached 1.0 and 10 mg/kg on day 14, glucose and ornithine increased significantly, malate and some amino acids (glutamine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine) decreased significantly, and activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 were inhibited significantly. The current results suggested that 1.0 and 10 mg/kg dichlorvos for 14 days of exposure blocked energy metabolism, disordered Krebs cycle, interfered amino acids metabolism and evoked toxic effects on earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiuping Gong
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianyan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water, Environment, Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chai
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
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Zeb A, Li S, Wu J, Lian J, Liu W, Sun Y. Insights into the mechanisms underlying the remediation potential of earthworms in contaminated soil: A critical review of research progress and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140145. [PMID: 32927577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, soil pollution is a major global concern drawing worldwide attention. Earthworms can resist high concentrations of soil pollutants and play a vital role in removing them effectively. Vermiremediation, using earthworms to remove contaminants from soil or help to degrade non-recyclable chemicals, is proved to be an alternative, low-cost technology for treating contaminated soil. However, knowledge about the mechanisms and framework of the vermiremediation various organic and inorganic contaminants is still limited. Therefore, we reviewed the research progress of effects of soil contaminants on earthworms and potential of earthworm used for remediation soil contaminated with heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, as well as crude oil. Especially, the possible processes, mechanisms, advantages and limitations, and how to boost the efficiency of vermiremediation are well addressed in this review. Finally, future prospects of vermiremediation soil contamination are listed to promote further studies and application of vermiremediation in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Song Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiani Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiapan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yuebing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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6
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Zhang R, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Evaluating the effects of the tebuconazole on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida by H-1 NMR-Based untargeted metabolomics and mRNA assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110370. [PMID: 32151865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole, a widely used fungicide, can severely disrupt the reproductive process of various organisms. In this study, we investigated the subacute effects of tebuconazole on the earthworm to fully understand its toxic implications. Herein, untargeted metabolomics, mRNA assay and biochemical approaches were adopted to evaluate the subacute effects of Eisenia fetida earthworms, when exposed to tebuconazole at three different concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) for seven days. SOD enzyme activity test displayed that tebuconazole exposure interfered with the earthworms' ROS. ANN mRNA expression was down-regulated after tebuconazole exposure. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics study showed that 5 mg/kg tebuconazole exposure interfered with earthworms' metabolism. Twelve significantly changed metabolites were identified. The pathway analyses indicate that tebuconazole can disrupt the earthworm's metabolism, particularly in the AMP pathway, which impact the reproduction. This may explain the tebuconazole's mechanism of action behind the down-regulation of the expression of ANN mRNA, which is related to the earthworm's reproductive process. We comprehensively evaluated the mRNA expression, enzyme activity, and metabolomics, and acquired sufficient information for evaluating the toxicity of tebuconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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Dani VD, Lankadurai BP, Nagato EG, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Comparison of metabolomic responses of earthworms to sub-lethal imidacloprid exposure in contact and soil tests. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18846-18855. [PMID: 31065987 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to sub-lethal levels of imidacloprid for 48 h via contact filter paper tests and soil tests. After the exposure, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to measure earthworm sub-lethal responses by analyzing the changes in the polar metabolite profile. Maltose, glucose, malate, lactate/threonine, myo-inositol, glutamate, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, leucine, and phenylalanine relative concentrations were altered with imidacloprid exposure in soil. In addition to these metabolites (excluding leucine and phenylalanine), fumarate, ATP, inosine, betaine, scyllo-inositol, glutamine, valine, tryptophan, alanine, tyrosine, and isoleucine relative concentrations shifted with imidacloprid exposure during contact tests. Metabolite changes in E. fetida earthworms exposed to imidacloprid showed a non-linear concentration response and an upregulation in gluconeogenesis. Overall, imidacloprid exposure in soil induces a less pronounced response in metabolites glucose, maltose, fumarate, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), inosine, scyllo-inositol, lactate/threonine, and tyrosine in comparison to the response observed via contact tests. Thus, our study highlights that tests in soil can result in a different metabolic response in E. fetida and demonstrates the importance of different modes of exposure and the extent of metabolic perturbation in earthworms. Our study also emphasizes the underlying metabolic disruption of earthworms after acute sub-lethal exposure to imidacloprid. These observations should be further examined in different soil types to assess the sub-lethal toxicity of imidacloprid to soil-dwelling earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Dani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Brian P Lankadurai
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Edward G Nagato
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Zhang R, Zhou Z. Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida as Determined by ¹H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071293. [PMID: 30987047 PMCID: PMC6479362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M are widely used fungicides, very little is known about their subacute and enantiospecific effects on the earthworm metabolome. In this study, Eisenia fetida were exposed to metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M at three concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) for seven days. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics showed that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M exposure disturbed earthworms’ metabolism at all three concentrations. Endogenous metabolites, such as succinate, arginine, aspartate, urea, asparagine, alanine, trimethylamine, taurine, cysteine, serine, threonine, histidine, lysine, glucose, choline, carnitine, citric acid, alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, fumaric acid and so on, were significantly changed. These results indicate that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M produce different, enantiospecific disturbances in the earthworm metabolism, particularly in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles. The application of untargeted metabolomics thus provides more information for evaluating the toxic risks of metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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He Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Liu X. Stereoselective bioaccumulation of chiral PCB 91 in earthworm and its metabolomic and lipidomic responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:421-430. [PMID: 29587213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective bioaccumulation, elimination, metabolomic and lipidomic responses of earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to chiral polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 91 in an earthworm-soil system were investigated. Preferential bioaccumulation of (-)-PCB 91 and elimination of (+)-PCB 91 were observed following 50 and 500 μg/kgdwt exposures. Enantiomer fraction (EF) values decreased over time during the uptake and elimination periods. Metabolomics and lipidomics techniques based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) revealed significant changes in 108 metabolites after earthworms exposure to (+)-, (-)-, and (±)-PCB 91, compared to control groups. Forty two of these metabolites were identified as amino acids, nucleosides, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, vitamins or others. Lysophospholipids including six lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), six lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), eight lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and five lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) were also differentially expressed between exposure and control groups. Alterations in the levels of metabolites and lipids indicated stereoselective effects of chiral PCB 91 on earthworm amino acid, energy, and nucleotide metabolism, neurodevelopment and gene expression. Overall, the effects of (+)-PCB 91 were more pronounced than that of (-)- and (±)-PCB 91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin, 300191, PR China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin, 300191, PR China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin, 300191, PR China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin, 300191, PR China.
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Bastawrous M, Jenne A, Tabatabaei Anaraki M, Simpson AJ. In-Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: A Powerful and Complimentary Tool for Understanding Environmental Toxicity. Metabolites 2018; 8:E35. [PMID: 29795000 PMCID: PMC6027203 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Part review, part perspective, this article examines the applications and potential of in-vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) for understanding environmental toxicity. In-vivo NMR can be applied in high field NMR spectrometers using either magic angle spinning based approaches, or flow systems. Solution-state NMR in combination with a flow system provides a low stress approach to monitor dissolved metabolites, while magic angle spinning NMR allows the detection of all components (solutions, gels and solids), albeit with additional stress caused by the rapid sample spinning. With in-vivo NMR it is possible to use the same organisms for control and exposure studies (controls are the same organisms prior to exposure inside the NMR). As such individual variability can be reduced while continual data collection over time provides the temporal resolution required to discern complex interconnected response pathways. When multidimensional NMR is combined with isotopic labelling, a wide range of metabolites can be identified in-vivo providing a unique window into the living metabolome that is highly complementary to more traditional metabolomics studies employing extracts, tissues, or biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bastawrous
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Maryam Tabatabaei Anaraki
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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11
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Dani VD, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Analysis of earthworm sublethal toxic responses to atrazine exposure using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:473-480. [PMID: 28888035 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine toxicity to earthworms is still not fully understood, particularly at sublethal concentrations. Because of the ubiquity of atrazine in the environment, it is imperative to understand the impacts of atrazine presence to soil-dwelling organisms. To examine this in detail, we used 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics to elucidate earthworm (Eisenia fetida) responses after 48 h of atrazine exposure in contact tests. Earthworms were exposed to 4 sublethal concentrations of 362.4, 181.2, 90.6, and 45.3 ng/cm2 , which correspond to 1/8th, 1/16th, 1/32nd, and 1/64th of the median lethal concentration (LC50) values, respectively. After exposure, polar metabolites were isolated from earthworm tissues and analyzed using 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Sublethal atrazine exposure induced a nonmonotonic response with respect to exposure concentration and caused an overall suppression in earthworm metabolism. Maltose, fumarate, malate, threonine/lactate, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), betaine, scyllo-inositol, glutamate, arginine, and glutamine were the metabolites identified as most sensitive to atrazine exposure. These observed fluctuations in the metabolic profile suggest that atrazine reduced ATP synthesis and negatively impacted the health of earthworms after acute sublethal exposure. Our study also demonstrates the utility of NMR-based metabolomics for the basic assessment of sublethal toxicity, which can then be used for more targeted approaches with other molecular techniques. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:473-480. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Dani
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shi Y, Xu X, Chen J, Liang R, Zheng X, Shi Y, Wang Y. Antioxidant gene expression and metabolic responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after exposure to various concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:245-251. [PMID: 28951040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a ubiquitous suspected contaminant, is one of the world's most prominent brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to HBCD. The expression of selected antioxidant enzyme genes was measured, and the metabolic responses were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to identify the molecular mechanism of the antioxidant stress reaction and the metabolic reactions of earthworms to HBCD. A significant up-regulation (p < 0.05) of superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene expression was detected, with the highest gene expression level of SOD appearing at a dose of 400 mg kg-1 dw (2.06-fold, p < 0.01). However, the glutathione transferase (GST) gene expression levels did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the metabolic responses showed that all groups could be clearly differentiated, and the highest concentration dose group was the most distant from the control group. Except for fumarate, the measured metabolites, which included adenosine triphosphate (ATP), valine, lysine, glycine, betaine and lactate, revealed significant (p < 0.05) increases after 14 days of exposure to HBCD. HBCD likely induces high levels of anaerobic respiration, which would result in high levels of ATP and lead to the disintegration of proteins into amino acids, including valine and lysine, to produce energy. The observed changes in osmotic pressure were indicative of damage to the membrane structure. Furthermore, this study showed that NMR-based metabolomics was a more sensitive tool than measuring the gene expression levels for elucidating the mode of toxicity of HBCD in earthworm exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangbo Xu
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zheng
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yajing Shi
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, China
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Metabolic Responses of Eisenia Fetida to Individual Pb and Cd Contamination in Two Types of Soils. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13110. [PMID: 29026156 PMCID: PMC5638831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the potential toxicity of low Pb- and Cd-contaminated arable soils, earthworms were exposed to Pb contaminated ferrosol, cambosol or Cd contaminated ferrosol for two weeks. Polar metabolites of earthworms were detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. Data were then analyzed with principal component analysis followed by orthogonal signal correction-partial least squares-discriminant analysis and univariate analysis to determine possible mechanisms for the changes in metabolites. The survival rates, metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of the earthworms were also measured and calculated as auxiliary data. The results showed that the metabolite profiles were highly similar in Pb-contaminated ferrosol and cambosol (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001), which can be attributed to similar response mechanisms. However, there was a more intense response in ferrosol likely due to higher Pb concentrations in earthworms. Metabolic pathways and BAFs exhibited apparent distinctions between Pb- and Cd-contaminated ferrosol, likely because they bind to different bio-ligands. The affected metabolic pathways were involved in alanine-aspartate-glutamate, purine, glutathione, valine-leucine-isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Regarding the bioavailability in earthworms, Pb availability was higher for ferrosol than for cambosol. We confirmed that the potential toxicity of low Pb/Cd-contaminated soils can be characterized using earthworm metabolomics.
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Le Guennec A, Tayyari F, Edison AS. Alternatives to Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy Presat and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill Presat for NMR-Based Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8582-8588. [PMID: 28737383 PMCID: PMC5588096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NMR metabolomics are primarily conducted with 1D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) presat for water suppression and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) presat as a T2 filter to remove macromolecule signals. Others pulse sequences exist for these two objectives but are not often used in metabolomics studies, because they are less robust or unknown to the NMR metabolomics community. However, recent improvements on alternative pulse sequences provide attractive alternatives to 1D NOESY presat and CPMG presat. We focus this perspective on PURGE, a water suppression technique, and PROJECT presat, a T2 filter. These two pulse sequences, when optimized, performed at least on par with 1D NOESY presat and CPMG presat, if not better. These pulse sequences were tested on common samples for metabolomics, human plasma, and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Le Guennec
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Fariba Tayyari
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Arthur S. Edison
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry
& Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
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15
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Du C, Ng QX, Hu C, He Y, Ong CN. Metabolic responses of the growing Daphnia similis to chronic AgNPs exposure as revealed by GC-Q-TOF/MS and LC-Q-TOF/MS. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:135-143. [PMID: 28237781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Their fast-growing utilization has increased the occurrence of AgNPs in the environment, posing potential health and ecological risks. In this study, we conducted chronic toxicity tests and investigated the metabolic changes of the growing Daphna similis with exposure to 0, 0.02, and 1 ppb AgNPs, using non-targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the baseline metabolite change of a common aquatic organism Daphnia crustacean through its life-cycle. The results show a dynamic kinetic pattern of the growing Daphnia's metabolome underwent a cycle from day 0 to day 21, with the level of metabolites gradually increasing from day 0 to day 13, before falling back to the baseline level of day 0 on day 21. As for the samples exposed to environmental concentrations of AgNPs, although without morphological or structural changes, numerous metabolite changes occurred abruptly during the first 10 days, and these changes reached steady state by day 13. The significant changes in certain metabolites, such as amino acids (serine, threonine and tyrosine), sugars (d-allose) and fatty acids (arachidonic acid) revealed new insights into how these metabolites in Daphnia respond to chronic AgNPs stress. These findings highlight the capability of metabolomics to discover early metabolic responses to environmental silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chunlei Du
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qin Xiang Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minghan District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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16
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Kovacevic V, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. (1)H NMR-based metabolomics of Daphnia magna responses after sub-lethal exposure to triclosan, carbamazepine and ibuprofen. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:199-210. [PMID: 26809854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are a class of emerging contaminants that are present in wastewater effluents, surface water, and groundwater around the world. There is a need to determine rapid and reliable bioindicators of exposure and the toxic mode of action of these contaminants to aquatic organisms. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in combination with multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine the metabolic profile of Daphnia magna after exposure to a range of sub-lethal concentrations of triclosan (6.25-100μg/L), carbamazepine (1.75-14mg/L) and ibuprofen (1.75-14mg/L) for 48h. Sub-lethal triclosan exposure suggested a general oxidative stress condition and the branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, glutamate, and methionine emerged as potential bioindicators. The aromatic amino acids, serine, glycine and alanine are potential bioindicators for sub-lethal carbamazepine exposure that may have altered energy metabolism. The potential bioindicators for sub-lethal ibuprofen exposure are serine, methionine, lysine, arginine and leucine, which showed a concentration-dependent response. The differences in the metabolic changes were related to the dissimilar modes of toxicity of triclosan, carbamazepine and ibuprofen. (1)H NMR-based metabolomics gave an improved understanding of how these emerging contaminants impact the keystone species D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kovacevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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17
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Lankadurai BP, Nagato EG, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Analysis of Eisenia fetida earthworm responses to sub-lethal C60 nanoparticle exposure using (1)H-NMR based metabolomics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:48-58. [PMID: 26024814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced production and environmental release of Buckminsterfullerene (C60) nanoparticles will likely increase the exposure and risk to soil dwelling organisms. We used (1)H NMR-based metabolomics to investigate the response of Eisenia fetida earthworms to sub-lethal C60 nanoparticle exposure in both contact and soil tests. Principal component analysis of (1)H NMR data showed clear separation between controls and exposed earthworms after just 2 days of exposure, however as exposure time increased the separation decreased in soil but increased in contact tests suggesting potential adaptation during soil exposure. The amino acids leucine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, the nucleoside inosine, and the sugars glucose and maltose emerged as potential bioindicators of exposure to C60 nanoparticles. The significant responses observed in earthworms using NMR-based metabolomics after exposure to very low concentrations of C60 nanoparticles suggests the need for further investigations to better understand and predict their sub-lethal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Lankadurai
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Edward G Nagato
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
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18
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Brown JN, Samuelsson L, Bernardi G, Gooneratne R, Larsson DGJ. Aqueous and lipid nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiles of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa show potential as an indicator species for environmental metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2313-2322. [PMID: 24995628 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The common pasture earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa has often been neglected in environmental metabolomics in favor of species easily bred in the laboratory. The present study assigns aqueous metabolites in A. caliginosa using high-resolution 1- and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In total, 51 aqueous metabolites were identified, including typical amino acids (alanine, leucine, asparagine, phenylalanine), sugars (maltose, glucose), the dominant earthworm-specific 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-furansulfonate, and several previously unreported metabolites (oxoglutarate, putrescine). Examining the lesser-known earthworm lipid metabolome showed various lipid fatty acyl chains, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine. To briefly test if the NMR metabolomic techniques could differentiate A. caliginosa from different sites, earthworms were collected from 2 adjacent farms. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis detected metabolomic differences, suggesting the worms from the 2 sites differed in their energy metabolism, as indicated by altered levels of alanine, glutamine, glutamate, malate, fumarate, and lipids. Evidence of greater utilization of lipid energy reserves and onset of protein catabolism was also present. While the precise cause of the metabolomic differences could not be determined, the results show the potential of this species for further environmental metabolomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Brown
- Institute for Neurosciences and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Whitfield Åslund M, Stephenson GL, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Comparison of earthworm responses to petroleum hydrocarbon exposure in aged field contaminated soil using traditional ecotoxicity endpoints and 1H NMR-based metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:263-268. [PMID: 23938450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
(1)H NMR metabolomics and conventional ecotoxicity endpoints were used to examine the response of earthworms exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) in soil samples collected from a site that was contaminated with crude oil from a pipeline failure in the mid-1990s. The conventional ecotoxicity tests showed that the soils were not acutely toxic to earthworms (average survival ≥ 90%), but some soil samples impaired reproduction endpoints by >50% compared to the field control soil. Additionally, metabolomics revealed significant relationships between earthworm metabolic profiles (collected after 2 or 14 days of exposure) and soil properties including soil PHC concentration. Further comparisons by partial least squares regression revealed a significant relationship between the earthworm metabolomic data (collected after only 2 or 14 days) and the reproduction endpoints (measured after 63 days). Therefore, metabolomic responses measured after short exposure periods may be predictive of chronic, ecologically relevant toxicity endpoints for earthworms exposed to soil contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Whitfield Åslund
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4; Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5T 0A3
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20
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Lankadurai BP, Furdui VI, Reiner EJ, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. 1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Sub-Lethal Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure to the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in Soil. Metabolites 2013; 3:718-40. [PMID: 24958147 PMCID: PMC3901287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to measure the response of Eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in soil. Earthworms were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (five, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg) for two, seven and fourteen days. Earthworm tissues were extracted and analyzed by 1H NMR. Multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolic response of E. fetida to PFOS exposure identified time-dependent responses that were comprised of two separate modes of action: a non-polar narcosis type mechanism after two days of exposure and increased fatty acid oxidation after seven and fourteen days of exposure. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-3-furansulfonate (HEFS), betaine, leucine, arginine, glutamate, maltose and ATP are potential indicators of PFOS exposure, as the concentrations of these metabolites fluctuated significantly. Overall, NMR-based metabolomic analysis suggests elevated fatty acid oxidation, disruption in energy metabolism and biological membrane structure and a possible interruption of ATP synthesis. These conclusions obtained from analysis of the metabolic profile in response to sub-lethal PFOS exposure indicates that NMR-based metabolomics is an excellent discovery tool when the mode of action (MOA) of contaminants is not clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Lankadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Vasile I Furdui
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Yuk J, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. 1-D and 2-D NMR-based metabolomics of earthworms exposed to endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:35-44. [PMID: 23333485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic mode of action (MOA) of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, and its degradation product, endosulfan sulfate, to Eisenia fetida earthworms in soil. Three soil concentrations (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) were used for both endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. Both earthworm coelomic fluid (CF) and tissues were extracted and then analyzed using (1)H and (1)H-(13)C NMR techniques. A similar separation trajectory was observed for endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate-exposed earthworms in the mean principal component analysis (PCA) scores plot for both the earthworm CF and tissue extracts. A neurotoxic and apoptotic MOA was postulated for both endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate exposed earthworms as significant fluctuations in glutamine/GABA-glutamate cycle metabolites and spermidine were detected respectively. This study highlights the application of NMR-based metabolomics to understand molecular-level toxicity of persistent organochlorine pesticides and their degradation products directly in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Yuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough College, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada
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22
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McKelvie JR, Whitfield Åslund M, Celejewski MA, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Reduction in the earthworm metabolomic response after phenanthrene exposure in soils with high soil organic carbon content. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:75-81. [PMID: 23337355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the correlation between soil organic carbon (OC) content and metabolic responses of Eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to phenanthrene (58 ± 3 mg/kg) spiked into seven artificial soils with OC contents ranging from 1 to 27% OC. Principal component analysis of (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of aqueous extracts identified statistically significant differences in the metabolic profiles of control and phenanthrene-exposed E. fetida in the 1% OC soil only. Partial least squares analysis identified a metabolic response in the four soils with OC values ≤11% which was well correlated to estimated phenanthrene porewater concentrations. The results suggest that the higher sorption capability of high OC soils decreased the bioavailability of phenanthrene and the subsequent metabolic response of E. fetida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R McKelvie
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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23
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Agbo SO, Lemmetyinen J, Keinänen M, Keski-Saari S, Akkanen J, Leppänen MT, Wang Z, Wang H, Price DA, Kukkonen JVK. Response of Lumbriculus variegatus transcriptome and metabolites to model chemical contaminants. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013. [PMID: 23178640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the underlying molecular events leading to xenobiotic toxicity is challenging especially when techniques are applied in isolation. We examined transcriptional and metabolic changes in Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), cadmium (Cd) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) by DNA microarrays (7422 ESTs) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. In addition, the DNA damage response of worms exposed to B(a)P was assessed by a capillary electrophoresis laser induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) immunoassay. We found elevated expression of oxidative stress responsive genes, which correlated positively with the changes in antioxidant vitamin precursors including alpha-tocopherol and cholecalciferol. Other genes with strong differential expressions were mostly involved in actin related processes and proteolysis, despite an apparent delayed Cd response. Phosphates, sugars and fatty acids were effectively reduced and suggested that chemical treatments may have interfered with energy metabolism. The increased amount of B(a)P diol-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts in exposed worms appeared to correlate with the variability in uridine, inosine and xanthine, which are key components of nucleoside metabolism. This suggests that DNA damage was imminent or peaked within 6h. The results conformed to transcriptional changes in B(a)P exposed worms and compliment other approaches to elucidate underlying molecular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley O Agbo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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Whitfield Åslund M, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ, Zeeb BA, Rutter A. Earthworm metabolomic responses after exposure to aged PCB contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1947-56. [PMID: 22623111 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
(1)H NMR metabolomics was used to measure earthworm sub-lethal responses to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in historically contaminated (>30 years) soils (91-280 mg/kg Aroclor 1254/1260) after two and 14 days of exposure. Although our previous research detected a distinct earthworm metabolic response to PCBs in freshly spiked soil at lower concentrations (0.5-25 mg/kg Aroclor 1254), the results of this study suggest only weak or non-significant relationships between earthworm metabolic profiles and soil PCB concentrations. This concurs with the expectation that decades of contaminant aging have likely decreased PCB bioavailability and toxicity in the field. Instead of being influenced by soil contaminant concentration, earthworm metabolic profiles were more closely correlated to soil properties such as total soil carbon and soil inorganic carbon. Overall, these results suggested that (1)H NMR metabolomics may be capable of detecting both site specific responses and decreased contaminant bioavailability to earthworms after only two days of exposure, whereas traditional toxicity tests require much more time (e.g. 14 days for acute toxicity and >50 days for reproduction tests). Therefore, there is significant opportunity to develop earthworm metabolomics as a sensitive tool for rapid assessment of the toxicity associated with contaminated field soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Whitfield Åslund
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Yuk J, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Coelomic fluid: a complimentary biological medium to assess sub-lethal endosulfan exposure using ¹H NMR-based earthworm metabolomics. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1301-1313. [PMID: 22451197 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is an environmentally persistent pesticide and has been shown to be genotoxic, neurotoxic and carcinogenic to surrounding organisms. Earthworms are widely used in environmental metabolomic studies to assess soil ecotoxicity. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic studies have analyzed earthworm tissue extracts after exposure to endosulfan and identified some key metabolic indicators that can be used as biomarkers of stress. However, some metabolites may have been masked due to overlap with other metabolites in the tissue extract. Therefore, in this study, the coelomic fluid (CF) and the tissue extract of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, were both investigated using ¹H NMR-based metabolomics to analyze their metabolic profile in response to endosulfan exposure at three sub-lethal (below LC₅₀) concentrations. Principal component analysis determined the earthworm CF and earthworm tissue extract to both have significant separation between the exposed and control at the two highest sub-lethal endosulfan exposures (1.0 and 2.0 μg cm⁻²). Alanine, glycine, malate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, betaine, myo-inositol, lactate and spermidine in the earthworm CF and alanine, glutamine, fumarate, glutamate, maltose, melibiose, ATP and lactate in earthworm tissue extract were all detected as having significant fluctuations after endosulfan exposure. An increase in ATP production was detected by the increase activity in the citric acid cycle and by anaerobic metabolism. A significant decrease in the polyamine, spermidine after endosulfan exposure describes an apoptotic mode of protection which correlates to a previous endosulfan exposure study where DNA damage has been reported. This study highlights that earthworm CF is a complementary biological medium to tissue extracts and can be helpful to better understand the toxic mode of action of contaminants at sub-lethal levels in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Yuk
- Department of Chemistry, Scarborough College, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Zhang J, Yan L, Tian M, Huang Q, Peng S, Dong S, Shen H. The metabonomics of combined dietary exposure to phthalates and polychlorinated biphenyls in mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:287-97. [PMID: 22502909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans undergo simultaneous daily exposure to a multitude of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). In present study, after combined exposure to endocrine disruptors DEHP and Aroclor 1254 for 12 days, a liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometer method combining both reversed-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) separations was carried out to investigate the metabolic responses in mice. The metabolic profiles of endogenous metabolites could differentiate the dose and control groups in both RPLC and HILIC modes. Moreover, the male mice and female mice in different groups could be obviously clustered in their own regions with combined model. Fourteen lysoPCs, PC(18:4/18:1), lysoPE(18:2/0:0), phenylalanine and tryptophan were identified as potential biomarkers for the combined toxicity of DEHP and Aroclor 1254. Different change trends could be observed for the identified lysoPCs, due to their different levels of uptake and metabolism in mice. Moreover, gender-specific differences in several lysoPCs (e.g. lysoPC(18:0), lysoPC(22:6), lysoPC(20:3), and PC(18:4/18:1)) were observed for treated mice. The metabonomic results indicated the combined exposure led to a disturbance of lipid metabolism. The mRNA expressions of PLA2, ACOX1, CPT1, FAS and SCD1 involved in lipid metabolism were investigated. Among them, significant increases of FAS and SCD1 expressions in the liver induced by the exposure could be observed for both male and female mice, contributing to the hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. Besides lipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism may also be involved with the toxic responses to these EDCs. The present study not only improves the understanding of the combined toxicity of phthalates and PCBs but also shows that the metabonomic approach may prove to be a promising technique for the toxicity research of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
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