1
|
Zhao Q, Zhang R, Wang L, Sun H, Liu C. Boron accumulation in soil, sediment, and plant of wastewater-irrigated areas in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:110. [PMID: 36378353 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of boron (B) in the soils, sediments, and plants in the wastewater (treated and untreated) irrigation farmlands. Twelve sites of soils and four sites of sediments were collected in two wastewater irrigation areas of Tianjin, China. Our results show that the long-term irrigation of wastewater induced B accumulation in the soils (81 - 90 mg kg-1 on average) and sediments (112 - 150 mg kg-1 on average). The readily available B fractions, salt extractable B and water extractable B, accounted for more than half of the extractable B. The plant available B in the soils exceeded toxic levels of most sensitive crops but B in plant leaves did not reach the thresholds. This study indicates that long-term irrigation of wastewater would induce excess accumulation of B in the soils of the farmlands and might pose a toxicity risk to the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang B, Wei W, Zhu H, Liu X, Lv L, Chen H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China: The bidirectional effects of urbanization and anthropogenic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113930. [PMID: 35868582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the variations in environmental behavior (levels, distribution, sources, and soil toxicity) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under the impact of anthropogenic activities during the urbanization process, we collected soil samples from 195 sites in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration (CPUA), North China, and analyzed 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PAH priority pollutants. We divided the sampling sites into three groups (urban area, industrial area, and farmland) and collected soil samples (0-20 cm surface layer). ∑16PAHs concentrations in the soils of the urban area, industrial area, and farmland ranged from 24.2 to 4400 ng/g, 12.3-8780 ng/g, and 20.9-852 ng/g (the average value of 349, 634, and 186 ng/g), respectively. The 4 to 5 ring PAHs were dominant compounds in three soil types, accounting for 65-80% of the ∑16PAHs. The results of the source analysis showed that the PAHs in the soils of CPUA were mainly from energy consumption. PAH levels in urban and industrial soils had a potential low cancer risk. The impact of urbanization on PAHs in the soil was bidirectional. On the one hand, the level of PAHs in the farmland soil might increase due to burning coal and agricultural machinery, which releases diesel or petrol fumes. On the other hand, in the urbanization process, the PAH content in urban soil and industrial soil showed a downward trend due to the implementation of environmental protection policies in China, which have reduced the atmospheric input of PAHs into the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenhao Wei
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huina Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Lv
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100#, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yusuf RO, Odediran ET, Adeniran JA, Adesina OA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts of a densely populated African city: spatial and seasonal distribution, source, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44970-44985. [PMID: 35146606 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Road dust is a principal source and depository of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in many urban areas of the world. Hence, this study probed the spatial and seasonal pattern, sources, and related cancer health risks of PAHs in the road dusts sampled at ten traffic intersection (TIs) of a model African city. Mixed PAHs sources were ascertained using the diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results showed fluctuations in mean concentrations from 36.51 to 43.04 µg/g. Three-ring PAHs were the most abundant PAHs with anthracene (Anth) ranging from 6.84 ± 1.99 to 9.26 ± 4.42 µg/g being the predominant pollutant in Ibadan. Benzo(k)Fluoranthene (BkF) which is a pointer of traffic emission was the most dominant among the seven carcinogenic PAHs considered, varying from 2.68 ± 0.43 to 4.59 ± 0.48 µg/g. Seasonal variation results showed that PAH concentrations were 20% higher during dry season than rainy season. The seven sources of PAHs identified by PMF model include the following: diesel vehicle exhausts, gasoline combustion, diesel combustion, coal tar combustion, gasoline vehicle exhausts, coal and wood (biomass) combustion, and emissions from unburnt fossil fuels. Employing the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the city's cancer risk of 5.96E-05 for children and 6.60E-05 for adults were more than the satisfactory risk baseline of ILCR ≤ 10-6 and higher in adults than in Children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafiu Olasunkanmi Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Olusola Adedayo Adesina
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Shahzad L. Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2459. [PMID: 35165345 PMCID: PMC8844380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean ∑16PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 ± 310.7 (pg m-3) and dust 963.4 ± 289.0 (ng g-1 d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 ± 303.3 (pg m-3) and dust matrices 945.2 ± 283.6 (ng g-1 d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adeniran JA, Abdulraheem MO, Ameen HA, Odediran ET, Yusuf MNO. Source identification and health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dusts from different population density areas of Ilorin, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:777. [PMID: 34748100 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted significant attention in recent times on account of their reasonably high environmental burden and extreme toxicity. Samples of indoor dusts were obtained daily over a period of 2 weeks from 10 residences located within low, medium, and high density residential areas of Ilorin City. The concentration levels, potential sources, and cancer health risks of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PAHs total concentrations varied from 3.95 ± 0.19 to 8.70 ± 0.43 μg/g with arithmetic mean of 6.09 ± 0.46 μg/g. Fluoranthene was the most dominant PAHs congener. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-6 rings) were the most prevalent PAHs and were responsible for 79.29% of total PAHs in sampled residences. Chrysene (Chry) was the most abundant compound among the 7 carcinogenic PAHs (CPAHs). Moreover, diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) employed to apportion PAHs suggested that indoor dusts originated from indoor activities and infiltrating outdoor air pollutants. Diagnostic ratios revealed that PAHs are from mixed sources which include coal/wood combustion, non-traffic and traffic emissions, petroleum, petrogenic (gasoline), and petroleum combustion. Similarly, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model suggested five sources (factors) were responsible for PAHs in indoor dusts comprised of petroleum combustion and traffic emissions (60.05%), wood and biomass combustion emissions (20.84%), smoke from cooking, incense burning and tobacco (4.17%), gasoline combustion from non-traffic sources (13.89%), and emissions from coal burning and electronic devices (1.05%). The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCR) of PAHs in adults and children estimated by applying benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent were within the satisfactory risk limits in Ilorin. Indoor PAHs emissions in Ilorin residences could be monitored and controlled by using data provided in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | | | - Hafsat Abolore Ameen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Q, Meng J, Su G, Liu Z, Shi B, Wang T. Source apportionment and risk assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils at a typical coking plant. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112509. [PMID: 34265535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment. The coking industry is an important industrial source of PAHs. Coke production in China accounts for 67.44% of total global coke production. Tangshan, a coastal city on the Bohai Rim, contains the largest cluster of coking plants in China. Extremely high PAH emissions in Tangshan may cause long-distance cross-border pollution problems. In this study, the concentrations and sources of 16 priority PAHs in soil at a coking plant in Tangshan were determined and the risks posed by the PAHs were assessed. The PAH concentrations were generally higher in surface soil than subsurface soil, particularly near the coke oven, crude benzol, and coal blending areas. The dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) concentrations were higher than the risk screening value (1500 ngg-1) but lower than the control value (15,000 ngg-1) for type II land defined in Chinese standard (GB36600-2018). The main sources of PAHs were coal combustion, the coke oven, and traffic. The PAH concentrations were higher in the ammonium sulfate, boiler room, coal blending, and coke oven areas than in the other areas. Toxic equivalent concentrations were calculated to assess the toxic and carcinogenic risks posed by PAHs. The toxic equivalent concentrations were relatively high in the boiler, crude benzol, and coal blending areas, where the toxic equivalent concentrations for the sums of seven highly carcinogenic PAHs contributed 95% of the toxic equivalent concentrations for the sums of the 16 PAHs that were analyzed. The carcinogenic risks posed to humans were therefore assessed using the concentrations of the seven highly carcinogenic PAHs. Dermal contact was found to be an important exposure pathway leading to carcinogenic risks. The carcinogenic risk posed by DBA was > 1 × 10-6 but < 5 × 10-6, indicating that DBA concentrations at the study site monitored closely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhelun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gope M, Masto RE, Basu A, Bhattacharyya D, Saha R, Hoque RR, Khillare PS, Balachandran S. Elucidating the distribution and sources of street dust bound PAHs in Durgapur, India: A probabilistic health risk assessment study by Monte-Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115669. [PMID: 33254680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and seasonal distribution of PAHs, source identification, and their associated carcinogenic health risk was investigated in street dust of Durgapur, India. Street dust is an important indicator to detect the quality of the environment as well as the sources of pollutants. The obtained results showed fluctuation in PAHs concentrations from 2317 ± 402 ng/g to 5491 ± 2379 ng/g along with the sampling sites. Seasonal variation revealed higher PAHs concentrations in the winter season (5401 ± 993 ng/g) with the maximum presence of 4-ring PAHs. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) exposed that the sites, seasons and site-season interactions were vividly affected by dissimilar PAHs. The PAHs source identification was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), diagnostic ratios, and they revealed pyrogenic, diesel, gasoline, wood and coal combustion to be the key sources of the PAHs in street dust. Obtained results from incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model exhibited the carcinogenic risk for children ranged from 2.4E-06 to 3.8E-06 while 2.1E-06 to 3.4E-06 for adults which were above the baseline value 1.0E-06. The Monte Carlo simulation model identified cumulative cancer risk of sixteen PAHs in 50th percentile were 2.8 and 1.7 times more while in 95th percentile, the values were 8.8 and 7.8 times higher than the acceptable value of 1E-06 for child and adult respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manash Gope
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India; National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Aman Basu
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopriya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Saha
- National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - P S Khillare
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie Z, Gao L, Liang Z, Chen J, Li S, Zhu A, Wu Y, Yang Z, Li R, Wang Z. Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:401-415. [PMID: 32008048 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition, sources, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil and surface water of the Liuxi River basin, south China were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 296.26 to 888.14 ng/g in topsoil and from 156.73 to 422.03 ng/L in surface water, indicating mild pollution. The PAHs in topsoil exhibited an even spatial distribution, suggesting that they originated primarily from dry and wet deposition of transported pollutants. The concentration of PAHs in surface water did not differ significantly geographically, but the concentrations of total, three-, and four-ring PAHs were significantly lower in the Liuxi River than in its tributaries. Three- and two-ring PAHs predominated in topsoil and surface water, respectively. A correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon content and pH exerted a negligible effect on the spatial distribution of PAHs in topsoil, and they may have common sources. Fossil fuel combustion (particularly vehicle emissions) and coking production were the dominant sources of PAHs in topsoil, whereas those in surface water were derived from a variety of sources. The total toxic equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs in topsoil ranged from 3.73 to 105.66 ng/g (mean, 30.93 ng/g), suggesting that exposure to the basin's topsoil does not pose a risk to the environment or public health according to the Canadian soil quality guidelines. A risk assessment revealed that the total PAH concentrations in surface water posed a low ecological risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglan Xie
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shaoheng Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Aiping Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai T, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang T, Ren Y, Dong Y. Effects of total organic carbon content and leaching water volume on migration behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils by column leaching tests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112981. [PMID: 31394343 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The risk of soils transferring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into groundwater has caused widespread concern. Research on the leaching behavior of PAHs in soil profiles is very important for assessing this risk. Column leaching tests were carried out to provide insight into the effect of TOC and leaching water volume on leaching behavior of PAHs. Four groups were leached intermittently by deionized water under the same leaching rate for 10 d, 30 d, 90 d and 120 d. These four leaching periods are equivalent to 1 yr, 3 yr, 9 yr and 12 yr of rainfall time under natural conditions, respectively. The results showed that residual concentrations of PAHs on the surface of soil (0-5 cm) in three columns after 30 d of leaching were 37.9 μg/g, 18.5 μg/g and 3.7 μg/g, respectively, which was consistent with their TOC contents. According to the correlation analysis, both residual concentrations of ∑16PAHs and PAHs with different ring numbers were significantly correlated with the TOC content at depths of 5-100 cm after 30 d of leaching. With increased leaching water volume, PAH migration rates significantly decreased (from 3.13 μg/g/d to 0.005 μg/g/d) from 10 d to 120 d, which indicates that the initial period of the leaching process has a stronger effect on PAH vertical migration than the later stages of the process. Under long-term leaching, PAHs that were not leached previously were capable of migrating deeper into the soil profile. Therefore, it has the risk of PAH-contaminated soils transferring PAHs into groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yue Ding
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhihuan Zhang
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Tieguan Wang
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yibo Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Liu YJ, Liu Z, Zhang A, Liu Y. Source apportionment of soil PAHs and human health exposure risks quantification from sources: the Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base, China as case study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:617-632. [PMID: 30027363 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base is widely known for its rich mineral resources and multi-type fossil chemical industry, yet little is known regarding the level of contaminants. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial distributions and potential exposure risk of ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in this region and apportions PAHs source and source-oriented risk using two mathematical models, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model coupling human health exposure risk. Results showed that ∑16PAHs concentrations ranged from 110 to 4934 μg/kg dw in 38 soil sampling sites. Compared with PCA-MLR model, PMF model is preferred method for source apportionment. Source apportionment results derived from PMF model indicated that the dominant contribution to ∑16PAHs was from coal-derived sources (34% for coke oven emissions and 33% coal combustion source), followed by wood combustion (22%) and vehicular emission (11%). The human health exposure risk of each source category was quantitatively calculated for three exposure routes by combining the total carcinogenic risk (Total-CR) and total hazard index (Total-HI) values with identified source contributions. The results showed that increased Total-CR was highly apportioned from coke oven emissions source and coal combustion was identified as the major cause of increased Total-HI, even though it was less contributed to ∑16PAHs. Moreover, the distributions of Total-CR and Total-HI apportionment for each source were significantly influenced by land utilization types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yong Jun Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Aining Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Petroleum and Environment Engineering, Yanan University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sheikh Fakhradini S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Lahijanzadeh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment of Hoor Al-Azim wetland, Iran: a focus on source apportionment, environmental risk assessment, and sediment-water partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:233. [PMID: 30900011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, source, and ecological risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment samples in Hoor Al-Azim wetland, a significant freshwater wetland in Lower Mesopotamia, were evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 15.3 to 160.15 ng/L, and 15.78 to 410.2 μg/Kg in water and sediment, respectively. PAHs pollution levels in sediments compared with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) were found to be moderate in two stations and low in water and the rest of sediment stations. Based on the diagnostic ratio analysis, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), the mean percentage contributions were 62.62% for mixed pyrogenic and petrogenic sources (e.g., unburned and combusted fossil fuels from fishing boats and vehicle engines, incomplete combustion, oil leakage), 20.68% for auto emission, and 16.7% for pyrogenic sources (fossil fuels and biomass combustion). According to the sediment risk assessment indices such as mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q), the ecological risk of multiple PAHs was low. Risk quotient (RQ) calculation of water samples suggested high ecological risk level for Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and low to moderate for other individual PAHs and ΣPAHs. The result of PAHs partitioning between sediment and water phases revealed that most PAHs prefer to accumulate in sediment. Sediments probably act as a secondary source for some PAHs in the oil collection and pumping station.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikh Fakhradini
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shabbaj II, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI. Street Dust-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Saudi Coastal City: Status, Profile, Sources, and Human Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2397. [PMID: 30380645 PMCID: PMC6266921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust pose a serious problem threatening both the environment and human health. Street dust samples were collected from five different land use patterns (traffic areas TRA, urban area URA, residential areas REA, mixed residential commercial areas MCRA and suburban areas SUA) in Jeddah, a Saudi coastal city, and one in in Hada Al Sham, a rural area (RUA). This study aimed to investigate the status, profile, sources of PAHs and estimate their human health risk. The results revealed an average concentration of total PAHs of 3320 ng/g in street dust of Jeddah and 223 ng/g in RUA dust. PAHs with high molecular weight represented 83.38% of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah, while the carcinogenic PAH compounds accounted 57.84%. The highest average concentration of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah was found in TRA (4980 ng/g) and the lowest in REA (1660 ng/g). PAHs ratios indicated that the principal source of PAHs in street dust of Jeddah is pyrogenic, mainly traffic emission. Benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene (BaA/CHR) ratio suggests that PAHs in street dusts of Jeddah come mainly from emission of local sources, while PAHs in RUA might be transported from the surrounding urban areas. The estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) associated with exposure to PAHs in street dusts indicated that both dermal contact and ingestion pathways are major contributed to cancer risk for both children and adults. Based on BaPequivalence concentrations of total PAHs, ILCRIngestion, ILCRdermal and cancer risk values for children and adults exposed to PAHs in street dust of different areas in Jeddah were found between 10-6 and 10-4, indicating potential risk. The sequence of cancer risk was TRA > URA > MCRA > SUA > REA. Only exposure to BaP and DBA compounds had potential risk for both children and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim I Shabbaj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Dong Y, Hu F, Wang J. Occurrence of Antibiotics in Water in Xiaodian Sewage Irrigation Area, Northern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/146/1/012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|