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Brunelli A, Cazzagon V, Faraggiana E, Bettiol C, Picone M, Marcomini A, Badetti E. An overview on dispersion procedures and testing methods for the ecotoxicity testing of nanomaterials in the marine environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171132. [PMID: 38395161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been devoted to develop or adapt existing guidelines and protocols, to obtain robust and reproducible results from (eco)toxicological assays on engineered nanomaterials (NMs). However, while many studies investigated adverse effects of NMs on freshwater species, less attention was posed to the marine environment, a major sink for these contaminants. This review discusses the procedures used to assess the ecotoxicity of NMs in the marine environment, focusing on the use of protocols and methods for preparing NMs dispersions and on the NMs physicochemical characterization in exposure media. To this purpose, a critical analysis of the literature since 2010 was carried out, based on the publication of the first NMs dispersion protocols. Among the 89 selected studies, only <5 % followed a standardized dispersion protocol combined with NMs characterization in ecotoxicological media, while more than half used a non-standardized dispersion method but performed NMs characterization. In the remaining studies, only partial or no information on dispersion procedures or on physicochemical characterization was provided. This literature review also highlighted that metal oxides NMs were the most studied (42 %), but with an increasing interest in last years towards nanoplastics (14 %) and multicomponent nanomaterials (MCNMs, 7 %), in line with the growing attention on these emerging contaminants. For all these NMs, primary producers as algae and bacteria were the most studied groups of marine species, in addition to mollusca, while organisms at higher trophic levels were less represented, likely due to challenges in evaluating adverse effects on more complex organisms. Thus, despite the wide use of NMs in different applications, standard dispersion protocols are not often used for ecotoxicity testing with marine species. However, the efforts to characterize NMs in ecotoxicological media recognize the importance of following conditions that are as standardized as possible to support the ecological hazard assessment of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy.
| | - Virginia Cazzagon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy
| | - Eleonora Faraggiana
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bettiol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy
| | - Marco Picone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, Venice Mestre (VE), 30172, Italy.
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Xu Y, Wu C, Jin J, Tang W, Chen Y, Chang AK, Ying X. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress Response Genes in Different Meretrix meretrix Developmental Stages. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:352. [PMID: 38275810 PMCID: PMC10812554 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major pollutants in the aquatic environment, and it can easily accumulate in aquatic animals and result in toxic effects by changing the metabolism of the body, causing a serious impact on the immune system, reproductive system, and the development of offspring. The clam Meretrix meretrix is one of the commercially important species that is cultivated in large-scale aquaculture in China. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of Cd2+ in the developmental processes, fertilized eggs and larvae of M. meretrix at different developmental stages were exposed to Cd2+ (27.2 mg L-1 in natural seawater) or just natural seawater without Cd2+ (control), and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to analyze the toxic effects of Cd on larvae at different early developmental stages. The results revealed 31,914 genes were differentially expressed in the different stages of M. meretrix development upon treatment with Cd2+. Ten of these genes were differentially expressed in all stages of development examined, but they comprised only six unigenes (CCO, Ndh, HPX, A2M, STF, and pro-C3), all of which were related to the oxidative stress response. Under Cd exposure, the expression levels of CCO and Ndh were significantly upregulated in D-shaped and pediveliger larvae, while pro-C3 expression was significantly upregulated in the fertilized egg, D-shaped larva, and pediveliger. Moreover, HPX, A2M, and STF expression levels in the fertilized egg and pediveliger larvae were also significantly upregulated. In contrast, CCO, Ndh, HPX, A2M, STF, and pro-C3 expression levels in the postlarva were all downregulated under Cd exposure. Besides the genes with changes in expression identified by the transcriptome, the expression of two other oxidative stress-related genes (MT and Nfr2) was also found to change significantly in the different developmental stages of M. meretrix upon Cd exposure, confirming their roles in combating oxidative stress. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that Cd would interfere with cellular respiration, ion transport, and immune response through inducing oxidative stress, and changes in the expression of oxidative stress-related genes might be an important step for M. meretrix to deal with the adverse effects of Cd at different stages of its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Chenghui Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Jianyu Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Wenhan Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Yuting Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Alan Kueichieh Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
| | - Xueping Ying
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Y.X.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Degli Esposti D, Lalouette A, Gaget K, Lepeule L, Chaabi Z, Leprêtre M, Espeyte A, Delorme N, Quéau H, Garnero L, Calevro F, Chaumot A, Geffard O. Identification and organ-specific patterns of expression of two metallothioneins in the sentinel species Gammarus fossarum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110907. [PMID: 37827361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution is a major concern for aquatic environments. Widespread contamination by various trace metal ions has been described in freshwater streams as well as their subsequent bioaccumulation, potentially leading to toxicity and trophic transfer. Metallothioneins constitute an evolutionary conserved family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-chelating proteins, whose known physiological functions are the maintenance of the homeostasis of essential metals, the detoxification of non-essential metals, and the protection against oxidative stress and free radicals. In this study, we identified two metallothionein-coding transcripts, mt1 and mt2, in the transcriptome of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum, a sentinel species widely used to assess the quality of watersheds. For the first time, we investigated the organ-specific patterns of expression of these two mt transcripts at the individual level in the gills and the caeca of this small crustacean. In silico analysis and experimental exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of cadmium, zinc and silver showed that G. fossarum mt1 induction is stronger after Cd exposure compared to the other tested metals. G. fossarum mt1 was more significantly induced in the caeca than in the gills of exposed organisms for any metal exposure, while G. fossarum mt2 was, at least at the individual level, more inducible in the gills than in the caeca of G. fossarum exposed to Cd and Zn. Our results provide new genetic resources that will help to improve the understanding of metal homeostasis in this sentinel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Degli Esposti
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Auréline Lalouette
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen Gaget
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Louveline Lepeule
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Zineb Chaabi
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxime Leprêtre
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anabelle Espeyte
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Delorme
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hervé Quéau
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Garnero
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Ecotoxicology Team. Centre de Lyon-Grenoble Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 5 rue de la Doua CS 20244, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
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Wang X, Wu T. An update on the biological effects of quantum dots: From environmental fate to risk assessment based on multiple biological models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163166. [PMID: 37011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimension nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties, which have been widely used in environmental science and biomedicine. Therefore, QDs are potential to cause toxicity to the environment and enter organisms through migration and bioenrichment effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the adverse effects of QDs in different organisms based on recently available data. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study searched PubMed database according to the pre-set keywords, and included 206 studies according to the inclusion and elimination criteria. CiteSpace software was firstly used to analyze the keywords of included literatures, search for breaking points of former studies, and summarize the classification, characterization and dosage of QDs. The environment fate of QDs in the ecosystems were then analyzed, followed with comprehensively summarized toxicity outcomes at individual, system, cell, subcellular and molecular levels. After migration and degradation in the environment, aquatic plants, bacteria, fungi as well as invertebrates and vertebrates have been found to be suffered from toxic effects caused by QDs. Aside from systemic effects, toxicity of intrinsic QDs targeting to specific organs, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, hepatorenal system, nervous system and immune system were confirmed in multiple animal models. Moreover, QDs could be taken up by cells and disturb the organelles, which resulted in cellular inflammation and cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, several innovative technologies, like organoids have been applied in the risk assessment of QDs to promote the surgical interventions of preventing QDs' toxicity. This review not only aimed at updating the research progress on the biological effects of QDs from environmental fate to risk assessment, but also overcame the limitations of available reviews on basic toxicity of nanomaterials by interdisciplinarity and provided new insights for better applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Ekelund Ugge GMO, Sahlin U, Jonsson A, Berglund O. Transcriptional Responses as Biomarkers of General Toxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Metal-Exposed Bivalves. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:628-641. [PMID: 36200657 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Through a systematic review and a series of meta-analyses, we evaluated the general responsiveness of putative transcriptional biomarkers of general toxicity and chemical stress. We targeted metal exposures performed on bivalves under controlled laboratory conditions and selected six transcripts associated with general toxicity for evaluation: catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, heat shock proteins 70 and 90, metallothionein, and superoxide dismutase. Transcriptional responses (n = 396) were extracted from published scientific articles (k = 22) and converted to log response ratios (lnRRs). By estimating toxic units, we normalized different metal exposures to a common scale, as a proxy of concentration. Using Bayesian hierarchical random effect models, we then tested the effects of metal exposure on lnRR, both for metal exposure in general and in meta-regressions using toxic unit and exposure time as independent variables. Corresponding analyses were also repeated with transcript and tissue as additional moderators. Observed patterns were similar for general and for transcript- and tissue-specific responses. The expected overall response to arbitrary metal exposure was an lnRR of 0.50, corresponding to a 65% increase relative to a nonexposed control. However, when accounting for publication bias, the estimated "true" response showed no such effect. Furthermore, expected response magnitude increased slightly with exposure time, but there was little support for general monotonic concentration dependence with regard to toxic unit. Altogether, the present study reveals potential limitations that need consideration prior to applying the selected transcripts as biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:628-641. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf M O Ekelund Ugge
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Ullrika Sahlin
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annie Jonsson
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Olof Berglund
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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O'Callaghan I, Fitzpatrick D, Sullivan T. Thiophilicity is a determinant of bioaccumulation in benthic fauna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118641. [PMID: 34890745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic contamination can settle into sediments, where it complexes with organic matter and becomes bioavailable. The resulting bioaccumulation of these contaminants by benthic fauna poses a serious threat due to the potential for trophic transfer. This paper offers an insight into the heterogenous accumulation behavior of different elements, and the consequences for ecological risk. In this study, we present field quantification of sediment-associated bioaccumulation factors (BAFS) in freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates. 17 elements were quantified using ICP-MS in sediment and Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus sp. samples. Previously published reports of contaminant concentrations in freshwater and marine sediments and benthic fauna were likewise analyzed to provide a complementary picture of bioaccumulation across contaminants and taxa. We demonstrate that the BAFS correlates strongly with the thiophilicity of the elemental contaminants, as defined by (Kepp, 2016), for all strata examined. These findings support the hypothesis that thiol-mediated processes, such as that of metallothionein, play a larger role in bioaccumulation than typically afforded. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential for the thiophilic scale to act as a predictor of accumulation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene O'Callaghan
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Timothy Sullivan
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
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Comparative Analysis of Proteins Regulated during Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Wild Type and Tolerant Mutants. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030615. [PMID: 33804515 PMCID: PMC7998754 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In previous work, two independent Arabidopsis thaliana Ac/Ds transposon insertional mutant lines, atnp01 and atnp02, were identified that showed a higher level of tolerance than the wild type (wt) line to cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs). The tolerance response was characterized at physiological, genetic and transcriptomic levels. In this work, a comparative analysis was performed on protein extracts from plantlets of the two mutants and of wt, each treated with 80 mg L-1 CdS QDs. A comparative protein analysis was performed by 2D-PAGE, and proteins were characterized by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Of 250 proteins identified from all three lines, 98 showed significant changes in relative abundance between control and CdS QD-treated plantlets. The wt, atnp01, and atnp02 control-treated pairs respectively showed 61, 31, and 31 proteins with differential expression. The two mutants had a different response to treatment in terms of type and quantity of up- and downregulated proteins. This difference became more striking when compared to wt. A network analysis of the proteins differentially expressed in atnp01 and atnp02 included several of those encoded by putative genes accommodating the transposons, which were responsible for regulation of some proteins identified in this study. These included nifu-like protein 3 (Nfu3), involved in chloroplast assembly, elongator complex 3 (Elo3), involved in transcriptional elongation, magnesium-chelate subunit-2 (Chli2), involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) which mediates abiotic stress response.
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Kini S, Badekila AK, Barh D, Sharma A. Cellular and Organismal Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Its Associated Health Concerns. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Nguyen KC, Zhang Y, Todd J, Kittle K, Patry D, Caldwell D, Lalande M, Smith S, Parks D, Navarro M, Massarsky A, Moon TW, Willmore WG, Tayabali AF. Biodistribution and Systemic Effects in Mice Following Intravenous Administration of Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dot Nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1491-1503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy C. Nguyen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Julie Todd
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Kevin Kittle
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Dominique Patry
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Don Caldwell
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Michelle Lalande
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Scott Smith
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Douglas Parks
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Martha Navarro
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Andrey Massarsky
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics and the Collaborative Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, 75 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Thomas W. Moon
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics and the Collaborative Program in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology, 75 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Azam F. Tayabali
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1S 5B6
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