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Zhang Y, Luo L, Gan P, Chen X, Li X, Pang Y, Yu X, Yu K. Exposure to pentachlorophenol destructs the symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and host and induces pathema in coral Porites lutea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167956. [PMID: 37884147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Stress from chemical pollutants is among the key issues that have adverse impacts on coral reefs. As a persistent organic pollutant, pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been detected in the seawater of Weizhou Island and was proved to have significant adverse effects on aquatic animals. However, little is known about its effects on scleractinian coral. Therefore, we investigated the response of the coral Porites lutea to PCP stress. Coral bleaching, photosynthesis parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities of P. lutea under PCP exposure were documented. After 96 h of exposure, significant tissue loss and bleaching occurred when the PCP concentration exceeded 100 μg/L. The density of symbiotic zooxanthellae decreased from 2.06 × 106 cells/cm2 to 0.93 × 106 cells/cm2 when the PCP concentration increased from 1 μg/L- 1000 μg/L. Long-term exposure of 120 days to PCP at 0.1 μg/L also led to coral bleaching, the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII in P. lutea nubbins significantly decreased to 0.482. The analysis of microbial community distribution indicated that the increase of the pathogenic bacterium Citrobacter may be one of the inducers of coral bleaching. Conjoint analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics showed that the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates in zooxanthellae was abnormal, leading to the destruction of its symbiotic relationship with the host. The immune system of the host was disrupted, which could be linked to the prevalence of coral pathema. The toxic responses of PCP on both zooxanthellae and its host were further confirmed by the upregulation of the differential metabolites including 1-naphthylamine and phosphatidylcholine, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Lan Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Pin Gan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Pang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Yan X, Zhao Q, Yan Z, Chen X, He P, Li S, Fang Y. Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Seafood Samples from Zhejiang Province Using Pass-Through SPE-UPLC-MS/MS: Occurrence and Human Dietary Exposure Risk. Molecules 2023; 28:6394. [PMID: 37687223 PMCID: PMC10490177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has attracted wide attention due to its high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. In this study, a sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PCP in seafood samples was developed and validated. The samples were ultrasonic extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid-acetonitrile and followed by using a pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup on Captiva EMR-Lipid cartridges. The linearity of this method ranged from 1 to 1000 μg/L, with regression coefficients of >0.99. The detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.5 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries in different types of seafood samples ranged from 86.4% to 102.5%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 3.7% to 11.2% and 2.9% to 12.1%, respectively (n = 6). Finally, the method has been successfully utilized for the screening of PCP in 760 seafood samples from Zhejiang Province. PCP was detected in 5.8% of all seafood samples, with the largest portion of detections found in shellfish, accounting for approximately 60% of the total. The average concentrations detected ranged from 1.08 to 21.49 μg/kg. The non-carcinogenic risk indices for adults and children who consume PCP ranged from 10-4 to 10-3 magnitudes. All of these indices stayed significantly below 1, implying that the health risk from PCP in marine organisms to humans is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yan
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316012, China
| | - Zhongyong Yan
- Zhejiang Marine Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xuechang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Pengfei He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
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Zhang Y, Mhungu F, Zhang W, Wang Y, Li H, Liu Y, Li Y, Gan P, Pan X, Huang J, Zhong X, Song S, Liu Y, Chen K. Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary exposure to pentachlorophenol in Guangzhou, China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:262-270. [PMID: 36634160 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2163301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant commonly existing as its sodium salt (NaPCP), which enters the human body primarily through long term but low-level dietary exposure. PCP contributes to chemical carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. In this study, the probabilistic risk of dietary exposure to PCP in Guangzhou citizens was investigated. In total, 923 food samples in the categories of pork, livestock (beef and lamb), poultry, offal, eggs, and freshwater fish (considered to be relatively susceptible to PCP contamination) were collected from various markets in Guangzhou and tested for PCP. Probabilistic risk assessment model calculations for PCP dietary exposure and margin of exposure (MOE) values were performed using @RISK software, based on a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. The overall detection rate of PCP (above 1 μg kg-1, the detection limit) was 19.9% (184/923), with an average of 7.9 μg kg-1. The highest rate of PCP detection, 28.2%, was in livestock (beef and lamb). The MOE value for dietary PCP exposure in general Guangzhou residents averaged 400, which was far below 5,000 (the borderline for judging a health risk). The lowest MOE value, 190, was observed in the 3- to-6-year old population and indicates a significant risk. In conclusion, this study suggests that PCP exposure in Guangzhou residents is of considerable health risk, especially for the pre-school young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Florence Mhungu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingsheng Gan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Zhong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofang Song
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuncai Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang W, Tang Y, Han Y, Huang L, Zhou W, Zhou C, Hu Y, Lu R, Wang F, Shi W, Liu G. Immunotoxicity of pentachlorophenol to a marine bivalve species and potential toxification mechanisms underpinning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129681. [PMID: 36104908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in ocean environments threatens marine organisms. However, its effects on immunity of marine invertebrates at environmentally realistic levels are still largely unknown. In this study, the immunotoxicity of PCP to a representative bivalve species was evaluated. In addition, its impacts on metabolism, energy supply, detoxification, and oxidative stress status were also analysed by physiological examination as well as comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to reveal potential mechanisms underpinning. Results illustrated that the immunity of blood clams was evidently hampered upon PCP exposure. Additionally, significant alterations in energy metabolism were detected in PCP-exposed clams. Meanwhile, the expressions of key detoxification genes and the in vivo contents (or activity) of key detoxification enzymes were markedly altered. Exposure to PCP also triggered significant elevations in intracellular ROS and MDA whereas evident suppression of haemocyte viability. The abovementioned findings were further supported by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Our results suggest that PCP may hamper the immunity of the blood clam by (i) constraining the cellular energy supply through disrupting metabolism; and (ii) damaging haemocytes through inducing oxidative stress. Considering the high similarity of immunity among species, many marine invertebrates may be threatened by PCP, which deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhou
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Rongmao Lu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Roveri V, Guimarães LL, Toma W, Correia AT. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in a beach area of Guarujá, São Paulo State, Brazil, under the influence of urban surface runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45063-45075. [PMID: 32779066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in water resources is widely documented in Europe, North America and Asia. However, in South America, these studies are still incipient. The objective of this study was to screen and identify the presence of pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes, including illicit drugs such as cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, in urban drainage channels that flow into the bathing waters of Guarujá city, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Moreover, the ecological potential risks to the aquatic biota were also assessed. The water samples were collected from four beaches of Guarujá in two different points: in the urban drainage channels and in the nearby coast line. A total of 16 compounds were detected using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry: carbamazepine (0.1-8.0 ng/L), caffeine (33.5-6550.0 ng/L), cocaine (0.2-30.3 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.9-278.0 ng/L), citalopram (0.2-0.4 ng/L), acetaminophen (18.3-391.0 ng/L), diclofenac (0.9-79.8 ng/L), orphenadrine (0.2-1.5 ng/L), atenolol (0.1-140.0 ng/L), propranolol (limit of detection: LOD-0.9 ng/L), enalapril (2.2-3.8 ng/L), losartan (3.6-548.0 ng/L), valsartan (19.8-798.0 ng/L), rosuvastatin (2.5-38.5 ng/L), chlortalidone (0.1-0.4 ng/L) and clopidogrel (0.1-0.2 ng/L). The hereby data also showed that five of these compounds, namely caffeine, acetaminophen, diclofenac, losartan and valsartan, could raise moderate to severe risks to aquatic organisms (algae, crustaceans and fishes). This study is the first report of the occurrence of several pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in urban drainage channels that flow to the bathing waters in South America, and it is the first quantification of rosuvastatin, chlortalidone and clopidogrel in environmental marine waters of Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Roveri
- Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCT-UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 536 - Encruzilhada, Santos, São Paulo, 11045-002, Brasil
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, Santos, São Paulo, 11045-040, Brasil
| | - Walber Toma
- Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, Santos, São Paulo, 11045-040, Brasil
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
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Mijangos L, Krauss M, de Miguel L, Ziarrusta H, Olivares M, Zuloaga O, Izagirre U, Schulze T, Brack W, Prieto A, Etxebarria N. Application of the Sea Urchin Embryo Test in Toxicity Evaluation and Effect-Directed Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8890-8899. [PMID: 32525664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchin embryo assay was used to assess general toxicity at four wastewater treatment plant effluents of Biscay (Gorliz, Mungia, Gernika, and Galindo), and within the tested range, all the extracts showed embryo growth inhibition and skeleton malformation activities with EC50 values, in relative enrichment factor units, between 1.1-16.8 and 1.1-8.8, respectively. To identify the causative compounds, effect-directed analysis was successfully applied for the first time using a sea urchin embryo test to the secondary treatment of the Galindo effluent. To this end, two subsequent fractionation steps were performed using C18 (21 fractions) and aminopropyl columns (15 fractions). By this fractionation, the number of features detected by LC-HRMS in the raw sample was drastically reduced from 1500 to 9, and among them, two pesticides (mexacarbate, 17 ng/L, and fenpropidin, 23 ng/L), two antidepressants (amitriptyline, 304 ng/L, and paroxetine, 26 ng/L), and two anthelmintic agents (mebendazole, 65 ng/L, and albendazole, 48 ng/L) could be identified in the two toxic fractions. The artificial mixture of the identified six compounds could explain 79% of the observed effect, with albendazole and paroxetine as the predominant contributors (49% and 49%, respectively) affecting the sea urchin embryogenesis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura de Miguel
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Haizea Ziarrusta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Urtzi Izagirre
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Lu BQ, Liu SS, Wang ZJ, Xu YQ. Conlecs: A novel procedure for deriving the concentration limits of chemicals outside the criteria of human drinking water using existing criteria and species sensitivity distribution based on quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121380. [PMID: 31614281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water quality criteria (WQC) for an increasing number of emerging chemicals need to be developed to protect human health and biological safety. Existing species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methods can only be used to help establish WQC for ecological protection, and cannot be extended to the protection of human beings from various hazards. In this study, a novel procedure called Conlecs is proposed to derive the concentration limits (ConLs) of pesticides outside the criteria for human drinking water (CHDW) using the existing criteria of pesticides and SSD integrated with the toxicity prediction achieved through robust QSAR models. Optimal SSD models of four pesticides (within the CHDW) and two pesticides (outside the CHDW) on 12 species were first constructed, and the existing ConLs of four pesticides within the CHDW were then utilized to select the most suitable species for the optimal proportions to avoid human hazards (PHH), allowing the ConLs of two pesticides outside the CHDW to be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Qing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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