Assessment of iodine deficiency and goitre incidence in parts of Yewa Area of Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria

ASSOCIATION OF SERUM AUTO-ANTIBODIES AND THYROID FUNCTION TEST IN PATIENTS WITH NON-NEOPLASTIC THYROID DISEASES IN SHENDI LOCALITY, SUDAN

Background:  Thyroid disorders are the most second endocrine problem after diabetes mellitus in society. Environmental, immunological, and genetic factors   lead to the development of thyroid disorders.  Objectives: The study intended to evaluate the role of thyroid antibodies and hormones in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases, as well as the prevalence of thyroid antibodies in patients having thyroid disorders living   in Shendi locality. Study design: The current research was prospective, case - control, hospital-based study carried out from 2013-2017, in El-Mek Nimir Uiversity Hospital in Shendi town- Northern Sudan.-. River Nile State. Two hundred and eighty-three (283) participants selected randomly as study population, of whom Hundred and eleven (111) patients with hypothyroidism; Seventy-two (72) patients with hyperthyroidism; Hundred (100) healthy normal subjects as control group.  Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics in El-Mek Nimir Uiversity Hospital in Shendi Thyroid hormones profile (TSH, T4, T3, fT3, and fT4) and Thyroid antibodies (Anti-thyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin) were measured. Results: The study revealed that (60.7%) had hypothyroidism, (39.3%) had hyperthyroidism, (91.9%) of hypothyroidism were female, and only (8.1%) were male, while (84.7%) of hyperthyroidism were female while male represented only (15.3%) of them. The current study revealed that 107 of the case group (58.5%) were positive when evaluated for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO Ab), with level more than (40.0 IU/ml).  72 (64.9%) of them were hypothyroidism, whereas a 35 (48.6%) of them were hyperthyroidism. As regard Thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg Ab), 73 (39.9%) of the case studied were positive, 51 (69.9%) of them were hypothyroidism, and 22 (30.1%) of them were hyperthyroidism. The study also revealed statistically significant positive correlation between the presence of TPO Ab and the values of fT3

Iodine enrichment and the underlying mechanism in deep groundwater in the Cangzhou Region, North China

The lack of information on the origin and behavior of iodine in deep groundwater restricts the development and use of groundwater resources. To address this issue, the Cangzhou region in the eastern North China Plain (NCP) was selected for a case study. In total, 296 deep groundwater samples were collected, their iodine concentrations were determined, and the distribution characteristics of iodine concentrations were analyzed. Iodine concentrations ranged from < 0.002 to 1.22 mg/L, with a mean of 0.19 mg/L; 42% of the samples had high iodine concentrations. The levels were higher in the east than in the west, and most of the samples with high iodine concentrations were obtained from sites east of the boundary between the Cangxian uplift and the Huanghua depression. The weathering and dissolution of iodine-bearing minerals and the leaching of marine sediments can facilitate iodine enrichment. In the Cangxian uplift, iodine was mainly a result of the conversion of organic iodine, while in the Huanghua depression, iodine enrichment was a factor of the conversion of IO₃^-. Overall, the main factors for the enrichment of iodine are the sedimentary environmental and the hydrodynamic conditions. Our results provide a theoretical basis to understand the occurrence of high iodine concentrations in deep groundwater.

Epidemiological study of risk factors for goiter among primary schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Iodine-deficiency disorders are a major public health problem all over the world. Goiter is the most visible manifestation of iodine-deficiency disorder. Goiter rate is useful to assess the long-term impact of iodine-deficiency disorders.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the risk factors for goiter in primary schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study on a sample population of 270 children 6 to 12 years of age with goiter and 264 without goiter was conducted in a primary school in Sodo Town, southern Ethiopia. All students in each class were examined for the presence of goiter and classified based on World Health Organization criteria. For each child with goiter, the next child without goiter was selected from the same class. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of independent variables on the goiter rate.

RESULTS

A total of 534 participants (270 children with goiter and 264 without goiter) were included. Although the difference was not significant, the prevalence of goiter was higher among girls than among boys (54.8% vs. 45.2%), and the prevalence in both sexes increased with age. In the multivariate logistic regression model, consuming common goitrogenic foods (adjusted OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.9) and drinking water from the river (adjusted OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.9) were independently associated with goiter.

CONCLUSIONS

Goiter rate is significantly associated with consumption of goitrogenic food items in the area and contaminated drinking water. Creating awareness in the community about the consumption of food items and provision of tap water by concerned bodies in the area is recommended to prevent iodine-deficiency disorders.

Autoimmune thyroid disorders

Purpose of Review. Studies have been published in the field of autoimmune thyroid diseases since January 2005. The review is organized into areas of etiology, autoimmune features, autoantibodies, mechanism of thyroid cell injury, B-cell responses, and T-cell responses. Also it reviews the diagnosis and the relationship between autoimmune thyroid disease, neoplasm, and kidney disorders. Recent Findings. Autoimmune thyroid diseases have been reported in people living in different parts of the world including North America, Europe, Baalkans, Asia, Middle East, South America, and Africa though the reported figures do not fully reflect the number of people infected per year. Cases are unrecognized due to inaccurate diagnosis and hence are treated as other diseases. However, the most recent studies have shown that the human autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) affect up to 5% of the general population and are seen mostly in women between 30 and 50 years. Summary. Autoimmune thyroid disease is the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Overall, this review has expanded our understanding of the mechanism involved in pathogenesis of AITD and the relationship between autoimmune thyroid disease, neoplasm, and kidney disease. It has opened new lines of investigations that will ultimately result in a better clinical practice.

Iodine Status and Availability of Iodized Salt: An Across-Country Analysis

Background

Iodine deficiency has serious consequences, and the Universal Salt Iodization initiative has attempted to reduce the extent of deficiency.

Objective

We aim to see how far across-country variations in urinary iodine in school-age children can be explained by environmental factors, particularly soil iodine and the availability of iodized salt.

Methods

We use simple multivariate regression for two separate datasets, one for 30 developing countries, and one for 13 developed countries, using data on availability of iodized salt and soil iodine levels.

Results

Median urinary iodine excretion is significantly and positively related to household availability of iodized salt (elasticity, 0.73) for developing countries, but the soil coefficient is not significant, probably because the dummy variable is not well measured. For the developed countries, there is a positive and significant effect of salt penetration rates (elasticity, 0.83) and a positive and significant effect of soil iodine (elasticity, 0.77). There is also a suggestion that countries with more serious soil deficits are more likely to iodize salt, so that univariate regressions of urinary iodine excretion on salt availability or penetration rates underestimate the beneficial effects of iodized salt availability on iodine nutrition.

Conclusions

There are limitations to cross-sectional (ecologic) studies such as this, and the data are not perfect. Nevertheless, the results provide support for policies to iodize salt, given the widespread deficiency of iodine in diets worldwide.

A pilot study on iodine in soils of Greater Kabul and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan

A robust and rapid methodology for the determination of iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in environmental samples is presented. Data were initially obtained for the validation of the analytical measurements, using 17 commercially available soil reference materials. The methodology was then tested on soil and water samples collected in Afghanistan where iodine deficiency and its effects are reportedly prevalent. Sample collections were conducted in Greater Kabul; the iodine in agricultural soils was determined to be in the range of 1.6-4.2 mg/kg and that in water drawn for drinking and irrigation was found to range from 9.9 to 22.7 microg/L. Samples were also collected in a second region, Nangarhar province, which is located to the east of Kabul, where goitres in the local population had been reported. The iodine content in soils and water at this location was 0.5-1.9 mg/kg and 5.4-9.4 microg/L, respectively. The organic content of soils in Kabul was found to be in the range of 1.9-4.2%; in Nangarhar, organic content ranged from 1.7 to 4.5%. All of the Afghan soils were slightly alkaline at pH 7.6-8.2.

Speciation of iodine in high iodine groundwater in china associated with goitre and hypothyroidism

Iodine intake affects the occurrence of disease in a population. Excessive iodine intake may be caused by a high iodine content of drinking water. Tap water in few locations in Europe contains up to 139 microg/L mostly bound to humic substances, probably leaching from marine sediments in the aquifers. Even higher iodine contents have been found in Chinese waters, previously shown to associate with goitre and hypothyroidism. The aims were to elucidate speciation of high iodine groundwater from deep wells in China and to compare with high iodine waters from Europe. Water was sampled from eight wells in five villages along Bohai Bay, China. Macro-molecules and low molecular weight (MW) substances were separated by size exclusion chromatography (high performance liquid chromatography, Superose 12 HR 10/30, buffer 0.1 M Tris, pH 7.0). Organic material was evaluated by A280 and iodine in fractions measured by the Ce/As method after alkaline incineration. Iodine content of well water varied from 135 to 880 microg/L (median 287 microg/L). The amount of organic material in water was low with A280, <1-5 mAU. The chromatographic traces were similar between samples: One peak of iodine eluted around K (AV) 0.65 corresponding to MW 5 kDa (humic substances) and one peak at V (total) (iodide/low MW substances). The fraction of iodine in macro-molecules, suggested to be humic substances, varied from 8% to 70% (median 27%). Iodine and peak absorbance were associated (p = 0.006). In conclusion, iodine in iodine-rich deep well water in northern China may have marine origin and may associate with humic substances, comparable to shallow well iodine-rich water in Europe. High iodine intake from iodine-rich water suggests the cause of endemic goitre and hypothyroidism in some areas in China being iodine.