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Anyanwu IN, Semple KT. Occurrence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrogen-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analogues in Soils from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1977352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N. Anyanwu
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Dong G, Li X, Yang R, Yang Y, Liu H, Wu N. Correction method of effect of soil moisture on the fluorescence intensity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on near-infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116150. [PMID: 33293104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil moisture has a strong impact on the fluorescence intensity of PAHs, which is undoubtedly posing a challenge for the development of rapid real-time fluorescence detection technology of PAHs in soil. In this work, NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to correct the fluorescence spectra of PAHs in order to reduce the effect of the soil moisture. To establish the correction method, eight soil samples with different moisture contents and a given phenanthrene concentration (8 mg/g) were prepared. The fluorescence and NIR diffuse reflectance spectra were collected for of all samples. It was found that the fluorescence spectra of the soil samples that vary with the moisture content together with the NIR diffuse reflectance spectra were considered for the correction of the fluorescence intensity of phenanthrene related to the moisture content. The results showed that the ratio of the fluorescence intensity at 384 nm to the NIR diffuse reflectance spectrum absorbance at 5184 cm-1 can be used as a correction factor to reduce the effect of the soil moisture on the fluorescence intensity of phenanthrene in the soil. The validity of the correction method was verified by the quantitative analysis of PAHs with different concentrations and soil moisture contents. The results showed better linearity between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of PAHs after the correction (with a correlation coefficient R of 0.99) than before the correction (with R of 0.86). The relative prediction errors for three unknown samples decreased from 19%, 51% and 40% before the correction to 5%, 13% and 0.44% after the correction, respectively, indicating the feasibility of the detection of PAHs in the soil by the combination of fluorescence and NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Dong
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Renjie Yang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Yanrong Yang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Haixue Liu
- Laboratory of Agricultural Analysis, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Nan Wu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
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Enuneku A, Ogbeide O, Okpara B, Kubeyinje BF, Job O, Asemota CO, Imoobe T, Ezemonye LI. Ingestion and Dermal Cancer Risk via Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in an Oil-Producing Community, Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:261-271. [PMID: 33074553 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an intrinsic link between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in soils and increased health risk to humans after exposure to contaminated soil via ingestion, inhalation of particulates carrying PAHs, and direct contact with polluted soils. However, the assessment of PAH contamination in most developing countries fails to consider health risk assessment. Therefore, a comprehensive study was conducted to determine the concentration, source, toxicity, and human health risks of 16 PAHs in an urban area in Warri, Delta State, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The results showed varying contamination levels for PAH in soil samples from all sampling points, with benzo[a]anthracene (BaP; at 338.81 μg/kg) being the most abundant at all 9 sampling stations. The highest total concentration of PAH was observed at station 5 (1230.98 μg/kg), which was closest to a flow station. Further comparison with PAH contamination standards showed that soils from stations 1 and 2 were weakly contaminated (<600 μg/kg), and soil samples from stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 were moderately contaminated (<1000 μg/kg). Soil samples from stations 5 and 8 were observed to be heavily contaminated (>1000 μg/kg). The BaP estimates for soil samples obtained for stations 3 to 9 were higher than the BaP soil screening value (15 μg/kg), indicating a carcinogenic potential of soil samples. The results also showed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimates for PAH in the soil for adults and children were above the recommended threshold (10-4 ) for ingestion and dermal contact, implying that exposure to contaminated soil could lead to cancers in adults and children. Currently, there are no regional or national standards for PAHs in soil that would indicate an increased likelihood for human exposure and subsequent health issues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:261-271. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Enuneku
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Ozekeke Ogbeide
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontain, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Okpara
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Bawo Frank Kubeyinje
- National Centre for Energy and Environment, Energy Commission of Nigeria, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafunke Job
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Charming Osaro Asemota
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Tunde Imoobe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Ikechukwu Ezemonye
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Deary ME, Ekumankama CC, Cummings SP. Development of a novel kinetic model for the analysis of PAH biodegradation in the presence of lead and cadmium co-contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 307:240-252. [PMID: 26785214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the results of a 40 week study in which the biodegradation of 16 US EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was followed in microcosms containing soil of high organic carbon content (11%) in the presence and absence of lead and cadmium co-contaminants. The total spiked PAH concentration was 2166mg/kg. Mercury amendment was also made to give an abiotic control. A novel kinetic model has been developed to explain the observed biphasic nature of PAH degradation. The model assumes that PAHs are distributed across soil phases of varying degrees of bioaccessibility. The results of the analysis suggest that overall percentage PAH loss is dependent on the respective rates at which the PAHs (a) are biodegraded by soil microorganisms in pore water and bioaccessible soil phases and (b) migrate from bioaccessible to non-bioaccessible soil phases. In addition, migration of PAHs to non-bioaccessible and non-Soxhlet-extractable soil phases associated with the humin pores gives rise to an apparent removal process. The presence of metal co-contaminants shows a concentration dependent inhibition of the biological degradation processes that results in a reduction in overall degradation. Lead appears to have a marginally greater inhibitory effect than cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Deary
- Department of Geography,Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Chinedu C Ekumankama
- Department of Geography,Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Cummings
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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A Novel Micro Pressurized Liquid Extraction Method for Rapid Sample Preparation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Various Solids. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pernot A, Ouvrard S, Leglize P, Faure P. Protective role of fine silts for PAH in a former industrial soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 179:81-87. [PMID: 23665618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An original combined organic geochemistry and soil science approach was used to elucidate PAH availability controlling factors in a multi-contaminated industrial soil. Water granulodensimetric fractionation was applied to obtain five water-stable material fractions. These were characterized by elemental, molecular and mineral analysis, and microscopic observations. Among the different fractions, fine silts distinguished themselves by higher carbon and nitrogen contents, lower C/N ratio, an enrichment in total PAH and especially high molecular weight compounds, a coal tar signature and the lowest PAH availability. This fine silt fraction seemed to play a protective role for PAH that might be explained by its size and/or its specific reactivity. The mineral phases present in this fraction were proposed to explain the protection of organic matter. This led to a specific molecular signature of OM, having higher sorption properties both processes (sorption and mineral-bound protection) resulting in a lower PAH availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Pernot
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, UMR1120, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54518, France
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Sánchez-Trujillo MA, Morillo E, Villaverde J, Lacorte S. Comparative effects of several cyclodextrins on the extraction of PAHs from an aged contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:52-58. [PMID: 23542443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to characterise the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of an aged contaminated soil and to propose remediation techniques using cyclodextrins (CDs). Four CDs solutions were tested as soil decontamination tool and proved more efficient in extracting PAHs than when an aqueous solution was used; especially two chemically modified CDs resulted in higher extraction percentages than natural β-CD. The highest extraction percentages were obtained for 3-ring PAHs, because of the appropriate size and shape of these compounds relative to those of the hydrophobic cavities of the CDs studied. A detailed mechanistic interpretation of the chemical modification of CDs on the extraction of the different PAHs has been performed, and connected with the role that the different hydrophobicities of the PAHs play in the extraction behaviour observed for the 16 PAHs, limiting their accessibility and the remaining risk of those PAHs not extractable by CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sánchez-Trujillo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Apdo. 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
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Lorenzi D, Entwistle J, Cave M, Wragg J, Dean JR. The application of an in vitro gastrointestinal extraction to assess the oral bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from a former industrial site. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 735:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Long-term environmental monitoring of persistent organic pollutants and metals in a chemical/petrochemical area: human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1769-1777. [PMID: 21536358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some metals are periodically monitored in soil and vegetation samples collected in Tarragona County (Spain). We here report the temporal trends of the concentrations of the above pollutants between the initial survey (2002) and that recently (2009) performed. The area under evaluation was divided into 4 sections (chemical, petrochemical, urban/residential and unpolluted). In general terms, urban soils presented the highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCNs and PAHs, confirming that traffic is a very important emission source of these pollutants. In addition, substantially higher levels of PAHs and some metals were found in vegetation samples from the petrochemical complex. The assessment of health risks of these contaminants indicated that the current concentrations of micropollutants did not mean additional non-carcinogenic or cancer risks for the population living in the zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Lorenzi D, Entwistle JA, Cave M, Dean JR. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: implications for human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:970-7. [PMID: 21377189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust has been done. Samples were collected from 12 sampling locations in a city centre location (Newcastle upon Tyne, north east England) and extracted using in situ pressurised fluid extraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. From the results it was possible to identify three groups, with respect to PAH concentration, with PAH contents ranging between 0.6-2.3 mg kg(-1), 15.6-22.5 mg kg(-1) and 36.1-46.0 mg kg(-1). The total PAH content of samples from these sampling sites has been compared to 22 urban locations around the world; comparable levels were found in these samples compared to the other cities around the world. The potential source of PAHs has been investigated by investigating the proportion of pyrogenic and petrogenic material in urban street dust using specific individual PAH ratios. The results indicate that the PAH content of urban street dust from the chosen sites are more likely to be due to pyrogenic sources i.e. vehicle exhaust emissions. The particle size fractions (<63 μm; 63-125 μm; 125-250 μm; 250-500 μm; 500-1,000 μm; and 1,000-2,000 μm) of individual PAHs in three selected sampling sites was investigated. In two of the selected sites the PAH content was independent of particle size whereas in sampling site 10 elevated PAH levels are noted in the <63 μm size fraction. Sampling site 10 is located at the junction of three road tributaries which are used as major access points to the east of the city centre. Finally, the potential health risk for unintentional consumption of PAHs was assessed in terms of a mean daily intake (based on an ingestion rate of 100 mg d(-1)). It was found that all 4-6 membered ring PAHs had concentrations in excess of the mean daily intake thereby reflecting a potential health risk, particularly in the smallest size particle fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lorenzi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Ellison Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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