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Wang W, Liu X, Xiao Y, Han S, Liu S, Wang B, Wang H. Real-time evolution characteristics and potential reactions of contaminants in commuter bus cabin air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174440. [PMID: 38960182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of motor vehicles, the impact of airborne pollutants and their health risks inside public transportation, such as commuter buses, is not well understood. This study assessed air quality inside an urban commuter bus by continuously monitoring PM10, PM2.5, and CO concentrations during both driving and parking periods. Our findings revealed that the ventilation system of the bus significantly reduced the infiltration of outdoor particulate matter and water vapor. However, CO concentrations were considerably higher inside the bus than outside, primarily due to vehicular self-emission. The ineffection of the ventilation system to remove CO potentially increases long-term exposure risks for passengers. The study identified ozone as a key oxidant in the cabin. Besides vehicle emissions, C3-C10 saturated aldehydes and carbonyl compounds were detected, including acetone, propanal, and hexanal. The presence of 6-MHO, an oxidation product of squalene, suggests that passengers contribute to VOCs load through direct emissions or skin surface reactions. Additionally, human respiration was found to significantly contribute to isoprene levels, estimated at 81.7 %. This research underscores the need for further investigation into the cumulative effects of stable compounds in cabin air and provides insights for developing healthier public transportation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, 511443, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, 511443, China
| | - Shijie Han
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, 511443, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, 511443, China.
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Miler M, Zupančič N, Šebela S, Jarc S. Natural and anthropogenic impact on the microclimate and particulate matter in the UNESCO show cave. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:48313-48331. [PMID: 39028456 PMCID: PMC11297898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) and microclimatic parameters (air temperature, CO2) were monitored in the Škocjan Caves (Slovenia). The effects of tourist visits on the PM concentrations and the cave's microclimate are immediate and direct, but these values normalise relatively quickly. The results showed seasonal, diurnal, and spatial differences in all parameters studied. Due to the higher number of visitors, their influence on the cave's microclimate and PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations is greater in summer than in winter. The measured PM1 levels depend on the ventilation in the cave, as air transport plays an important role in their introduction into the cave. PM consists of minerals of natural origin resulting from the re-suspension of cave sediments due to strong air currents generated by the opening of the doors to tourists and their walks. The second most common influence is the anthropogenic phases originating from maintenance work in the cave, electronic devices, cave lighting and emissions from outside the cave (aerosols from the polluted Reka River, industry, traffic, gypsum waste disposal). In order to upgrade the sustainable use of the UNESCO-listed Škocjan Caves for tourism, we propose regular monitoring of PM and a detailed characterization of individual PMs and their sources, in addition to monitoring of the cave's microclimate and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Miler
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva Ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Zupančič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Geology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- ZRC SAZU, Ivan Rakovec Institute of Palaeontology, Novi Trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanka Šebela
- ZRC SAZU, Karst Research Institute, Titov Trg 2, 6230, Postojna, Slovenia
| | - Simona Jarc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Geology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Préndez M, Nova P, Romero H, Mendes F, Fuentealba R. Representativeness of the particulate matter pollution assessed by an official monitoring station of air quality in Santiago, Chile: projection to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2985-3001. [PMID: 36125600 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Santiago, capital city of Chile, presents air pollution problems for decades mainly by particulate matter, which significantly affects population health, despite national authority efforts to improve air quality. Different properties of the particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 fractions, particle surface and number) were measured with an optical spectrometer. The sampling was done during spring 2019 at different sites within the official representative area of Independencia monitoring station (ORMS-IS). The results of this study evidence large variations in PM mass concentration at small-scale areas within the ORMS-IS representative zone, which reports the same value for the total area. Results from PM properties such as PM1, particle number and particle surface distribution show that these properties should be incorporated in regular monitoring in order to improve the understanding of the effects of these factors on human health. The use of urban-climate canopy-layer models in a portion of the sampled area around the monitoring station demonstrates the influence of street geometry, building densities and vegetation covers on wind velocity and direction. These factors, consequently, have an effect on the potential for air pollutants concentrations. The results of this study evidence the existence of hot spots of PM pollution within the area of representativeness of the ORMS-IS. This result is relevant from the point of view of human health and contributes to improve the effectiveness of emission reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Préndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera y Radioquímica, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Universidad de Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricio Nova
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera y Radioquímica, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Universidad de Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Romero
- Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Laboratorio de Medio Ambiente y Territorio, Universidad de Chile, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flávio Mendes
- Escuela Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Doutorando Em Ciências Florestais, Universidad de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brasil
| | - Raúl Fuentealba
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera y Radioquímica, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Universidad de Chile, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
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Holme JA, Låg M, Skueland T, Parenicová M, Ciganek M, Penciková K, Grytting VS, Neca J, Øvrevik J, Mariussen E, Jørgensen RB, Refsnes M, Machala M. Characterization of elements, PAHs, AhR-activity and pro-inflammatory responses of road tunnel-derived particulate matter in human hepatocyte-like and bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105611. [PMID: 37164185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims were to characterize the content of elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-separated particulate matter (PM) sampled in a road tunnel, estimate the contribution of PAHs to the toxic potential, and measure the pro-inflammatory potential of PM samples and extracts with increasing polarity. Several elements/metals previously associated with cytokine responses were found. Based on PAHs levels and published PAHs potency, the calculated mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of size-separated samples were somewhat lower for coarse than fine and ultrafine PM. The AhR-activity of the corresponding PM extracts measured in an AhR-luciferase reporter model (human hepatocytes) were more similar. The highest AhR-activity was found in the neutral (parent and alkylated PAHs) and polar (oxy-PAHs) fractions, while the semi-polar fractions (mono-nitrated-PAHs) had only weak activity. The neutral and polar aromatic fractions from coarse and fine PM were also found to induce higher pro-inflammatory responses and CYP1A1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) than the semi-polar fractions. Fine PM induced higher pro-inflammatory responses than coarse PM. AhR-inhibition reduced cytokine responses induced by parent PM and extracts of both size fractions. Contributors to the toxic potentials include PAHs and oxy-PAHs, but substantial contributions from other organic compounds and/or metals are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje Skueland
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina Parenicová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Penciková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jiri Neca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Bramming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Rincon G, Morantes Quintana G, Gonzalez A, Buitrago Y, Gonzalez JC, Molina C, Jones B. PM 2.5 exceedances and source appointment as inputs for an early warning system. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4569-4593. [PMID: 35192100 PMCID: PMC9675665 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Between June 2018 and April 2019, a sampling campaign was carried out to collect PM2.5, monitoring meteorological parameters and anthropogenic events in the Sartenejas Valley, Venezuela. We develop a logistic model for PM2.5 exceedances (≥ 12.5 µg m-3). Source appointment was done using elemental composition and morphology of PM by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). A proposal of an early warning system (EWS) for PM pollution episodes is presented. The logistic model has a holistic success rate of 94%, with forest fires and motor vehicle flows as significant variables. Source appointment analysis by occurrence of events showed that samples with higher concentrations of PM had carbon-rich particles and traces of K associated with biomass burning, as well as aluminosilicates and metallic elements associated with resuspension of soil dust by motor-vehicles. Quantitative source appointment analysis showed that soil dust, garbage burning/marine aerosols and wildfires are three majority sources of PM. An EWS for PM pollution episodes around the Sartenejas Valley is proposed considering the variables and elements mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Rincon
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima y Ciencias del Mar (FIMCM), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
- Pacific International Center for Disaster Risk Reduction, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Giobertti Morantes Quintana
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Ahilymar Gonzalez
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yudeisy Buitrago
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jean Carlos Gonzalez
- Departamento de Procesos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Residuales de Petróleo, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Constanza Molina
- Escuela de Construcción Civil, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Gaberšek M, Watts MJ, Gosar M. Attic dust: an archive of historical air contamination of the urban environment and potential hazard to health? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128745. [PMID: 35344891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of attic dust in an urban area is presented. Its entire life cycle, from determining historical emission sources to recognising the processes that take place in attic dust and its potential to impact human health is discussed. Its chemical composition and morphological characteristics of individual solid particles reflect past anthropogenic activities. High levels of Be-Cd-Cu-Sb-Sn-Pb-Te-Zn and occurrence of Cu-Zn shavings are typical for an industrial zone characterised by a foundry and a battery factory. High levels of Co-Fe-Mo-Ni-W-Ba-Cr-Mg-Mn-Nb-Ti and occurrence of various solid Fe-oxides, particularly spherical particles, were identified in another industrial zone, which was dominated by the automotive and metal-processing industries. Emissions from coal combustion affected the distribution of S-Se-Hg-Tl-As-Ag-U. The predominant mineral in attic dust is gypsum, which was presumably formed in situ by the reaction of carbonate dust particles and atmospheric SO2 gas. The high oral bioaccessibility of As-Cd-Cu-Pb-Zn in the gastric phase and high bioaccessibility of As-Cu-Cd-Ni in the gastrointestinal phase were identified. Determined characteristics of attic dust and identified possibilities of prolonged human exposure to it indicate that attic dust should be treated as an excellent proxy for historical air contamination as well as a potentially hazardous material for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gaberšek
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom.
| | - Mateja Gosar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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