1
|
Wang Y, Tian Y, Du W, Fan L. Does work after retirement affect health-related quality of life: Evidence from a propensity score matching study in China. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24:722-729. [PMID: 38766995 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM Extending working life is considered as an important initiative to respond to the population aging and pension payment dilemma. This study aimed to investigate whether work after retirement is related to improved health-related quality of life. METHODS We used two waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 and 2018. Work after retirement was ascertained based on self-reported retirement and work status, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured with the three-level EuroQol five-dimensions. The impact of work after retirement on HRQOL was analyzed using the propensity score matching with difference-in-difference approach. RESULTS A total of 1043 retirees were included. The results showed that work after retirement was associated with significant improvement in HRQOL among retirees (β = 0.072, P < 0.001). Heterogeneity analyses did not show specificity on sex (P for sex interaction >0.05), but older-aged retirees seemed more sensitive to the benefits of work after retirement on HRQOL than their younger-aged counterparts (≥65 years: β = 0.167, P < 0.001 vs <65 years: β = -0.047, P > 0.05; P for age interaction = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Work after retirement shows a positive impact on HRQOL among community-dwelling adults in China. Policy-makers should take the health of retirees into account when implementing policies related to delayed retirement, and reduce health inequity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 722-729.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Tian
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Law and Public Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McDonnall MC, Cmar JL. Employment and retirement among workers who develop vision loss in midlife. Work 2024:WOR230669. [PMID: 38640188 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vision loss increases with age and is thus more likely to happen later in one's career. With more individuals working beyond typical retirement age, the possibility of experiencing vision loss while working has increased. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate how developing vision loss during midlife affects employment and retirement. METHOD Using longitudinal Health and Retirement Study data, we identified a sample of 167 workers, 44 to 64 years old, who developed vision loss and a matched comparison sample of 800 workers who did not. We explored job retention and retirement differences between the groups and differences between people with vision loss who retained jobs versus those who did not. RESULTS Vision loss was associated with leaving the labor force, although there was a clear trend over time of increasing likelihood of job retention. Occupational category was associated with job retention and people who continued working had more favorable financial situations. Retirees with vision loss were more likely to report involuntary retirement and dissatisfaction with retirement. CONCLUSIONS The decreasing likelihood of leaving the labor market after vision loss is an encouraging finding of this study. Workers who left the labor force after vision loss were more likely to be in precarious financial positions, and retirees did not have positive experiences with retirement. Assisting workers with vision loss to remain in the labor force is of vital importance, and increasing awareness and usage of free services for this population may reduce involuntary retirement and its negative consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele C McDonnall
- The National Research & Training Center on Blindness & Low Vision, Mississippi State University, USA
| | - Jennifer L Cmar
- The National Research & Training Center on Blindness & Low Vision, Mississippi State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang HJ, Cheng Y, Yu TS, Cheng WJ. Association Between Retirement Age and Incidence of Depressive Disorders: A 19-Year Population-Based Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:166-177. [PMID: 37838542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of depressive disorders spanning the transition to retirement, and explore the relationship between retirement age and depressive disorders. METHODS We utilized a national population-based health insurance database encompassing 2 million Taiwanese individuals from 2000 to 2019. The study focused on individuals aged 50 years and older who were employed at the baseline, and 84,224 individuals had records of retirement during the follow-up period. Depressive disorders were identified using codes from the International Classification of Diseases. To assess the trend in the incidence of depressive disorders 7-year period before and after retirement, an interrupted time series analysis was performed. Cox-proportional hazard models were employed to investigate the association between retirement age and the occurrence of depressive disorders following retirement. RESULTS The incidence of depression peaks at the time of retirement and shows a significant decrease after retirement. Incidence of depressive disorders was 6.4 and 7.6 per 1000 person-years among individuals who retired between the ages of 60-64 and 65-69. Comparing the two groups, those who retired between 65 and 69 exhibits a higher risk of developing depressive disorders (hazard ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.18). This association is particularly pronounced among women and individuals residing in areas with low urbanization levels. CONCLUSION Retirement marks a crucial life milestone accompanied by a peak in depressive disorders. It is important to address the higher risk of depression associated with late retirement among socially disadvantaged groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ju Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine (H-JY), Jen Ai Dali Branch, Dali, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yawen Cheng
- Institute of Health Policy and Management (YC), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Shun Yu
- Management Office for Health Data (T-SY), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine (T-SY), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Cheng
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research (W-JC), National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W-JC), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W-JC), China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oi K. Would It Kill You to Retire? Testing Short/Long Term/Recurrent Effects of Retirement on All-Cause Mortality Risk. Res Aging 2022; 44:619-638. [PMID: 35195029 DOI: 10.1177/01640275211068151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study traced all-cause mortality risk over the course of retirement and tested whether re-retirement impacts mortality risk differently than the first time. The study differentiated retirement on whether prompted by health (health retirement) or not (non-health retirement). Based on data from 1992 to 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the sample consists of 7747 women and 7958 men who were working at the baseline. Adjusting for physical health before/after retirement, the discrete-time logit model found increased mortality risk within the first year of non-health retirement only for men, regardless of physical health changes. Re-retirement did not raise mortality risk further. Furthermore, health retirement increased mortality for men and women but substantially less after their surviving the first year. The findings urge future study to explore non-physical pathways of an immediate mortality increase for men in retirement, as well as the monitoring of population trends in health retirement and its antecedents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Oi
- 173219Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sewdas R, de Wind A, Stenholm S, Coenen P, Louwerse I, Boot C, van der Beek A. Association between retirement and mortality: working longer, living longer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:473-480. [PMID: 32079605 PMCID: PMC7307664 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-213023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study summarised available evidence on the association between early and on-time retirement, compared with continued working, and mortality. Moreover, this study investigated whether and to what extent gender, adjustment for demographics and prior health status influence this association. Methods A systematic literature search of longitudinal studies was conducted. A qualitative analysis of the included studies was performed, followed by a meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of gender, prior health and demographics. Random-effects models were used in a meta-analysis to estimate the pooled effects for relevant subgroups identified in the meta-regression. Results In total, 25 studies were included. Adjustment for prior health and demographics influenced the association between retirement and mortality (p<0.05). The results of the meta-analysis of 12 studies are presented for ‘insufficiently adjusted’ and ‘fully adjusted’ subgroups. There was no association between early retirement and mortality compared with working until retirement (fully adjusted subgroup: HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.28). On-time retirement was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with working beyond retirement (insufficiently adjusted subgroup: HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.73). However, in the subgroup that adjusted for prior health, on-time retirement was not associated with mortality (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.28). Conclusion Early retirement was not associated with a higher risk of mortality. On-time retirement was associated with a higher risk of mortality, which might reflect the healthy worker effect. It is important to consider information on prior health and demographics when studying the association between retirement and mortality to avoid biased findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Sewdas
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid de Wind
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Sari Stenholm
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pieter Coenen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Louwerse
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Boot
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Allard van der Beek
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu C, Odden MC, Fisher GG, Stawski RS. Association of retirement age with mortality: a population-based longitudinal study among older adults in the USA. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:917-23. [PMID: 27001669 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retirement is an important transitional process in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts of health on retirement, questions still remain regarding the association of retirement age with survival. We aimed to examine the association between retirement age and mortality among healthy and unhealthy retirees and to investigate whether sociodemographic factors modified this association. METHODS On the basis of the Health and Retirement Study, 2956 participants who were working at baseline (1992) and completely retired during the follow-up period from 1992 to 2010 were included. Healthy retirees (n=1934) were defined as individuals who self-reported health was not an important reason to retire. The association of retirement age with all-cause mortality was analysed using the Cox model. Sociodemographic effect modifiers of the relation were examined. RESULTS Over the study period, 234 healthy and 262 unhealthy retirees died. Among healthy retirees, a 1-year older age at retirement was associated with an 11% lower risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI 8% to 15%), independent of a wide range of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health confounders. Similarly, unhealthy retirees (n=1022) had a lower all-cause mortality risk when retiring later (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.94). None of the sociodemographic factors were found to modify the association of retirement age with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Early retirement may be a risk factor for mortality and prolonged working life may provide survival benefits among US adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Wu
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michelle C Odden
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Human Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
A lifespan perspective on personality and health uncovers new causal pathways and provides a deeper, more nuanced approach to interventions. It is unproven that happiness is a direct cause of good health or that negative emotion, worry, and depression are significant direct causes of disease. Instead, depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an already-deteriorating trajectory. It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks; on the contrary, individual strivings for accomplishment and persistent dedication to one's career or community often are associated with sizeable health benefits. Overall, a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan. Much more caution is warranted before policy makers offer narrow health recommendations based on short-term or correlational findings. Attention should be shifted to individual trajectories and pathways to health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marshall A, Norman P. Geographies of the impact of retirement on health in the United Kingdom. Health Place 2013; 20:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|