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Mudadu AG, Spanu C, Salza S, Piras G, Uda MT, Giagnoni L, Fois G, Pereira JG, Pantoja JCF, Virgilio S, Tedde T. Association between rainfall and Escherichia coli in live bivalve molluscs harvested in Sardinia, Italy. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113563. [PMID: 37986518 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall is generally accepted as one of the most important factors associated with an increased level of E. coli in bivalve molluscs. Performing microbiological risk assessment is relevant to official control authorities to determine the sanitary status of harvesting areas and, therefore, develop monitoring strategies and identify management practices that could be used to improve the quality and safety of the final product. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of rainfall on the content of E. coli in bivalve molluscs farmed in Sardinia (Italy). Enumeration of E. coli was performed according to the Most Probable Number (MPN) method (ISO 16649-3) on 1,920 bivalve samples collected from 7 regional counties between 2018 and 2020. Bivalve molluscs samples included 955 mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), 500 oysters (Crassostrea gigas), 325 clams (Ruditapes decussatus), 94 warty venus (Venus verrucosa), and 46 lagoon cockles (Cerastoderma glaucum). Rainfall data were obtained by the Department of Meteorology of the ARPA Sardegna. For each sampling site, GPS coordinates were used to identify gauge stations within catchment areas. Cumulative rain (mm) was recorded 1, 3, 5, 7, and 15 days before sampling, among which the 7-day cumulative rain was the strongest predictor of E. coli counts. Several thresholds of 7-day cumulative rain (from <10 mm up to >300 mm) before sampling were used to estimate the chances of a non-compliant sample (E. coli levels above the limit for sanitary class A; 230 MPN/100 g). The 7-day cumulative rain was positively associated with the chances of non-compliance. When the 7-day cumulative rain before sampling was >300 mm, 80.5 % of the samples were non-compliant, and the odds of a non-compliant sample were 23.6 times higher, as compared to samples harvested when the 7-day cumulative rainfall was <10 mm. Precipitation data could be a useful tool for interpreting anomalous results from official control authorities and reduce the costs that originate from closure of production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Mudadu
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - C Spanu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - S Salza
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - G Piras
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - M T Uda
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - L Giagnoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G Fois
- Meteorological, Agrometeorological and Ecosystem Service of the Regional Environment Protection Agency of Sardinia (ARPAS), Viale Porto Torres 119, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - J G Pereira
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Walter Mauricio Correia SN, Rubião Jr., Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Walter Mauricio Correia SN, Rubião Jr., Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - S Virgilio
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - T Tedde
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, Sassari 07100, Italy
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LaMontagne CD, Christenson EC, Rogers AT, Jacob ME, Stewart JR. Relating Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Surface-Water E. coli. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2647. [PMID: 38004659 PMCID: PMC10673096 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is being increasingly recognized, raising questions about the public health risks associated with environmental AMR. Yet, little is known about pathogenicity among resistant bacteria in environmental systems. Existing studies on the association between AMR and virulence are contradictory, as fitness costs and genetic co-occurrence can be opposing influences. Using Escherichia coli isolated from surface waters in eastern North Carolina, we compared virulence gene prevalence between isolates resistant and susceptible to antibiotics. We also compared the prevalence of isolates from sub-watersheds with or without commercial hog operations (CHOs). Isolates that had previously been evaluated for phenotypic AMR were paired by matching isolates resistant to any tested antibiotic with fully susceptible isolates from the same sample date and site, forming 87 pairs. These 174 isolates were evaluated by conventional PCR for seven virulence genes (bfp, fimH, cnf-1, STa (estA), EAST-1 (astA), eae, and hlyA). One gene, fimH, was found in 93.1% of isolates. Excluding fimH, at least one virulence gene was detected in 24.7% of isolates. Significant negative associations were found between resistance to at least one antibiotic and presence of at least one virulence gene, tetracycline resistance and presence of a virulence gene, resistance and STa presence, and tetracycline resistance and STa presence. No significant associations were found between CHO presence and virulence, though some sub-significant associations merit further study. This work builds our understanding of factors controlling AMR dissemination through the environment and potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor D. LaMontagne
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (C.D.L.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Elizabeth C. Christenson
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (C.D.L.); (E.C.C.)
- Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Anna T. Rogers
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.E.J.)
- Office of Genomics Research, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Megan E. Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.E.J.)
| | - Jill R. Stewart
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (C.D.L.); (E.C.C.)
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Caetano S, Correia C, Vidal AFT, Matos A, Ferreira C, Cravo A. Fate of microbial contamination in a South European Coastal Lagoon (Ria Formosa) under the influence of treated effluents dispersal. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad166. [PMID: 37516448 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Assessment of the fate of microbial contamination driven from treated wastewater disposal at a highly productive zone on a South European coastal lagoon (Ria Formosa). METHODS AND RESULTS Microbial indicators of contamination (Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci) were evaluated monthly during September 2018-September 2020 at three study areas (Faro, Olhão, and Tavira) under different wastewater discharge flows and hydrodynamic conditions. Additional data on E. coli monitoring in bivalves, available from the national institution responsible for their surveillance was also considered. The maximum microbial contamination was found at Faro, the highest-load and less-flushed study area, contrasting the lowest contamination at Olhão, a lower-load and strongly flushed area. The wastewater impact decreased along the spatial dispersal gradients and during high water, particularly at Faro and Tavira study areas, due to a considerable dilution effect. Microbial contamination at Olhão increased during the summer, while at the other study areas seasonal evidence was not clear. Data also indicate that E. coli in bivalves from bivalve production zones next to the three study areas reflected the differentiated impact of the wastewater treatment plants effluents on the water quality of those areas. CONCLUSIONS Effluent loads together with local hydrodynamics, water temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, and land runoff as well as seabirds populations and environmentally adapted faecal or renaturelized bacterial communities, contributed to microbial contamination of the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Caetano
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research/ARNET-Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
- School of Health (ESS), University of Algarve, Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 1, Piso 3, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Correia
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research/ARNET-Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Flor Torres Vidal
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research/ARNET-Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - André Matos
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research/ARNET-Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research/ARNET-Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Cravo
- CIMA, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research/ARNET-Infrastructure Network in Aquatic Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
- Sciences and Technology Faculty (FCT), University of Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Jeong SH, Kwon JY, Shin SB, Choi WS, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Ha KS. Antibiotic resistance in shellfish and major inland pollution sources in the drainage basin of Kamak Bay, Republic of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:471. [PMID: 34226964 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish-growing areas in marine environments are affected by pollutants that mainly originate from land, including streams, domestic wastewater, and the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which may function as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance at five oyster sampling sites and 11 major inland pollution sources in the drainage basin of Kamak Bay, Republic of Korea. Culture-based methods were used to estimate the diversity and abundance of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from oysters and major inland pollution sources. The percentages of ARB and multiple antibiotic resistance index values were significantly high in discharge water from small fishing villages without WWTPs. However, the percentages of antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates from oysters were low, as there was no impact from major inland pollutants. Fourteen ARGs were also quantified from oysters and major inland pollution sources. Although most ARGs except for quinolones were widely distributed in domestic wastewater discharge and effluent from WWTPs, macrolide resistance genes (ermB and msrA) were detected mainly from oysters in Kamak Bay. This study will aid in tracking the sources of antibiotic contamination in shellfish to determine the correlation between shellfish and inland pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Jeong
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute (53085), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 397-68, Sanyangilju-ro, Sanyang-eup, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Kwon
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute (53085), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 397-68, Sanyangilju-ro, Sanyang-eup, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Bum Shin
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute (59780), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Suk Choi
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute (59780), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Lee
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute (59780), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Jae Kim
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Chonnam National University (59626), 50, Daehak-ro, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Ha
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute (53085), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 397-68, Sanyangilju-ro, Sanyang-eup, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Colaiuda V, Di Giacinto F, Lombardi A, Ippoliti C, Giansante C, Latini M, Mascilongo G, Di Renzo L, Berti M, Conte A, Ferri N, Verdecchia M, Tomassetti B. Evaluating the impact of hydrometeorological conditions on E. coli concentration in farmed mussels and clams: experience in Central Italy. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:512-533. [PMID: 34152303 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly populated coastal environments receive large quantities of treated and untreated wastewater from human and industrial sources. Bivalve molluscs accumulate and retain contaminants, and their analysis provides evidence of past contamination. Rivers and precipitation are major routes of bacteriological pollution from surface or sub-surface runoff flowing into coastal areas. However, relationships between runoff, precipitation, and bacterial contamination are site-specific and dependent on the physiographical characteristics of each catchment. In this work, we evaluated the influence of precipitation and river discharge on molluscs' Escherichia coli concentrations at three sites in Central Italy, aiming at quantifying how hydrometeorological conditions affect bacteriological contamination of selected bivalve production areas. Rank-order correlation analysis indicated a stronger association between E. coli concentrations and the modelled Pescara River discharge maxima (r = 0.69) than between E. coli concentration and rainfall maxima (r = 0.35). Discharge peaks from the Pescara River caused an increase in E. coli concentration in bivalves in 87% of cases, provided that the runoff peak occurred 1-6 days prior to the sampling date. Precipitation in coastal area was linked to almost 60% of cases of E. coli high concentrations and may enhance bacterial transportation offshore, when associated with a larger-scale weather system, which causes overflow occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colaiuda
- CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy E-mail: ; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Federica Di Giacinto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Carla Ippoliti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Carla Giansante
- Agenzia Regionale per la Tutela dell'Ambiente - ARTA Abruzzo, Pescara, Italy
| | - Mario Latini
- World Organization for Animal Health - OIE, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppina Mascilongo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Ludovica Di Renzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Miriam Berti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Conte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Verdecchia
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Abstract
The influence of climatic variables and land use on fecal coliform (FC) levels in stormwater collected from outfalls throughout southern Vancouver Island between 1995 and 2011 are examined through statistical analyses, Fourier analysis, Multiple Linear Regression (LR) and Multivariate Logistic Regression (MLR). Kendall’s τ-b demonstrated that FC levels were significantly and positively correlated with the amount of residential area within a drainage catchment generating the runoff, and that FC levels were location dependent. Climatic variables of temperature and antecedent dry period length were significantly and positively correlated with FC levels at both the sampling location level and across the region overall. Precipitation and flowrates were negatively correlated with FC levels. Fourier analysis showed that monthly FC levels shared the same 12 month cycle (peaking in July) as precipitation and temperature. MLR modelling was applied by aggregating the LogFC data by order of magnitude. The MLR model shows that the data are subject to different influences depending on the season and as well, the month of the year. The land use and climate analyses suggest that future climate change impact studies attempted on nearshore bacterial water quality should be conducted at the urban catchment scale.
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Jeamsripong S, Atwill ER. Modelling of Indicator Escherichia coli Contamination in Sentinel Oysters and Estuarine Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111971. [PMID: 31167343 PMCID: PMC6603903 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to improve the ability to predict the concentrations of Escherichia coli in oyster meat and estuarine waters by using environmental parameters, and microbiological and heavy metal contamination from shellfish growing area in southern Thailand. Oyster meat (n = 144) and estuarine waters (n = 96) were tested for microbiological and heavy metal contamination from March 2016 to February 2017. Prevalence and mean concentrations of E. coli were 93.1% and 4.6 × 103 most probable number (MPN)/g in oyster meat, and 78.1% and 2.2 × 102 MPN/100 mL in estuarine water. Average 7-day precipitation, ambient air temperature, and the presence of Salmonella were associated with the concentrations of E. coli in oyster meat (p < 0.05). Raw data (MPN/g of oyster meat and MPN/100 mL of estuarine water) and log-transformed data (logMPN/g of oyster meat and logMPN/100 mL of estuarine water) of E. coli concentrations were examined within two contrasting regression models. However, the more valid predictions were conducted using non-log transformed values. These findings indicate that non-log transformed data can be used for building more accurate statistical models in microbiological food safety, and that significant environmental parameters can be used as a part of a rapid warning system to predict levels of E. coli before harvesting oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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Jeamsripong S, Chuanchuen R, Atwill ER. Assessment of Bacterial Accumulation and Environmental Factors in Sentinel Oysters and Estuarine Water Quality from the Phang Nga Estuary Area in Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091970. [PMID: 30201900 PMCID: PMC6165384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study characterized microbiological and chemical contamination of oyster meat and estuarine water in Phang Nga, Thailand. Pooled oyster meats (n = 144), estuarine waters (n = 96) and environmental parameters were collected from March, 2016 to February, 2017, and assessed for levels of total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Escherichia coli (EC), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP), presence of Salmonella and Shigella and levels of heavy metals (Mn, Pb and Cd). The prevalence of TC, FC and EC were in 99.3%, 94.4% and 93.1% of oyster meat and 94.8%, 79.2%, and 78.1% of water, respectively. The average VP levels was 8.5 × 10⁷ most probable number (MPN)/g oyster. Prevalence of Shigella and Salmonella in the pooled oysters were 7.6% and 30.6%, respectively. The dominant Salmonella serovars were Paratyphi B followed by Seremban, and Kentucky. In contrast, the prevalence of Shigella were 27.1%, but Salmonella was not detected in estuarine water. Factors statistically associated with EC accumulation in oyster were level of FC, 7-day average precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and presence of Salmonella in the sample. The optimal cutoff value of EC to predict Salmonella in oyster was 420 MPN/g. Results indicate this area has relatively safe levels of heavy metals, whereas bacterial contamination was very high for oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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de Souza RV, de Campos CJA, Garbossa LHP, Vianna LFDN, Seiffert WQ. Optimising statistical models to predict faecal pollution in coastal areas based on geographic and meteorological parameters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:284-292. [PMID: 29680550 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a methodology for optimising predictive models for concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in coastal areas based on geographic and meteorological characteristics of upstream catchments. Concentrations of FIOs in mussels and water sampled from 50 sites in the south of Brazil from 2012 to 2013 were used to develop models to separately predict the spatial and temporal variations of FIOs. The geographical parameters used in predictive models for the spatial variation of FIOs were human population, urban area, percentage of impervious cover and total catchment area. The R2 of models representing catchments located within 3.1 km from the monitoring points was up to 150% higher than that for the nearest catchment. The temporal variation of FIOs was modelled considering the combined effect of meteorological parameters and different time windows. The explained variance in models based on rainfall and solar radiation increased up to 155% and 160%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Ventura de Souza
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1.347, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC 88034-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Luis Hamilton Pospissil Garbossa
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1.347, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando de Novaes Vianna
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1.347, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Walter Quadros Seiffert
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001, Brazil
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Tabanelli G, Montanari C, Gardini A, Maffei M, Prioli C, Gardini F. Environmental Factors Affecting Escherichia coli Concentrations in Striped Venus Clam (Chamelea gallina L.) Harvested in the North Adriatic Sea. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1429-1435. [PMID: 28782999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of striped venus clams (Chamelea gallina L.) harvested in the north Adriatic Sea during an 8-year monitoring period. A total of 387 samples were analyzed to assess the presence of Escherichia coli. Environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, seawater temperature, and freshwater outflow) were collected to find out a possible relationship between the E. coli counts and environmental factors. The results evidenced that the microbiological quality of the clams was good, with only about 5% of the samples not complying with European and Italian regulations for this product, that is, with E. coli counts higher than 230 most probable number (MPN) per 100 g of flesh and intravalvar liquid. Statistical analyses revealed a relationship between microbial contamination and the season and water temperature, probably due to the difference in the filtering activity of the mollusks. However, the main factor affecting the E. coli concentration in the clams turned out to be the flow rate of Marecchia, the major river that reaches the sea in the area of harvesting. In fact, a model fitted to evaluate the probability of finding a higher E. coli count in relation to the environmental parameters evidenced that it was an increase of the level of the Marecchia led to a higher probability of elevated E. coli contamination. This result could be explained by the higher supply of both nutrients and coliforms (including E. coli) when the river is higher and by the anthropogenic characteristics of the lands crossed by the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tabanelli
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.])
| | - Chiara Montanari
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.])
| | - Aldo Gardini
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze statistiche "Paolo Fortunati," Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna (BO) Italy
| | - Mirko Maffei
- 3 Laboratory MARE.A Srl, Via E. Toti 2, 47841 Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - Chiara Prioli
- 3 Laboratory MARE.A Srl, Via E. Toti 2, 47841 Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - Fausto Gardini
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.]).,4 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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11
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Jin L, Liu H, Xu D, Gu B. Parabolic stationing method application to intertidal shellfish (Sinonovacula constricta) and growing waters microbiological monitoring in Yueqing Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 116:64-70. [PMID: 28040249 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reported microbiological monitoring by parabolic stationing method for S. constricta and their growing waters, and application for the first time in Yueqing Bay, China. The results indicated that numbers of Escherichia coli and aerobic colony count in S. constricta flesh showed an approximate 'parabola' distribution across the whole shellfish bed. Numbers of faecal coliform in seawater samples were significantly higher in the top of the bay, and lower in the lower half of the bay, whilst higher located in the edge of the bay than the center in contrast to three sampling sites on the same latitude. Numbers of total bacterial count were not significantly correlated with faecal coliform in seawater samples. Finally, the shellfish production areas were classified based on three batches of E. coli monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Research Station for Fisheries Resources of Main Fishing Ground Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Research Station for Fisheries Resources of Main Fishing Ground Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Beiqiao Gu
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Research Station for Fisheries Resources of Main Fishing Ground Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
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12
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Garbossa LHP, Souza RV, Campos CJA, Vanz A, Vianna LFN, Rupp GS. Thermotolerant coliform loadings to coastal areas of Santa Catarina (Brazil) evidence the effect of growing urbanisation and insufficient provision of sewerage infrastructure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:27. [PMID: 28000123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant coliform (TC) loadings were quantified for 49 catchments draining into the North and South Bays of Santa Catarina (SC, southeastern Brazil), an area known for its tourism and aquaculture. TC loadings were calculated based on flow measurements taken in 26 rivers. TC concentrations ere quantified based on surface water samples collected at 49 catchment outlets in 2012 and 2013. Median TC loads ranged from 3.7 × 103 to 6.8 × 108 MPN s-1. TC loadings in the catchments increased in proportion to increases in resident human population, population density and percentage of urbanised area. Catchments with more than 60% of area covered by wastewater collection and treatment systems had higher TC loads per person than catchments with less than 25%. Based on the study catchments, these results indicate that current sewerage infrastructure is ineffective in reducing contamination of faecal origin to surface waters. These findings have important implications for the management of microbiological health hazards in bathing, recreational and shellfish aquaculture waters in the North and South Bays of Santa Catarina Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H P Garbossa
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil.
| | - Robson V Souza
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos J A Campos
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK
| | - Argeu Vanz
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz F N Vianna
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Rupp
- EPAGRI, Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Extension Corporation, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1347-Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-901, Brazil
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13
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Jin L, Li T, Liu H, Zhu J. Investigation on the differences of accumulating Escherichia coli in three types of shellfish species, involving in the environmental factors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:81-86. [PMID: 27283878 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated accumulation of Escherichia coli and aerobic colony count in three types of shellfish species. The results indicated that the capability of accumulating E. coli and aerobic colony count for Sinonovacula constricta was stronger than that for Meretrix meretrix and Tegillarca granosa, and capability of accumulating E. coli for M. meretrix was slightly stronger than that for T. granosa. However, no significant difference was observed in the capability of accumulating aerobic colony count between M. meretrix and T. granosa. Moreover, accumulation of E. coli in S. constricta is affected by contaminated seawater and E. coli were accumulated much faster and more in S. constricta when the seawater contaminated more serious. Meanwhile, the results suggested that the populations of E. coli in S. constricta changed in accordance with the weather. This is the first study to investigate the differences of accumulating E. coli in three types of shellfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Key Research Station for Fisheries Resources of Main Fishing Ground Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Key Research Station for Fisheries Resources of Main Fishing Ground Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinping Zhu
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Key Research Station for Fisheries Resources of Main Fishing Ground Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fishery Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Zhoushan 316021, China.
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14
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Wetz MS, Hayes KC, Fisher KVB, Price L, Sterba-Boatwright B. Water quality dynamics in an urbanizing subtropical estuary(Oso Bay, Texas). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 104:44-53. [PMID: 26876558 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Results are presented from a study of water quality dynamics in a shallow subtropical estuary, Oso Bay, Texas, which has a watershed that has undergone extensive urbanization in recent decades. High inorganic nutrient, dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll concentrations, as well as low pH (<8), were observed in a region of Oso Bay that receives wastewater effluent. Despite being shallow (<1 m) and subjected to strong winds on a regular basis, this region also exhibited episodic hypoxia/anoxia. The low oxygen and pH conditions are likely to impose significant stress on benthic organisms and nekton in the affected area. Signatures of eutrophied water were occasionally observed at the mouth of Oso Bay, suggesting that it may be exported to adjacent Corpus Christi Bay and contribute to seasonal hypoxia development in that system as well. These results argue for wastewater nutrient input reductions in order to alleviate the symptoms of eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wetz
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Unit 5860, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States.
| | - Kenneth C Hayes
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Unit 5860, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
| | - Kelsey V B Fisher
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Unit 5860, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
| | - Lynn Price
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Unit 5860, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
| | - Blair Sterba-Boatwright
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
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15
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Anacleto P, Pedro S, Nunes ML, Rosa R, Marques A. Microbiological composition of native and exotic clams from Tagus estuary: effect of season and environmental parameters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 74:116-124. [PMID: 23896404 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of seasonal and environmental parameters on the occurrence of bacteria was investigated in two clam species (Venerupis pullastra and Ruditapes philippinarum), water and sediment from the Tagus estuary. Total viable counts (TVC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. were evaluated during one-year. Overall, significant seasonal variations were found in both sampling sites, especially for E. coli and Vibrio spp. levels. In summer, significantly higher Vibrio spp. levels were found in R. philippinarum and sediment samples, but not in V. pullastra clams and water samples. In contrast, significantly higher TVC and E. coli levels were observed in winter months in water and sediment samples. Salmonella spp. was generally isolated when higher levels of E. coli were detected, particularly in R. philippinarum. This study is useful for authorities to develop monitoring strategies for coastal contamination and to estimate human health risks associated with the consumption of bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Guia Marine Laboratory, Center of Oceanography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Wetz MS, Yoskowitz DW. An 'extreme' future for estuaries? Effects of extreme climatic events on estuarine water quality and ecology. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 69:7-18. [PMID: 23474351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent climate observations suggest that extreme climatic events (ECE; droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, heat waves) have increased in frequency and/or intensity in certain world regions, consistent with climate model projections that account for man's influence on the global climate system. A synthesis of existing literature is presented and shows that ECE affect estuarine water quality by altering: (1) the delivery and processing of nutrients and organic matter, (2) physical-chemical properties of estuaries, and (3) ecosystem structure and function. From the standpoint of estuarine scientists and resource managers, a major scientific challenge will be to project the estuarine response to ECE that will co-occur with other important environmental changes (i.e., natural climate variability, global warming, sea level rise, eutrophication), as this will affect the provisioning of important ecosystem services provided by estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wetz
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Unit 5892, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
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Derolez V, Soudant D, Fiandrino A, Cesmat L, Serais O. Impact of weather conditions on Escherichia coli accumulation in oysters of the Thau lagoon (the Mediterranean, France). J Appl Microbiol 2012; 114:516-25. [PMID: 23075079 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Thau lagoon shellfish are regularly impacted by microbial pollution of faecal origin, which cause European health standards to be exceeded and closure of the shellfish harvest. The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of weather and hydrological conditions on Escherichia coli (E. coli) accumulation factor (AF) between water and oysters and to evaluate the relevance of the use of this ratio for the purpose of sanitary risk assessment. METHODS AND RESULTS Water and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were sampled simultaneously in situ during 18 months in periods of dry weather and after rainfall events. Shellfish sanitary thresholds were exceeded in both periods. The E. coli AFs measured after rainfall (median = 6) were lower than in dry weather (median = 32), suggesting different shellfish faecal contaminations were operating in this system process. CONCLUSION The AFs we measured appeared to be relevant markers for generating sanitary risk assessments for Thau lagoon shellfish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of the study address the need to assess the relationship between water quality measures and shellfish flesh quality. This study will contribute to the elaboration of a management tool to guide local authorities in prioritizing the sources of pollution and in optimizing public investment in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Derolez
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Languedoc-Roussillon, Sète Cedex, France.
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Avakul P, Jutagate T. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Water Quality of the Chao Phraya River, Thailand, between 1991 and 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2012.49082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goto DK, Yan T. Effects of land uses on fecal indicator bacteria in the water and soil of a tropical watershed. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:254-60. [PMID: 21666390 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of different land uses on densities of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in the water and soil of a tropical watershed were investigated. Densities of fecal indicator bacteria (FIBs) in the watershed exhibited a clear land-use dependency in the stream water. Significantly higher concentrations were detected in the urban portion of the stream (417, 420, and 44 CFU 100 mL(-1) for E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens, respectively) than in the forest portion (54, 32, and 5 CFU 100 mL(-1) for E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens, respectively). High concentrations of FIBs were also detected in the soil of the watershed with concentration ranges of 603-1,820,000, 69-17,000, and 0-525 CFU 100 g soil(-1) for E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens, respectively, which however were not affected by the different land uses. Prior cumulative rainfall significantly correlated with concentrations of E. coli and enterococci in the urban stream water (r=0.73-0.87, P<0.05), but not with the alternative FIB C. perfringens. Poor correlations were observed in the forest reach of the stream for all FIBs. Furthermore, the concentration of C. perfringens only correlated strongly and significantly with E. coli and enterococci in stream water (r=0.70-0.82, P<0.05), but not in tropical soil, indicating different survival and transport behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin K Goto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822 USA
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Taylor NG, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Baker-Austin C. Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance? Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Poté J, Goldscheider N, Haller L, Zopfi J, Khajehnouri F, Wildi W. Origin and spatial-temporal distribution of faecal bacteria in a bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 154:337-348. [PMID: 18563603 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The origin and distribution of microbial contamination in Lake Geneva's most polluted bay were assessed using faecal indicator bacteria (FIB). The lake is used as drinking water, for recreation and fishing. During 1 year, water samples were taken at 23 points in the bay and three contamination sources: a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), a river and a storm water outlet. Analyses included Escherichia coli, enterococci (ENT), total coliforms (TC), and heterotrophic plate counts (HPC). E. coli input flux rates from the WWTP can reach 2.5 x 10(10) CFU/s; those from the river are one to three orders of magnitude lower. Different pathogenic Salmonella serotypes were identified in water from these sources. FIB levels in the bay are highly variable. Results demonstrate that (1) the WWTP outlet at 30 m depth impacts near-surface water quality during holomixis in winter; (2) when the lake is stratified, the effluent water is generally trapped below the thermocline; (3) during major floods, upwelling across the thermocline may occur; (4) the river permanently contributes to contamination, mainly near the river mouth and during floods, when the storm water outlet contributes additionally; (5) the lowest FIB levels in the near-surface water occur during low-flow periods in the bathing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Poté
- Forel Institute, University of Geneva, 10 Route de Suisse, PO Box 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
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