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Weller DL, Murphy CM, Love TMT, Danyluk MD, Strawn LK. Methodological differences between studies confound one-size-fits-all approaches to managing surface waterways for food and water safety. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0183523. [PMID: 38214516 PMCID: PMC10880618 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01835-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though differences in methodology (e.g., sample volume and detection method) have been shown to affect observed microbial water quality, multiple sampling and laboratory protocols continue to be used for water quality monitoring. Research is needed to determine how these differences impact the comparability of findings to generate best management practices and the ability to perform meta-analyses. This study addresses this knowledge gap by compiling and analyzing a data set representing 2,429,990 unique data points on at least one microbial water quality target (e.g., Salmonella presence and Escherichia coli concentration). Variance partitioning analysis was used to quantify the variance in likelihood of detecting each pathogenic target that was uniquely and jointly attributable to non-methodological versus methodological factors. The strength of the association between microbial water quality and select methodological and non-methodological factors was quantified using conditional forest and regression analysis. Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations were more strongly associated with non-methodological factors than methodological factors based on conditional forest analysis. Variance partitioning analysis could not disentangle non-methodological and methodological signals for pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria. This suggests our current perceptions of foodborne pathogen ecology in water systems are confounded by methodological differences between studies. For example, 31% of total variance in likelihood of Salmonella detection was explained by methodological and/or non-methodological factors, 18% was jointly attributable to both methodological and non-methodological factors. Only 13% of total variance was uniquely attributable to non-methodological factors for Salmonella, highlighting the need for standardization of methods for microbiological water quality testing for comparison across studies.IMPORTANCEThe microbial ecology of water is already complex, without the added complications of methodological differences between studies. This study highlights the difficulty in comparing water quality data from projects that used different sampling or laboratory methods. These findings have direct implications for end users as there is no clear way to generalize findings in order to characterize broad-scale ecological phenomenon and develop science-based guidance. To best support development of risk assessments and guidance for monitoring and managing waters, data collection and methods need to be standardized across studies. A minimum set of data attributes that all studies should collect and report in a standardized way is needed. Given the diversity of methods used within applied and environmental microbiology, similar studies are needed for other microbiology subfields to ensure that guidance and policy are based on a robust interpretation of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Weller
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire M. Murphy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanzy M. T. Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michelle D. Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Laura K. Strawn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Kraft AL, Wells JE, Frye JG, Ibekwe AM, Durso LM, Hiott L, East C, McConn BR, Franklin AM, Boczek LA, Garland JL, Kabera C, McDermott PF, Ottesen AR, Zheng J, Cook KL, Sharma M. A comparison of methods to detect low levels of Salmonella enterica in surface waters to support antimicrobial resistance surveillance efforts performed in multiple laboratories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167189. [PMID: 37748604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective and sensitive detection methods for antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica from surface water is a goal of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). There are no specified methods for recovery of S. enterica in surface waters in the U.S. A multi-laboratory evaluation of four methods - bulk water enrichment (BW), vertical Modified Moore Swab (VMMS), modified Standard Method 9260.B2 (SM), and dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) - was undertaken to recover S. enterica from surface water. In Phase 1, one-liter volumes of water were collected from the same site on five different dates. Water was shipped and analyzed at four different laboratory locations (A, B, C, and D) for recovery of 1) inoculated fluorescent S. Typhimurium strain (ca. 30 CFU/L) and 2) Salmonella present in the water sampled. At each location, BW, VMMS, or SM recovery was performed on five separate 1 L water samples. Twenty 1 L water samples were subjected to each recovery method, and overall, sixty 1 L samples were assayed for Salmonella. Inoculated, fluorescent Salmonella Typhimurium and environmental Salmonella spp. were recovered from 65 % (39/60) and 45 % (27/60) of water samples, respectively. BW, VMMS, and SM recovered fluorescent S. Typhimurium from 60 %, 60 %, and 75 % of inoculated samples, respectively. Analysis by Chi-squared test determined laboratory location had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on fluorescent S. Typhimurium recovery compared to method or date of water collection. In Phase 2, recovery of inoculated fluorescent S. Typhimurium from 1 L samples by SM and DEUF was compared at laboratory locations B and D. SM and DEUF recovered fluorescent S. Typhimurium from 100 % (20/20) and 95 % (19/20) of inoculated water samples, respectively; laboratory location (p > 0.05) did not affect Salmonella recovery. Uniform laboratory methodology and training should be prioritized in conducting Salmonella recovery from surface water in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn L Kraft
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Jim E Wells
- USDA ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Meat Safety and Quality, Clay Center, NE, United States of America
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- USDA ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Bacterial Epidemiology & Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Abasiofiok M Ibekwe
- USDA ARS, Agricultural Water Efficiency and Salinity Research Unit, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Lisa M Durso
- USDA ARS, Agroecoystem Management Research, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Lari Hiott
- USDA ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Bacterial Epidemiology & Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Cheryl East
- USDA ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Betty R McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Alison M Franklin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Laura A Boczek
- U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jay L Garland
- U.S. EPA, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Claudine Kabera
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L Cook
- USDA ARS, Nutrition, Food Safety and Quality National Program Staff, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Manan Sharma
- USDA ARS, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America.
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González-López I, Medrano-Félix JA, Castro-del Campo N, López-Cuevas O, González-Gómez JP, Valdez-Torres JB, Aguirre-Sánchez JR, Martínez-Urtaza J, Gómez-Gil B, Lee BG, Quiñones B, Chaidez C. Prevalence and Genomic Diversity of Salmonella enterica Recovered from River Water in a Major Agricultural Region in Northwestern Mexico. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061214. [PMID: 35744732 PMCID: PMC9228531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of human gastrointestinal disease worldwide. Given that Salmonella is persistent in aquatic environments, this study examined the prevalence, levels and genotypic diversity of Salmonella isolates recovered from major rivers in an important agricultural region in northwestern Mexico. During a 13-month period, a total of 143 river water samples were collected and subjected to size-exclusion ultrafiltration, followed by enrichment, and selective media for Salmonella isolation and quantitation. The recovered Salmonella isolates were examined by next-generation sequencing for genome characterization. Salmonella prevalence in river water was lower in the winter months (0.65 MPN/100 mL) and significantly higher in the summer months (13.98 MPN/100 mL), and a Poisson regression model indicated a negative effect of pH and salinity and a positive effect of river water temperature (p = 0.00) on Salmonella levels. Molecular subtyping revealed Oranienburg, Anatum and Saintpaul were the most predominant Salmonella serovars. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogeny revealed that the detected 27 distinct serovars from river water clustered in two major clades. Multiple nonsynonymous SNPs were detected in stiA, sivH, and ratA, genes required for Salmonella fitness and survival, and these findings identified relevant markers to potentially develop improved methods for characterizing this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin González-López
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
| | - José Andrés Medrano-Félix
- Investigadoras e Investigadores por México, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Nohelia Castro-del Campo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
| | - Osvaldo López-Cuevas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
| | - Jean Pierre González-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
| | - José Benigno Valdez-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
| | - José Roberto Aguirre-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
| | - Jaime Martínez-Urtaza
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autờnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Bruno Gómez-Gil
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Mazatlán, Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán 82100, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Bertram G. Lee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.G.L.); (B.Q.)
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.G.L.); (B.Q.)
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (I.G.-L.); (N.C.-d.C.); (O.L.-C.); (J.P.G.-G.); (J.B.V.-T.); (J.R.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(667)-480-6950
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Díaz-Torres O, Lugo-Melchor OY, de Anda J, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Amézquita-López BA, Meza-Rodríguez D. Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Salmonella Strains Isolated From a Subtropical Lake. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:521146. [PMID: 33042046 PMCID: PMC7518123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.521146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of Salmonella enterica isolated from Lake Zapotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. Additionally, the association of the presence of Salmonella with physicochemical and environmental parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Salmonella spp. were identified in 19 of 63 (30.15%) samples. The prevalence of Salmonella was positively correlated with air temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with relative humidity, water temperature, turbidity, and precipitation. The predominant serotype identified was Agona (68.48%), followed by Weltevreden (5.26%), Typhimurium (5.26%), and serogroup B (21.05%). Overall, the highest detected antimicrobial resistance was toward colistin (73.68%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (63.15%), tetracycline (57.89%), nalidixic acid (52.63%), and trimethoprim (52.63%). All Salmonella strains were genetically diverse, with a total of 11 XbaI and four BlnI profiles on PFGE. The use of these two enzymes allowed differentiate strains of Salmonella of the same serotype. The results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the Salmonella spp. ecology in an endorheic subtropical lake and provide information for decision makers to propose and implement effective strategies to control point and non-point sources of pathogen contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José de Anda
- Departamento de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Bianca A Amézquita-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Meza-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Mexico
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Prevalence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in non-traditional irrigation waters in the Mid-Atlantic United States is affected by water type, season, and recovery method. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229365. [PMID: 32182252 PMCID: PMC7077874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrigation water contaminated with Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes may provide a route of contamination of raw or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. While previous work has surveyed specific and singular types of agricultural irrigation water for bacterial pathogens, few studies have simultaneously surveyed different water sources repeatedly over an extended period of time. This study quantified S. enterica and L. monocytogenes levels (MPN/L) at 6 sites, including river waters: tidal freshwater river (MA04, n = 34), non-tidal freshwater river, (MA05, n = 32), one reclaimed water holding pond (MA06, n = 25), two pond water sites (MA10, n = 35; MA11, n = 34), and one produce wash water site (MA12, n = 10) from September 2016—October 2018. Overall, 50% (84/168) and 31% (53/170) of sampling events recovered S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Results showed that river waters supported significantly (p < 0.05) greater levels of S. enterica than pond or reclaimed waters. The non-tidal river water sites (MA05) with the lowest water temperature supported significantly greater level of L. monocytogenes compared to all other sites; L. monocytogenes levels were also lower in winter and spring compared to summer seasons. Filtering 10 L of water through a modified Moore swab (MMS) was 43.5 (Odds ratio, p < 0.001) and 25.5 (p < 0.001) times more likely to recover S. enterica than filtering 1 L and 0.1 L, respectively; filtering 10 L was 4.8 (p < 0.05) and 3.9 (p < 0.05) times more likely to recover L. monocytogenes than 1L and 0.1 L, respectively. Work presented here shows that S. enterica and L. monocytogenes levels are higher in river waters compared to pond or reclaimed waters in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., and quantitatively shows that analyzing 10 L water is more likely recover pathogens than smaller samples of environmental waters.
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Partyka ML, Bond RF, Chase JA, Atwill ER. Spatiotemporal Variability in Microbial Quality of Western US Agricultural Water Supplies: A Multistate Study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:939-948. [PMID: 30272786 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.12.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, the US Congress passed the Food Safety Modernization Act, which tasks the US Food and Drug Administration to establish microbiological standards for agricultural water. However, little data are available for the microbiological quality of surface water irrigation supplies. During the 2015 irrigation season, we conducted a baseline study on the microbial water quality of large irrigation districts in California ( = 2) and Washington ( 4). Monthly samples ( 517) were analyzed for bacterial indicators (fecal coliforms, enterococci, and ) and pathogens ( spp., O157, and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing [STEC]). Although there was a high degree of variability (μ ± SD = 59.13 ± 106.0), only 11% of samples (56/517) exceeded 126 colony-forming units (CFU) 100 mL, and only six samples exceeded 410 CFU 100 mL. Two volumes of water were collected for pathogen analysis (1 L and 10 L); prevalence of in 10-L samples (68149) was nearly double of that found in 1-L samples (132/517). We found STEC during ∼9% of sampling events (58/517); serotypes O26 and O45 were the most common at 31 and 26%, respectively. Pathogens were not associated with exceedance of the regulatory threshold, yet the odds of detecting increased approximately threefold (odds ration [O.R.] = 3.14, 0.0001) for every log increase in turbidity. Microbiological outcomes were highly district-specific, suggesting drivers of water quality vary across spatiotemporal scales. The true risk of contamination of produce from irrigation water supplies remains unknown, along with the optimal monitoring strategy to improve food safety.
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Medrano-Félix JA, Chaidez C, Mena KD, Soto-Galindo MDS, Castro-Del Campo N. Characterization of biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica at the air-liquid interface in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:221. [PMID: 29546664 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Survival of bacterial pathogens in different environments is due, in part, to their ability to form biofilms. Four wild-type Salmonella enterica strains, two Oranienburg and two Saintpaul isolated from river water and animal feces, were tested for biofilm formation at the air-liquid interface under stressful conditions (pH and salinity treatments such as pH 3, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 7, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 10, NaCl 4.5 w/v; pH 3, Nacl 0.5 w/v; pH 7, NaCl 0.5 w/v; and pH 10, NaCl 0.5 w/v); Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was used as a control strain. Salmonella Oranienburg and Saintpaul from feces were moderately hydrophobic and motile, while S. Saintpaul from water and the control strain S. Typhimurium showed high hydrophobicity, which helped them form more resistant biofilms than S. Oranienburg. Under stressful conditions, all strains experienced difficulties in forming biofilms. Salmonella Saintpaul and Typhimurium expressed the red dry and rough (RDAR) morphotype and were able to form biofilm at air-liquid interface, contrarily to Oranienburg that showed incomplete rough morphology. This study contributes to the knowledge of biofilm formation as a survival strategy for Salmonella in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Andrés Medrano-Félix
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5 Campo El Diez, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Kristina D Mena
- Health Science Center at Houston, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - María Del Socorro Soto-Galindo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5 Campo El Diez, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nohelia Castro-Del Campo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5 Campo El Diez, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Magaña S, Schlemmer SM, Davidson GR, Ryser ET, Lim DV. Laboratory and pilot-scale dead-end ultrafiltration concentration of sanitizer-free and chlorinated lettuce wash water for improved detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1260-8. [PMID: 25198586 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An automated dead-end (single pass, no recirculation) ultrafiltration device, the Portable Multi-use Automated Concentration System (PMACS), was evaluated as a means to concentrate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from 40 liters of simulated commercial lettuce wash water. The assessment included generating, sieving, and concentrating sanitizer-free lettuce wash water, either uninoculated or inoculated with green fluorescent protein-transformed E. coli O157:H7 at a high (1.00 log CFU/ml) or low (-1.00 log CFU/ml) concentration. Cells collected within the filters were recovered in approximately 400 ml of buffer to create lettuce wash retentates. The extent of concentration was determined by viable plate counts using a medium selective for the transformed E. coli O157:H7. The samples were qualitatively analyzed for E. coli O157:H7 according to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual enrichment method and with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. This concentration method was then evaluated in a pilot-scale production line at Michigan State University using chlorinated (100, 30, and 10 ppm of available chlorine) lettuce wash water. The total PMACS processing times were 82 ± 6 and 65 ± 5 min for sanitizer-free and chlorinated washes, respectively. Overall, E. coli O157:H7 populations were approximately 2 log higher in retentates than in unconcentrated lettuce wash samples. The higher E. coli O157:H7 levels in the retentates enabled cultural and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay detection in some samples when the corresponding lettuce wash samples were negative. When combined with standard and rapid detection methods, the PMACS concentration method may provide a means to enhance pathogen monitoring of produce wash water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Magaña
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA2015, Tampa, Florida 33620-7115, USA
| | - Sarah M Schlemmer
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA2015, Tampa, Florida 33620-7115, USA
| | - Gordon R Davidson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA
| | - Daniel V Lim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA2015, Tampa, Florida 33620-7115, USA.
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Estrada-Acosta M, Jiménez M, Chaidez C, León-Félix J, Castro-Del Campo N. Irrigation water quality and the benefits of implementing good agricultural practices during tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) production. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4323-4330. [PMID: 24682661 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of good agricultural practices (GAP) from irrigation water to the tomato packaging process enhances the safety of fresh produce and its value throughout the food chain. The aim of the present study was to show that fresh produce farms that apply and enforce GAP could reduce the presence of Salmonella in finished produce. Samples were collected biweekly from six packing houses from the central region of Sinaloa, México, for the isolation of Salmonella spp by the ISO 6579:2002 method, and the isolated strains were serotyped and genotyped by the Kauffmman-White scheme and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Salmonella strains were detected in 13 (36.1 %) irrigation water samples, while only two tomato samples were positive (5.5 %). Eight different serotypes were identified in irrigation water, and Salmonella Oranienburg (34 %) was the most prevalent; however, only Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Weltevreden were present on tomatoes. Salmonella Oranienburg was the most widely dispersed and variable serotype, with 10 different PFGE profiles. Salmonella Weltevreden was isolated from both types of samples, albeit with distinct genetic profiles, implying that the sources of contamination differ. These results confirm the utility of implementing good agricultural practices to reduce Salmonella contamination in irrigation water and the packaging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estrada-Acosta
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C, Carretera a Eldorado km. 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán, 80110, México
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