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Wang F, Zhao D, Lu P, Zhang D, Guo Z, Rose NL, Zhang G. Air-plant interaction and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a large human-influenced reservoir in southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124216. [PMID: 38797350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is totally manmade, strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity, and lies on the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The periodic storage and discharge of water from the Three Gorges Dam could have altered the original air-plant/soil interactions of contaminants in TGR. Herein, paired atmospheric gas-particle, air-plant, and air-soil samples were collected to investigate the air-plant interaction and air-soil exchange of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The air-plant interaction based on McLachlan's framework to our datasets suggests that PAHs were absorbed via gaseous deposition that was restricted by the plant-gas dynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium indicates a dynamic balance between the gaseous phase and plant surface in PAH absorption. The main limiting factor influencing the PAH uptake was the plant species rather than the atmospheric PAH concentration. The air-soil exchange of PAHs exhibited a net volatilization flux of 16.71 ng/m2/d from the soil to the air based on annual average. There was more volatilization and less deposition in summer and more deposition and less volatilization in autumn and winter. The soil serves as a secondary source of atmospheric PAHs. As the first attempt on probing the multi-interface geochemical process of PAHs, this study highlights the influence of manual water level manipulation from the TGD and environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, and soil properties) on the regional fate of PAHs in the TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Observation and Research Station of Ecological Restoration for Chongqing Typical Mining Areas, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 401120, China.
| | - Daiyin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peili Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Bahjati Ardakani M, Zare M, Adiban M, Nasiri R, Daraei H, Mahmoudizeh A, Soleimani F, Fakhri Y, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The concentration and probabilistic health risk assessment attribute to PAHs in indoor air of Hormozgan aluminum plant, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39033514 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2380003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
We measured PAHs concentrations to understand the potential short and long-term health risks to workers. In the anode cooking area, the lowest and highest concentrations of PAHs were found for DahA (dibenzo[a,h]anthracene) at 0.373 ± 0.326 µg/m3 and Chry (chrysene) at 1.923 ± 1.258 µg/m3, respectively. In the anode-making area, these concentrations were higher, with DahA at 0.435 ± 0.221 µg/m3 and Chry peaking at 3.841 ± 1.702 µg/m3. Risk assessment based on these concentrations indicates a hierarchical order of individual PAHs risks in the anode cooking area, led by BaP (benzo[a]pyrene), followed by other specific PAHs compounds. The total hazard quotient (THQ) for PAH exposure in both anode-making and cooking areas significantly exceeds the threshold for considered cancer risk, emphasizing the considerable danger to workers. This study underscores the urgent need to mitigate exposure to PAHs in industrial settings to protect worker health from the carcinogenic risks of such hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bahjati Ardakani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zare
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Moayed Adiban
- Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Rasul Nasiri
- Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasti Daraei
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Farshid Soleimani
- Tobacco and Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University 191002, 9 Lomonosova Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Borgulat J, Borgulat A. Biomonitoring of atmospheric PAHs using fir and spruce needles in forests in the vicinity of mountain villages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121814. [PMID: 37201572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use chemical analyses of spruce and fir needles to determine environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in forests surrounding small mountain towns, including popular tourist destinations. The Beskid Mountains in Poland were chosen as the study area because they are very popular with tourists. The 6- and 12 month old needles were collected in two consecutive years from permanent study plots. Two vintages of needles were used to determine the differences between seasons in the profile of deposited pollutants. Some of plots were located away from roads and buildings, while others were located near tourist destinations. The comparison plots were located in the centre of a tourist resort, near a highway, and in a forest localised in the industrial city characterised by a high degree of urbanization. The analyses of 15 PAHs content showed that the amount and type of compounds retained by the needles were influenced not only by the proximity and amount of the surface emitters, but also by the location of the research sites above sea level. The results obtained can be explained, among other things, by the phenomenon of smog, which is not uncommon in the study region in autumn and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Borgulat
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Borgulat
- Central Mining Institute, Gwarków 1, 40-166, Katowice, Poland
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Pacín C, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E, Aboal JR, De Nicola F, Fernández JÁ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in PM 10 and bulk deposition using Mosspheres: A pilot study in an urban environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115406. [PMID: 36746206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Study air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) capturing the spatial variability of their concentrations is not economically feasible with conventional methods. In the present work we tested, for the first time and under real conditions, the suitability for intensive monitoring and mapping these contaminants of innovative, cost-effective passive air samplers known as "Mosspheres". The Mosspheres, filled with a devitalised Sphagnum palustre L. moss clone, were placed in a 575 m. grid in a medium-sized European city for three months. Concentrations in the moss tissues of 15 priority PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene, were determined and converted into PM10 and bulk deposition with the equations proposed in a recent study. Low concentrations of PAHs were detected, with only a few enriched points never exceeding the legal thresholds, near industrial areas and busy roads. Despite these low PAH concentrations, Mosspheres were able to detect spatial structure for several PAHs and high-resolution pollution maps were constructed for these compounds. The results prove the high sensitivity and suitability of Mosspheres for mapping PAH levels and for quantitative (i.e. PAHs with 4 or more rings) and qualitative (3-ring PAHs) monitoring. Thus, this study supports their widespread application and its potential inclusion in European Directives on air quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Pacín
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño Spain
| | | | - Jesús R Aboal
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia De Nicola
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi del Sannio di Benevento, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - J Ángel Fernández
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Prigioniero A, Zuzolo D, Niinemets Ü, Postiglione A, Mercurio M, Izzo F, Trifuoggi M, Toscanesi M, Scarano P, Tartaglia M, Sciarrillo R, Guarino C. Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon uptake in relation to leaf surface functional traits in Mediterranean evergreens: Potentials for air phytoremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129029. [PMID: 35525010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explored relationships between particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) leaf concentrations, uptake rates and leaf surface functional traits in four Mediterranean evergreen trees (Chamaerops humilis, Citrus × aurantium, Magnolia grandiflora, and Quercus ilex) during a dry month. Pollutant leaf concentration at different dates and uptake rate were correlated. We quantified PM by gravimetric analysis, PAHs were extracted from intact and dewaxed leaves and analyzed by GC-MS, and cuticle thickness, number and surface of stomata (Ns and SS) and trichomes (Nt and St) were determined by optical microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the leaves surfaces composition and assess esterification index (E). Studied species were characterized by unique combinations of functional traits and pollutant uptake capacities. PM10 uptake scaled positively with SS, St and upper cuticle thickness (Tc,u) across species. PM2.5 uptake scaled positively with Tc,u, and thicker cuticles were also associated with greater shares of uptake of hydrophobic PM fractions. Uptakes of different fractions of PAH were generally weakly related to different leaf functional traits, except for some correlations with E and SS. We conclude that both plant surface morphological and chemical leaf traits influence PM and PAH retention, unveiling their potential role in air phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Prigioniero
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Daniela Zuzolo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy.
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Alessia Postiglione
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Mariano Mercurio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Maria Toscanesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Scarano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Maria Tartaglia
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Carmine Guarino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, Benevento 82100, Italy
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Heavy Metals Accumulation in Silver Fir Needles in Swietokrzyski National Park. CHEMISTRY-DIDACTICS-ECOLOGY-METROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/cdem-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The article demonstrates the results of the research studies related to the air polluted with heavy metals in the area of Swietokrzyski National Park. The two-year-old needles of Abies alba (Mill) were used as the bioindicator with the intention of carrying out the research. The studies were conducted in the autumn of 2012. The results showed the spatial variability of concentrations in the range of the analysed metal deposition patterns in the needles of Abies alba (Mill). The average content of the analysed elements seemed to be the highest in the case of zinc (26.6 mg·kg−1 d.m.), strontium (6.5 mg·kg−1 d.m.) and nickel (1.6 mg·kg−1 d.m.). The research studies revealed that the significant role in determining the content of heavy metals in the two-year-old needles was played by the communication. The highest values were recorded at the research sites situated in the immediate neighbourhood of the voivodeship roads. It was also confirmed that the content of metals was influenced by the so-called low emission from the household and welfare sector together with the remote imission.
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Çalişkan Eleren S, Tasdemir Y. Levels, distributions, and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air and pine components. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:253. [PMID: 33834313 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pine tree (Pinus pinea) components have been used as passive air samples for determining atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. Our results indicated that pine needles and branches were found to be statistically successful in describing the ambient air. Monthly pine needles, branches (1- and 2-year-old) and ambient air samples were collected for 1 year to identify molecular distributions and temporal concentrations of PAHs in a suburban-industrial area. Annual average Σ14PAH concentrations for pine needles, 1- and 2-year-old branches, and ambient air were 756 ± 232 ng/g DW, 685 ± 350 ng/g DW, 587 ± 361 ng/g DW, and 28.29 ± 32.33 ng/m3, respectively. The order of average Σ14PAH concentrations in the pine tree components was determined as needle > 1-year-old branch > 2-year-old branch. In general, concentrations increased with the rise in the surface area of tree components. In the samples, 3- and 4-ring PAHs were dominant compounds in the ambient air, pine needles, and branches. The annual total fraction of 3- and 4-ring PAHs in the air was 98.5%, while the fraction of 5- and 6-ring PAHs was 1.5%. On the other hand, 3- and 4-ring PAHs in pine needles and branches were 30% or more. The fraction and level of PAHs change with the season. Although needle samples did not show any seasonal trend, PAH levels in other tree components changed with the air temperature. Generally, lower values were observed in warmer seasons in the branch samples. Similarly, ambient air PAH concentrations were higher in the winter season due to heating and adverse meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Çalişkan Eleren
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126441. [PMID: 32443242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrocarbons having two or more fused aromatic rings, released from natural (like forest fires and volcanic eruption) as well as man-made sources (like burning of fossil fuel & wood, automobile emission). They are persistent priority pollutants and continue to last for a long time in the environment causing severe damage to human health owing to their genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The study of PAHs in environment has therefore aroused a global concern. PAHs adsorption to plant cell wall is facilitated by transpiration and plant root lipids which help PAHs transfer from roots to leaves and stalks, causing more accumulation of contaminants with the increase in lipid content. Hence, these bioaccumulators can be utilized as biomonitors for indirect assessment of ambient air pollution. Efficacy of specific plants, lichens and mosses as useful biomonitors of airborne PAHs pollution has been discussed in this review along with prevalent classical and modified extraction techniques coupled with proper analytical procedures in order to gain an insight into the assessment of atmospheric PAHs concentrations. Different modern and modified solvent extraction techniques along with conventional Soxhlet method are identified for extraction of PAHs from accumulative bioindicators and analytical methods are also developed for accurate determination of PAHs. Process parameters like choice of solvent, temperature, time of extraction, pressure and matrix characteristics are usually checked. An approach of biomonitoring of PAHs using plants, lichens and mosses has been discussed here as they usually trap the atmospheric PAHs and mineralize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shritama Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Sari MF, Esen F, Tasdemir Y. Biomonitoring and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using Pine Tree Components from Three Different Sites in Bursa, Turkey. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:646-657. [PMID: 32112135 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pine trees are used as biomonitoring agents to evaluate atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to industrialization, urban construction, and rapid population growth, the city of Bursa is experiencing air pollution. In this study, PAHs were measured in pine tree branches and needles at a wastewater treatment plant site, an industrial site, and semirural site in Bursa for 12 months. The concentrations fluctuated depending on the characteristics of the areas. The lowest concentration value was measured in the semirural site while the highest value was determined in the wastewater treatment plant site. The PAH concentrations in pine needles ranged from 24 to 2565 ng/g dry weight (DW) and in pine branches from 163 to 2871 ng/g DW for 16 PAHs. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene were determined as dominant species in both tree components. Diagnostic ratios, ring profile, principal component analysis, the coefficient of divergence, and the Pearson correlation coefficient methods were used in the definition of sources of PAHs in the sampling sites, although all source identification methods have advantages and disadvantages. According to the results, the PAHs mainly originated from biomass and coal burning, traffic, and mixed sources. It also was concluded that three sampling sites showed higher PAH concentrations during winter, and the main PAH sources were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ferhat Sari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Anna KI, Emanuel G, Anna SR, Błońska E, Lasota J, Łagan S. Linking the contents of hydrophobic PAHs with the canopy water storage capacity of coniferous trees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1176-1184. [PMID: 30118907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The canopy water storage capacity (S) is an important parameter for the hydrological cycle in forests. One factor which influences the S is leaf texture, which in turn is thought to be affected by the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In order to improve our understanding of S we simulated rainfall and measured the S of coniferous species growing under various conditions. The contents of 18 PAHs were measured in the needles. The species chosen were: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) and silver fir (Abies Alba Mill.). Sample branches were collected in 3 locations: A - forest; B - housing estate; C - city center. We found that PAHs have a significant impact on the S of tree crowns. The increase in the total content of all of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SUM.PAH) translates into an increase of S for all species. The S is the highest for the P. abies species, followed by P. sylvestris and A. alba at all locations. Within the same species, an increase in the value of S is associated with an increase in the PAH content in needles measured by gas chromatography. For A.alba, the average S increased from 11.54% of the total amount of simulated rain (ml g-1) at location A, to 17.10% at location B, and 21.02% at location C. Similarly for P. abies the S was 21.78%, 29.06% and 34.36% at locations A, B and C respectively. The study extends the knowledge of the mechanisms of plant surface adhesion and the anthropogenic factors that may modify this process as well as foliage properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klamerus-Iwan Anna
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Engineering, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Gloor Emanuel
- University of Leeds, Faculty of Environment, School of Geography, Leeds, LS6 9JT, UK
| | - Sadowska-Rociek Anna
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Food Technology, Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Błońska
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Soil Science, Al. 29 Listopada 46, Krakow, 31-425, Poland
| | - Jarosław Lasota
- University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Soil Science, Al. 29 Listopada 46, Krakow, 31-425, Poland
| | - Sylwia Łagan
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Applied Mechanics, 31-155, Cracow, Warszawska24, Poland
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Borgulat J, Staszewski T. Fate of PAHs in the vicinity of aluminum smelter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26103-26113. [PMID: 29971741 PMCID: PMC6132408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigation has been carried out in the vicinity of an aluminum smelter located in the industrialized town of Konin. Concentrations of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in grass, spruce needles, and soil collected in the period of the smelter operation and several years after its closing. Significant changes in the quantity of PAHs and their profiles observed in the two measuring periods, stressing the importance of aluminum production with regard to PAH emission. It was confirmed by very high values of the carcinogenic potential (CP) found for PAHs accumulated in grass and soil when compared to the values found in urban and remote sites. PAH ratio rates used as a tool for identifying emission sources showed a pyrogenic origin of PAHs in both periods; the ratios in the period of the smelter running activity were similar to those found in other studies carried out near aluminum smelters. Grass turned out to be a good biomonitor of PAHs similarly to commonly used leaves of various tree species. The use of four age classes of spruce needles, some of which were subjected to emission from the smelter, showed that such approach could serve as an analysis tool for describing retrospective pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Borgulat
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Staszewski
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
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Huang S, Dai C, Zhou Y, Peng H, Yi K, Qin P, Luo S, Zhang X. Comparisons of three plant species in accumulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16548-16566. [PMID: 29740766 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves play a key role in the accumulation of PAHs, as they are able to capture PAHs from the air. In this paper, the mechanism, including absorption and adsorption, for plants to scavenge PAHs from the air was reviewed. Moreover, the differences of PAHs accumulating capability are mainly compared among three representative plant species, including pine needles, Holm oak leaves, and moss. On the whole, it is shown that oak leaves present the strongest PAHs accumulating capability for total PAHs among three plants species. Oak leaves and pine needles show higher accumulating tendency for light and medium molecular weight PAHs, whereas moss presents stronger accumulating tendency for heavy molecular weight PAHs. Environmental factors (i.e., temperature, seasonality, and photolysis) also account for the process of PAHs transferred from air to plants. With the temperature climbing, the concentration of PAHs in the air will increase. Due to the meteorological conditions and the human activities changed with seasons, it was shown that the PAHs were greatly accumulated in leaf surface in winter than in summer. Photolysis was also able to influence the PAHs on leaf surface, which are significant to this process. In conclusion, oak, pine, and moss can be used to filter PAHs when considering urban landscaping. Besides combining the traditional analytical methods with in situ determination, there might be able to provide a novel method to further study the specific absorption mechanisms. The accumulation of PAHs in crop leaf surface related to the application of surfactants is also worth studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunhao Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kexin Yi
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Pufeng Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Si Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Environment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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13
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Memić M, Vrtačnik M, Boh B, Pohleven F, Mahmutović O. Biodegradation of PAHs by Ligninolytic Fungi Hypoxylon Fragiforme and Coniophora Puteana. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1392326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Memić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
| | - Margareta Vrtačnik
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Boh
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Pohleven
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Omer Mahmutović
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
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