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Shankar S, Gadi R, Bajar S, Yadav N, Mandal TK, Sharma SK. Insights into seasonal-variability of SVOCs, morpho-elemental and spectral characteristics of PM2.5 collected at a dense industrial site: Faridabad, Haryana, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138204. [PMID: 36828107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development-oriented anthropogenic activities have led to intensive increase in emission of various organic pollutants, which contribute considerably to human health risk. In the present study, chemical, physical and spectral characterisation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), collected at Faridabad city, in northern India, were examined. Seasonal variation of organic compounds [n-alkanes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs)], and potential health risk of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure using toxic equivalency potential (TEQ) approach had been assessed. These showed seasonal average values ranging from 156.4 ± 57.0 ng/m3 to 217.6 ± 72.9 ng/m3, 98.0 ± 21.4 ng/m3 to 177.8 ± 72.8 ng/m3, and 30.9 ± 11.9 ng/m3 to 82.5 ± 29.2 ng/m3, respectively, with the highest value for winter. It is noteworthy that unlike, n-alkanes and PAEs, PAHs were least during spring. The high molecular weight PAHs (BaP, BkF, DahA and IcdP) were found to exhibit higher TEQ values (ranging from 0.7 to 9.7) despite of their lower concentrations. The PAH diagnostic ratio, carbon preference index and total index revealed the enhanced impact of biogenic sources of emissions in comparison to diesel emission sources during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Somvir Bajar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Neha Yadav
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sudhir K Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
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2
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Chen J, Zhu W, Zhao W, Wei P, Wang G, Ji Y, An T. Revelation of contributing mechanism of reactive oxygen species in photocatalytic ozonation heterocyclization of gaseous hexane isomers. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137759. [PMID: 36621686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved photocatalytic ozonation of gaseous n-hexane to heterocyclic compounds has been recently reported. However, whether such heterocyclization reaction happens on other alkanes and what is the contributing mechanism of ROS to the heterocyclic compound formation are still unclear. In present study, photocatalytic ozonation of three n-hexane's isomers (i.e. 2-methypentane, 3-methylpentane and 2,3-dimethylbutane) on Cu2O-CuO/TiO2-foam ceramic was investigated. Within reaction period, 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane not only showed higher average degradation efficiency than 2,3-dimethylbutane, but also separately converted to interfacial heterocyclic compounds of 5,5-dimethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone and 4,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone. Enough reaction time, optimum experimental atmosphere and shorter light wavelength benefited the formation of heterocyclization products. None of O3, 1O2, electron and hole directly contributed to the heterocyclic compound formation. While •O2- dominated the production of the heterocyclic compound under the dry reaction atmosphere and •OH showed more important role than •O2- in the heterocyclic compound formation under the moist reaction atmosphere. Theoretical calculation confirmed that •OH or •O2- induced heterocyclization reaction of alkane was exothermic, while the former reaction released 0.47 eV higher energy than the later reaction. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of contributing roles of ROS in heterocyclization reaction of alkanes, and are helpful for effective elimination of industrial alkanes by advanced oxidation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Weikun Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weina Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Yang J, Ching YC, Kadokami K, Ching KY, Xu S, Hu G, Wang J. Distribution and health risks of organic micropollutants from home dusts in Malaysia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136600. [PMID: 36170925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is an important medium to evaluate human exposure to emerging organic contaminants. The principal aim of this study was to determine overall status of organic micropollutants (OMPs) of indoor dust in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and assess their corresponding health risks. One hundred thirty-three OMPs, ascribed to 13 chemical groups, were screened by Automated Identification and Quantification System with a GC-MS database. The concentrations of OMPs ranged between 460 and 4000 μg/g, with the median concentration of 719 μg/g. The dominant chemical groups were ascribed to n-alkanes (median: 274 μg/g), plasticizers (151 μg/g), sterols (120 μg/g), and pesticides (42.6 μg/g). Cholestrol was the most abundant compound (median: 115 μg/g). Different sources and usage patterns of OMPs in various houses were expected. Toxicity values of OMPs were obtained from existing databases or predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationship models. Cumulative hazard quotients for OMPs through ingestion route were lower than one for all the dust samples, demonstrating that there was no remarkable non-cancer risk. The cancer risks of these OMPs were greater than 10-4, with cholestrol dominating 99.1% of the carcinogenic risks, which suggested that there was a significant cancer risk. This study might offer a benchmark to ensure the safety of chemical usages in future in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, the University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
| | - Kuan Yong Ching
- University of Reading Malaysia, Kota Ilmu, Persiaran Graduan, Educity, 79200 Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Guodong Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
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Identification of Carbonaceous Species and FTIR Profiling of PM2.5 Aerosols for Source Estimation in Old Delhi Region of India. MAPAN 2022. [PMCID: PMC9616402 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-022-00575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, PM2.5 samples from a traffic-influenced site in old Delhi were collected from January 2021 to June 2021 (January–March, 2021: months with regular activities; April–June, 2021: partially restricted months due to second wave of pandemic) and analysed to assess noteworthy effect on their infrared (IR) spectral features and carbonaceous content viz., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) and their sub-fractions with their link to major sources in the vicinity of the sampling site of Delhi. Absorbance peaks for the structural and functional groups for previously identified compounds associated with vehicular/combustion/biogenic emissions at the site were notable. Intensive peaks for C=C, C–H, O–H and NH4NO3 were observed on certain days pointing towards enhanced emission of the related compounds. Lower spectral peaks were observed for March and first half of April probably due to transitioning meteorological variables and imposed restrictions. Monthly variation in ratios, such as OC/EC, EC/TC and OM/OC, revealed about the probable emission sources. Comparatively higher peaks/values were observed during January, February and June. The overall results followed a general pattern of variation for regular days.
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Nishimuta K, Ueno D, Takahashi S, Kuwae M, Kadokami K, Miyawaki T, Matsukami H, Kuramochi H, Higuchi T, Koga Y, Matsumoto H, Ryuda N, Miyamoto H, Haraguchi T, Sakai SI. Use of comprehensive target analysis for determination of contaminants of emerging concern in a sediment core collected from Beppu Bay, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115587. [PMID: 33261969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, concern about the release of anthropogenic organic micropollutants referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) has been growing. The objective of this study was to find potential CECs by means of an analytical screening method referred to as comprehensive target analysis with an automated identification and quantification system (CTA-AIQS), which uses gas and liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-QTOF-MS). We used CTA-AIQS to analyze samples from a sediment core collected in Beppu Bay, Japan. With this method, we detected 80 compounds in the samples and CTA-AIQA could work to useful tool to find CECs in environmental media. Among the detected chemicals, three PAHs (anthracene, chrysene, and fluoranthene) and tris(isopropylphenyl)phosphate (TIPPP) isomers were found to increase in concentration with decreasing sediment depth. We quantified TIPPP isomers in the samples by means of targeted analysis using LC-MS/MS for confirmation. The concentration profiles, combined with previous reports indicating persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties, suggest that these chemicals can be categorized as potential CECs in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Nishimuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuramochi
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Taiki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Koga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Noriko Ryuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
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Comparison of ambient air pollution levels of Amritsar during foggy conditions with that of five major north Indian cities: multivariate analysis and air mass back trajectories. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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7
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Variation of the Distribution of Atmospheric n-Alkanes Emitted by Different Fuels’ Combustion. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the emission profiles of n-alkanes for different vehicular sources in two Brazilian cities. Atmospheric particulate matter was collected in São Paulo (Southeast) and in Salvador (Northeast) to determine n-alkanes. The sites were impacted by bus emissions and heavy and light-duty vehicles. The objective of the present study is to attempt to differentiate the profile of n-alkane emissions for particulate matter (PM) collected at different sites. PM concentrations ranged between 73 and 488 µg m−3, and the highest concentration corresponded to a tunnel for light and heavy duty vehicles. At sites where diesel-fueled vehicles are dominant, the n-alkanes show a unimodal distribution, which is different from the bimodal profile observed in the literature. Carbon preference index values corresponded to anthropogenic sources for most of the sites, as expected, but Cmax varied comparing to literature and a source signature was difficult to observe. The main sources to air pollution were indicated by principal component analysis (PCA). For PCA, a receptor model often used as an exploratory tool to identify the major sources of air pollutant emissions, the principal factors were attributed to mixed sources and to bus emissions. Chromatograms of four specific samples showed distinct profiles of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), indicating different contributions of contamination from petroleum or fossil fuel residues, which are unable to resolve by gas chromatography. The UCM area seemed higher in samples collected at sites with the abundance of heavy vehicles.
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Xu R, Alam MS, Stark C, Harrison RM. Behaviour of traffic emitted semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds within the urban atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137470. [PMID: 32325566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter originated from traffic has attracted major interest over the last few years. The semi-volatile organic component of the particles may evaporate with dispersion away from the emission source, creating vapour which may oxidise to form secondary organic aerosol. Air samples were collected from a street canyon, the adjacent park and an urban background site during the winter-spring period in central London, UK. Emissions of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) ranging from C10 to C36 in both the gas phase and particle phase were measured by using thermal desorption coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC × GC-ToF-MS). Main compound groups identified and quantified were grouped alkanes (n-alkanes and branched alkanes), monocyclic alkanes, bicyclic alkanes and monocyclic aromatics. The carbon preference index (CPI) of n-alkanes was estimated to distinguish the emission sources. Pearson correlations between I/SVOCs and traffic tracers (black carbon, NOx and benzene) in different locations were compared to analyse the influence of this emission source. The results indicate that while the major emission source at the roadside site is traffic, the lower correlations at background sites are indicative of other source contributions and/or differential reactivity of compounds. Gas-particle phase partitioning of n-alkanes is evaluated and compared between sites. The potential influence of gas phase I/SVOCs upon OH reactivity and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is estimated and found to be relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Xu
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed S Alam
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Stark
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Yadav S, Bamotra S, Tandon A. Aerosol-associated non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs) at Jammu, India, in the North-Western Himalayan Region: seasonal variations in sources and processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18875-18892. [PMID: 32207000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate (PM2.5) bound non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs) and associated diagnostic parameters were studied at Jammu, an urban location in the foothills of North-Western Himalayan Region. PM2.5 was collected daily (24 h, once a week) over a year to assess monthly and seasonal variations in NPOC concentration and their source(s) activity. Samples were analyzed on thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify source-specific organic markers. Homologous series of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), isoprenoid hydrocarbons and nicotine were investigated to understand the sources of aerosols in the region. The annual mean concentration of PM2.5 during the sampling period was found higher than the permissible limit of India's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. The rise of concentration for PM2.5 and associated NPOCs in summer season was attributed to enhanced emission. The n-alkane-based diagnostic parameters indicated mixed contributions of NPOCs from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel-related combustion with significant inputs from biogenic emission. Moreover, high influence of petrogenic contribution was observed in summer (monsoon) months. The quantifiable amounts of isoprenoid hydrocarbons further confirmed this observation. Total PAH concentration also followed an increasing trend from March to June, and June onwards a sharp decrease was observed. The higher concentration of environmental tobacco smoke marker nicotine in winter months was plausibly due to lower air temperature and conditions unfavourable to photo-degradation. A clear dominance of low molecular weight PAHs was noticed with rare presence of toxic PAHs in the ambient atmosphere of Jammu. PAH-based diagnostic parameters suggested substantial contribution from low temperature pyrolysis processes like biomass/crop-residue burning, wood and coal fire in the region. Specific wood burning markers further confirmed this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India.
| | - Sarita Bamotra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra (H.P.), 176215, India
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra (H.P.), 176215, India
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Anh HQ, Tomioka K, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Viet PH, Takahashi S. A preliminary investigation of 942 organic micro-pollutants in the atmosphere in waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam: Levels, potential sources, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:354-364. [PMID: 30359902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Of 942 organic micro-pollutants screened, 167 compounds were detected at least once in the atmosphere in some primitive waste processing sites and an urban area in northern Vietnam by using a polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method and an Automated Identification and Quantification System with a Database (AIQS-DB) for GC-MS. Total concentrations of organic pollutants were higher in samples collected from an urban area of Hanoi city (2300-2600 ng m-3) as compared with those from an end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantling area in Bac Giang (900-1700 ng m-3) and a waste recycling cooperative in Thai Nguyen (870-1300 ng m-3). Domestic chemicals (e.g., n-alkanes, phthalate ester plasticizers, and synthetic phenolic antioxidants) dominated the organic pollutant patterns in all the samples, especially in the urban area. Pesticides (e.g., permethrins, chlorpyrifos, and propiconazole) were found in the atmosphere around the ELV sites at more elevated concentrations than the other areas. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the Bac Giang and Thai Nguyen facilities were significantly higher than those measured in Hanoi urban houses, probably due to the waste processing activities. Daily intake doses of organic pollutants via inhalation were estimated for waste processing workers and urban residents. This study shall provide preliminary data on the environmental occurrence, potential emission sources, and effects of multiple classes of organic pollutants in urban and waste processing areas in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Keidai Tomioka
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Kumar R, Mona S, Kumar S, Kumar S. Levels and sources of organic compounds in fine ambient aerosols over National Capital Region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31071-31090. [PMID: 30187408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study presents the spatial and temporal variation of fine ambient aerosols (PM2.5) over National Capital Region (NCR), India, during January to June 2016. The investigation includes three sampling sites, one in Delhi and two in the adjoining states of Delhi (Uttar Pradesh and Haryana), across NCR, India. The average PM2.5 concentration was highest for Delhi (128.5 ± 51.5 μg m-3) and lowest for Mahendragarh, Haryana (74.5 ± 28.7 μg m-3), during the study period. Seasonal variation was similar for all the sites with highest concentration during winter and lowest in summer. PM2.5 samples were analysed for organic compounds using gas chromatograph (GC). The concentration of three organic compound classes, n-alkanes (C11-C35), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalates, present in PM2.5 samples has been reported. Diagnostic ratios for n-alkanes demonstrated that biogenic emissions were dominant over Mahendragarh while major contributions were observed from petrogenic emissions over Delhi and Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh. Molecular diagnostic ratios were calculated to distinguish between different sources of PAHs, which revealed that the fossil fuel combustion (diesel and gasoline emissions), traffic emissions, and biomass burning are the major source contributors. Health risk associated with human exposure of phthalates and PAHs was also assessed as daily intake (DI, ng kg-1 day-1) and lung cancer risk, respectively. Backward trajectory analysis explained the local, regional, and long-range transport routes of PM2.5 for all sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) results summarized that the vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and plastic burning were the major sources of the PAHs and phthalates over the sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Multanimal Modi College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Sharma Mona
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Multanimal Modi College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Sanchit Kumar
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, 123031, India
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Gupta S, Gadi R. Temporal Variation of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Ambient Atmosphere of Delhi. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:153-159. [PMID: 29700580 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of chemical species, ubiquitously present in the environment and pose a serious risk to humans. In the present study, the average concentrations of PAEs in PM10 (particulate matter ≤ 10 µm) are reported at a densely populated site in Delhi. The average concentration of PAEs was reported to be 703.1 ± 36.2 ng m-3 with slightly higher concentrations in winter than in summer; suggesting that sources are relatively stable over the whole year. The average concentration of PAEs was 35.7 ± 30.5 ng m-3 in winter, 35.4 ± 27.0 ng m-3 in summer, 3.4 ± 1.5 ng m-3 in monsoon and 7.5 ± 5.2 ng m-3 in post-monsoon. Principal component analysis was performed, which suggested that emissions were mainly due to plasticizers, cosmetics and personal care products, municipal solid waste, thermal power stations, industrial wastewater, cement plants and coke ovens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Gupta
- Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, 110006, India.
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Garcia-Alcega S, Nasir ZA, Ferguson R, Noël C, Cravo-Laureau C, Whitby C, Dumbrell AJ, Colbeck I, Tyrrel S, Coulon F. Can chemical and molecular biomarkers help discriminate between industrial, rural and urban environments? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1059-1069. [PMID: 29727932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air samples from four contrasting outdoor environments including a park, an arable farm, a waste water treatment plant and a composting facility were analysed during the summer and winter months. The aim of the research was to study the feasibility of differentiating microbial communities from urban, rural and industrial areas between seasons with chemical and molecular markers such as microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Air samples (3l) were collected every 2h for a total of 6h in order to assess the temporal variations of MVOCs and PLFAs along the day. MVOCs and VOCs concentrations varied over the day, especially in the composting facility which was the site where more human activities were carried out. At this site, total VOC concentration varied between 80 and 170μgm-3 in summer and 20-250μgm-3 in winter. The composition of MVOCs varied between sites due to the different biological substrates including crops, waste water, green waste or grass. MVOCs composition also differed between seasons as in summer they are more likely to get modified by oxidation processes in the atmosphere and in winter by reduction processes. The composition of microbial communities identified by the analysis of PLFAs also varied among the different locations and between seasons. The location with higher concentrations of PLFAs in summer was the farm (7297ngm-3) and in winter the park (11,724ngm-3). A specific set of MVOCs and PLFAs that most represent each one of the locations was identified by principal component analyses (PCA) and canonical analyses. Further to this, concentrations of both total VOCs and PLFAs were at least three times higher in winter than in summer. The difference in concentrations between summer and winter suggest that seasonal variations should be considered when assessing the risk of exposure to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Garcia-Alcega
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Robert Ferguson
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Cyril Noël
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Whitby
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Alex J Dumbrell
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ian Colbeck
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sean Tyrrel
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
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