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Gao X, An J, Yu C, Zha X, Tian Y. Dietary sources apportionment and health risk assessment for trace elements among residents of the Tethys-Himalayan tectonic domain in Tibet, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8015-8030. [PMID: 37523030 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake of toxic elements (TEs) and essential trace elements (ETEs) can significantly impact human health. This study collected 302 samples, including 78 food, 104 drinking water, 73 cultivated topsoil, and 47 sedimentary rock from a typical area of Tethys-Himalaya tectonic domain. These samples were used to calculate the average daily dose of oral intake (ADDoral) and assess the health risks of five TEs and five ETEs. The results indicate that grain and meat are the primary dietary sources of TEs and ETEs for local residents. The intake of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) is mainly from local highland barley (66.90% and 60.32%, respectively), iron (Fe) is primarily from local grains (75.51%), and zinc (Zn) is mainly from local yak meat (60.03%). The ADDoral of arsenic (As), Mn, Fe and Zn were found to be higher than the maximum oral reference dose in all townships of study area, indicating non-carcinogenic health risks for local residents. Additionally, lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in 36.36% townships, and Cu in 81.82% townships were above the maximum oral reference dose, while As posed a carcinogenic risk throughout the study area. The concentrations of As, mercury (Hg), Pb, Mn, Cu Fe and selenium (Se) in grains were significantly correlated with those in soils. Moreover, the average concentrations of As in Proterozoic, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous was 43.09, 12.41, 15.86 and 6.22 times higher than those in the South Tibet shell, respectively. The high concentrations of TEs and ETEs in the stratum can lead to their enrichment in soils, which, in turn, can result in excessive intake by local residents through the food chain and biogeochemical cycles . To avoid the occurrence of some diseases caused by dietary intake, it is necessary to consume a variety of exotic foods, such as high-selenium foods, foreign rice and flour in order to improve the dietary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Jinzhu Str.130, Chengguan District, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jinzhu Str.130, Chengguan District, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Jialu An
- Xi'an University of Finance and Economics, Changning Str. 360, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Chengqun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Str. 11A, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinjie Zha
- Xi'an University of Finance and Economics, Changning Str. 360, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Str. 11A, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Zhu J, Ouyang W, Guo Z, Liu X, He M, Li Q, Liu H, Lin C. Occurrence, spatiotemporal dynamics, and ecological risk of fungicides in a reservoir-regulated basin. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107697. [PMID: 36535191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable type of pesticide, fungicides have been somewhat neglected compared to insecticides and herbicides. Heavy fungicide application in agricultural regions may generate downstream ecological concerns via in-stream transport, and the reservoir complicates the process. Monitoring fungicide exposure and exploring reservoir effect on fungicide transport is the key to develop the downstream strategies of agricultural diffusion pollution control. Here, we investigated the exposure, spatiotemporal dynamics, and ecological risk of fungicides in a reservoir-regulated agricultural basin, located in the middle of the Yangtze River Basin, China. Seven fungicides were preliminarily identified and exhibited high detection frequencies (>85 %) in subsequent quantification of water samples from three sampling activities. The total concentration of fungicides ranged from 2.47 to 560.29 ng/L, 28.35 to 274.69 ng/L, and 13.61 to 146.968 ng/L in April, September, and November, respectively. Overall, the contamination levels of fungicides were in the ascending order of April < November < September. The spatial distribution of fungicides was closely associated with the dense of cultivated land, supporting its agricultural source. Furthermore, the reservoir plays a retention role in fungicides, alleviating ecological pressure downstream during the water storage period. Yet, due to the alternation of "source" and "sink" function of the reservoir, the contribution of Zijiang River to the fungicide load in the Yangtze River Basin still needs further attention. Although there is no acute risk posed by fungicides, even in the high-exposure scenario, the chronic ecological risk could not be ignored. Agricultural intensive regions, coupled with the reservoir, provide rather substantial chronic ecological concerns. Carbendazim has been designated as a priority pollutant that contributes significantly to cumulative chronic risk. Thus, we emphasize strengthening the supervision of fungicides in surface water and rationally restricting the use of carbendazim in agricultural operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Zewei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huiji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Gérard V, Ay E, Launay V, Galopin C, Morlet‐Savary F, Lalevée J. Improvement of color stability using a chelating agent in model soft beverages subjected to Fenton reaction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Gérard
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Emel Ay
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Valentin Launay
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | | | - Fabrice Morlet‐Savary
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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Lian M, Lin C, Li Y, Hao X, Wang A, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Distribution, partitioning, and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in a major tributary of middle Yangtze River using Monte Carlo simulation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118559. [PMID: 35576759 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have attracted substantial attention because of their ubiquity in the environment, toxicity, and potential ecological and health risks. This study comprehensively investigated the occurrence, partitioning, and spatial distribution of nine ordinary monomeric OPEs (m-OPEs) and three emerging oligomeric OPEs (o-OPEs) in a major tributary of the middle Yangtze River, which is the Zijiang River (ZR), and their associated potential health risks. Total OPE concentrations ranged from 18.8 to 439 ng L-1, 1.40 to 19.1 ng L-1, and 3.71 to 77.3 ng g-1 dw in the surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment, respectively. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated the water (61.3%) and sediment (60.1%) samples, whereas tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was present in the SPM (59.0%) samples. The proportion of o-OPEs was low in all three media, ranging from 0.60% to 1.90%. Field-based log Koc values of the frequently detected OPEs were higher than those predicted by EPI Suite and were negatively correlated with temperature. The spatial distribution of OPEs in the water and hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that sewage treatment plant effluents and the mining industry were the main sources of OPEs in the ZR. The total noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of OPEs in the water were low at the detected concentrations, even in the high-exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Zhang S, Tian Y, Guo H, Liu R, He N, Li Z, Zhao W. Study on the occurrence of typical heavy metals in drinking water and corrosion scales in a large community in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133145. [PMID: 34921856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive heavy metal content in drinking water could lead to red water and acute and chronic diseases. A field study in combination with batch experiments using pipe scales of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) in the study area, was used to determine the content distribution and migration of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, and V in DWDS. In the field study, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and V contents in pipe scales and drinking water were extremely low and did not exceed the Chinese drinking water standards. However, Mn concentrations at the end of the DWDS with aged and corrosive pipes were relatively high, which presented a risk of excessive release. The batch experiment showed that As in pipe scales would not be released into water under static immersion conditions; however, pipe scales would release excessive Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb, and V in the initial reaction stage, and the heavy metal contents released by tubercle scales in the initial release stage were at least twice as much as those released by loose scales. The mass percentage of four metals (excluding Cd and Pb) released from pipe scales was extremely low. The field study and batch experiment data both suggested a strong correlation between Cr and V released into the water, indicating a synergistic effect. There were differences in heavy metals released in the field research and the batch experiment. The amount of Cd, Cr, Pb, and V released were not consistent with its proportion in pipe scales. As release did not occur under static conditions, but may be promoted by the water flow in the actual network. The effect of water flow on heavy metal release in DWDS should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin, 301636, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hao Guo
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, MNR(Tianjin), Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Nan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weigao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Wang D, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhong Y, Liu R, Ding P. Geographic information system-based health risk assessment of rural drinking water in Central China: a case study of You County, Hunan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:89. [PMID: 33501618 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed potential human health hazards posed by drinking water from centralized water supply systems in rural You County, along with its spatial distribution. While most previous studies have focused on source water or urban drinking water, this study evaluated the health risk posed by 20 common pollutants (arsenic, cadmium, chromium(VI), lead, mercury, selenium, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate nitrogen, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, chlorite, aluminum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, ammonia nitrogen, chlorine dioxide, and volatile phenols) in rural terminal tap water. The assessment adopted the model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and was combined with the geographic information system (GIS) analysis to explore the spatial distribution of risk factors. Water samples were collected from 13 townships in You County across four quarters of 2019. The results indicated that the average carcinogenic risk of the rural drinking water was 2.45 × 10-5, ranging from 1.80 × 10-5 to 3.89 × 10-5, which never exceeded the maximum acceptable range recommended by the US EPA (1.0 × 10-4 ~ 1.0 × 10-6). The average hazard index (HI), which reflects noncarcinogenic risk levels, was 0.75 and ranged from 0.34 to 1.74. Throughout the year, some townships presented HI > 1, indicating a non-carcinogenic risk. The GIS analysis indicated that noncarcinogenic risks were mainly distributed in the north, followed by the east and west. This is generally consistent with the spatial distribution of chlorite concentrations, which contribute most strongly to noncarcinogenic risk levels. The northern You County should therefore be prioritized for health risk control, followed by the eastern and western regions. Chlorite is the priority pollutant for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China.
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- You County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuzhou, 412300, Hunan, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- You County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuzhou, 412300, Hunan, China
| | - Yanqin Zhong
- School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
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7
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Michalski R, Pecyna-Utylska P, Kernert J, Grygoyć K, Klyta J. Health risk assessment of selected metals through tap water consumption in Upper Silesia, Poland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1607-1614. [PMID: 33312665 PMCID: PMC7721832 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The research focused on assessing the risk to human health resulting from the content of selected Cr, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Zn and Sr metals in tap water supplied by Upper Silesia Water Plant to the inhabitants of the Upper Silesia region (Poland). It is the main supplier of drinking water to several million inhabitants of this agglomeration. Samples were taken and analyzed quarterly in 2019. The sampling points were chosen to help identify the source when an elevated level of a particular contaminant is observed. ICP-MS and ICP-OES have been used to measure the concentrations of those elements. The chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) results for non-carcinogenic risk assessment of metals in tap water has been assessed. CDI values of non-carcinogenic metals were higher in children than in adults; the CDI values for adults and children were found in the order of: Zn > Sr > Cu > Mn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Co > As. All the studied metals had HQ values below 1, the risks caused by the non-carcinogenic metals decreased in the following order: Zn > Cu > Co > As > Sr > Pb > Cr > Ni > Mn. HI values were also less than 1, that meaning that the analyzed tap water is safe for human consumption. The concentration of As, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni in analyzed tap water is in accordance with Polish and international requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Kernert
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grygoyć
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Justyna Klyta
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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Saleh HN, Panahande M, Yousefi M, Asghari FB, Oliveri Conti G, Talaee E, Mohammadi AA. Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Wells in Neyshabur Plain, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:251-261. [PMID: 30225757 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Fe concentrations of drinking water samples in Neyshabur Plain, Iran. This study aimed also to ascertain the potential consumers' health risk of heavy metal intake. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The highest and lowest average values in the analyzed water samples were observed for Fe (9.78 ± 5.61 μg/L) and As (1.30 ± 2.99 μg/L), respectively. These values were well below the limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the Iranian national standard. Heavy metal pollution index and heavy metal evaluation index were used to evaluate drinking water quality. The risk index was calculated by chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency approach. Heavy metal pollution index in all the samples was less than 100, indicating that it is a low-level heavy metal. The total risk of all heavy metals in the urban environment varied from 40.164 × 10-7 to 174.8 × 10-7. In this research, the maximum average of risk belonged to lead and copper with the respective values of 60.10 × 10-7and 33.99 × 10-7 from the selected wells. However, considering the toxic effect of some elements, including Pb and As, in the chronic exposure of consumers, we suggest a continuous evaluation and monitoring of drinking water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Najafi Saleh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran
| | - Maryam Panahande
- Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Baghal Asghari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elham Talaee
- Central Laboratory, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Du Y, Chen L, Ding P, Liu L, He Q, Chen B, Duan Y. Different exposure profile of heavy metal and health risk between residents near a Pb-Zn mine and a Mn mine in Huayuan county, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:352-364. [PMID: 30384304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of environmental media in mining area is a global major concern because of its potential threat for human health through food chain. However, the comparison of exposure level and health risk is scarce among people living in the vicinity of mining area with different pollution source. In this study, the concentrations of Mn, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in soil, air, water, rice, vegetable, fish, poultry meat and pork from a Pb-Zn mining area and a Mn mining area in Huayuan county, China were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed that the environmental media and foodstuffs in the two areas were contaminated by Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni. However, the pollution was more serious in Pb-Zn mining area than Mn mining area. The total hazard index (HI) was 6.59 and 4.55 in Pb-Zn mining area and Mn mining area, respectively, indicating a moderate non-carcinogenic risk of local people. As intake via rice ingestion was the predominant contributor to the total HI in the two mining areas, accounting for 25% and 35%, respectively. For Pb-Zn mining area, Cd intake through vegetable consumption and Mn intake via air inhalation appeared to be another two important components contributing to HI. This study highlights the multi-element and multi-pathway exposure assessment to evaluate the potential health risk and emphasizes concerns to reduce As and Cd in agricultural products as well as Mn in air to decrease the detrimental health effects of local resident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Lv Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qichan He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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