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Imade O, Ilesanmi BV, Ogunwole GO, Elekofehinti OO, Souza MCO, Barbosa F, Adedire CO, Adeyemi JA. Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol on non-specific immunity, histopathological lesions, and redox balance in African Catfish, clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:480-495. [PMID: 38591921 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2339538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The toxic effects of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP) on aquatic organisms are well-established; however, the details regarding the mechanisms underlying the toxicity, especially immunotoxicity are poorly understood. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the histopathologic, oxidative stress and immunotoxic effects attributed to exposure to sublethal concentrations of 2,4-DCP in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg/L 2, 4-DCP for 28 days after which blood and head kidney were extracted for the determination of various nonspecific innate immune parameters while the liver was excised for histopathology examination and measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers. Control fish were maintained in water spiked 10 µL/L ethanol, representing the solvent control. A significant increase was noted in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase as well as in levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner, with higher adverse effects observed at the highest concentration tested (1.6 mg/L). The total white blood cells (WBC) count was significantly elevated in fish exposed to 2,4-DCP compared to control. Myeloperoxidase content was decreased significantly in fish exposed to 2,4-DCP especially at the highest concentration (1.6 mg/L) compared to controls. The respiratory burst activity did not differ markedly amongst groups. Histopathological lesions noted included edema, leucocyte infiltration, and depletion of hemopoietic tissue in the head kidney of exposed fish. There was significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) but downregulation of major histocompatibility complex 2 (MHC 2) in exposed fish. Data demonstrated that exposure to 2,4-DCP resulted in histopathological lesions, oxidative stress, and compromised immune system in C. gariepinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayimwen Imade
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bobola V Ilesanmi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Germaine O Ogunwole
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris O Adedire
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Noudeng V, Pheakdey DV, Xuan TD. Toxic heavy metals in a landfill environment (Vientiane, Laos): Fish species and associated health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104460. [PMID: 38705363 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Leachates from municipal landfills introduce toxic heavy metals into water, causing bioaccumulation. This study assesses metal levels and potential human health risks associated with consuming Anabas testudineus and Channa striata. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detected Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in both fish species. Leachate metal concentrations meet international discharge standards, Cd, Cr, and Pb in the fish exceed the international accepted values. Gastrointestinal tract+liver samples show significant variation between species, particularly in Cd and Pb. EDI, THQ/HI, and TR for the both species fall below TDIs, lower than the limit of 1, and within the acceptable range of the US-EPA permissible limit, respectively. Fish consumption appears safe regarding carcinogenic risk, but exceeding metal limits could impact heavy metals accumulation in the local food chain. Raising public awareness is crucial, and governmental agencies and environmental organizations should enhance waste treatment technologies and enact relevant health legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongdala Noudeng
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Dongnasok-Nong Beuk Road, P.O.Box 7864, Vientiane 0117, Laos.
| | - Dek Vimean Pheakdey
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; Department of Hazardous Substances Management, Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh 120101, Cambodia.
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan.
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Kovacik A, Tvrda E, Tomka M, Revesz N, Arvay J, Fik M, Harangozo L, Hleba L, Kovacikova E, Jambor T, Hlebova M, Andreji J, Massanyi P. Seasonal assessment of selected trace elements in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) blood and their effects on the biochemistry and oxidative stress markers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1522. [PMID: 37995020 PMCID: PMC10667414 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by anthropogenic activity is still a highly relevant global problem. Aquatic animals are a specifically endangered group of organisms due to their continuous direct contact with the contaminated environment. Concentrations of selected trace elements in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (n = 36) blood serum/clot were monitored. Possible effects of the elements on selected biochemical and oxidative markers were evaluated. The concentrations of trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn) were analysed in the fish blood serum and blood clot by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A general scheme of decreasing concentrations of trace elements in the blood serum samples was: Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Sr ˃ Ba ˃ Ni ˃ Al ˃ Cu ˃ Be ˃ Co; < LOQ (below limit of quantification): Bi, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mn, Mo, Pb, Tl; and in the case of the blood clot, the scheme was as follows: Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Sr ˃ Al ˃ Ni ˃ Ba ˃ Cu ˃ Be ˃ Co ˃ Mn; < LOQ (below limit of quantification): Bi, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mo, Pb, Tl. Significant differences among the seasons were detected. The Spearman R correlation coefficients and linear or non-linear regression were used to evaluate direct relationships between trace elements and selected blood biomarkers. The correlation analysis between biochemical parameters (Na, K, P, Mg, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, TAG, TP, urea, glucose) and trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Cu, Fe, Ni, Sr, and Zn) concentrations confirmed statistically significant interactions in both seasons (summer and autumn). The regression analysis between oxidative stress markers (ROS, GPx, creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin) and elements (Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Sr) content confirmed statistically significant interactions. The results point to numerous connections between the observed elements and the physiological parameters of freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kovacik
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Tvrda
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marian Tomka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Revesz
- DSM Nutritional Products Inc. Hungary Kft, Japán Fasor 4, 2367, Újhartyán, Hungary
| | - Julius Arvay
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martin Fik
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Harangozo
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Hleba
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Eva Kovacikova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Jambor
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Hlebova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Andreji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
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Jamil Emon F, Rohani MF, Sumaiya N, Tuj Jannat MF, Akter Y, Shahjahan M, Abdul Kari Z, Tahiluddin AB, Goh KW. Bioaccumulation and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Fishes-A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:510. [PMID: 37368610 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals, the most potent contaminants of the environment, are discharged into the aquatic ecosystems through the effluents of several industries, resulting in serious aquatic pollution. This type of severe heavy metal contamination in aquaculture systems has attracted great attention throughout the world. These toxic heavy metals are transmitted into the food chain through their bioaccumulation in different tissues of aquatic species and have aroused serious public health concerns. Heavy metal toxicity negatively affects the growth, reproduction, and physiology of fish, which is threatening the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector. Recently, several techniques, such as adsorption, physio-biochemical, molecular, and phytoremediation mechanisms have been successfully applied to reduce the toxicants in the environment. Microorganisms, especially several bacterial species, play a key role in this bioremediation process. In this context, the present review summarizes the bioaccumulation of different heavy metals into fishes, their toxic effects, and possible bioremediation techniques to protect the fishes from heavy metal contamination. Additionally, this paper discusses existing strategies to bioremediate heavy metals from aquatic ecosystems and the scope of genetic and molecular approaches for the effective bioremediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Jamil Emon
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fazle Rohani
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Sumaiya
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Fatema Tuj Jannat
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
| | - Albaris B Tahiluddin
- College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University-Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Sanga-Sanga, Bongao 7500, Philippines
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Shahjahan M, Islam MJ, Hossain MT, Mishu MA, Hasan J, Brown C. Blood biomarkers as diagnostic tools: An overview of climate-driven stress responses in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156910. [PMID: 35753474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change due to anthropogenic activities affects the dynamics of aquatic communities by altering the adaptive capacities of their inhabitants. Analysis of blood provides valuable insights in the form of a comprehensive representation of the physiological and functional status of fish under various environmental and treatment conditions. This review synthesizes currently available information about blood biomarkers used in climate change induced stress responses in fish. Alterations in informative blood-based indicators are used to monitor the physiological fitness of individual fishes or entire populations. Specific characteristics of fish blood, such as serum and plasma metabolites, cell composition, cellular abnormalities, cellular and antioxidant enzymes necessitate adapted protocols, as well as careful attention to experimental designs and meticulous interpretation of patterns of data. Moreover, the sampling technique, transportation, type of culture system, acclimation procedure, and water quality must all be considered for valid interpretation of hemato-biochemical parameters. Besides, blood collection, handling, and storage time of blood samples can all have significant impacts on the results of a hematological analysis, so it is optimal to perform hemato-biochemical evaluations immediately after blood collection because long-term storage can alter the results of the analyses, at least in part as a result of storage-related degenerative changes that may occur. However, the scarcity of high-throughput sophisticated approaches makes fish blood examination studies promising for climate-driven stress responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Jakiul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality Control, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahmeed Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Moshiul Alam Mishu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jabed Hasan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher Brown
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
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Shahjahan M, Taslima K, Rahman MS, Al-Emran M, Alam SI, Faggio C. Effects of heavy metals on fish physiology - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134519. [PMID: 35398071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pollution by heavy metals poses a serious threat to the aquatic environment and to the organisms if the concentration of heavy metals in the environment exceeds the safe limits. Due to their non-biodegradable and long persistence nature in the environment, heavy metals cause toxicity in fish by producing oxygen reactive species through oxidizing radical production. In this review, we investigated the effects of heavy metals on fish physiology with special emphasis on hemato-biochemical properties, immunological parameters especially hormones and enzymes, histopathology of different major organs and underlying molecular mechanisms. All those parameters are significantly affected by heavy metal exposure and are found to be important bio-monitoring tools to assess heavy metal toxicity. Hematological and biochemical alterations have been documented including cellular and nuclear abnormalities in different fish species exposed to different concentrations of heavy metals. Major fish organs (gills, liver, kidneys) including intestine, muscles showed different types of pathology specific to organs in acute and chronic exposure to different heavy metals. This study also revealed the expression of different genes involved in oxidative stress and detoxification of heavy metals. In a nutshell, this article shades light on the manipulation of fish physiology by the heavy metals and sought attention in the prevention and maintenance of aquatic environments particularly from heavy metals contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Khanam Taslima
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shadiqur Rahman
- Bangamata Sheikh Fojilatunnesa Mujib Science and Technology University, Melandah, Jamalpur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al-Emran
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shanon Iffat Alam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, S.Agata-Messina, Italy
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Punitha S, Krishnamurthy R, Elumalai K, Mahboob S, Al-Ghanim KA, Ahmed Z, Mustafa A, Govindarajan M. Changes in the contour of karyology and histoarchitecture of the primary respiratory organ in the fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) inhabiting the polluted estuarine ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118682. [PMID: 34921947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wetland ecosystem (WE) is subject to pollution by many anthropogenic activities, including domestic and industrial effluents. These effluents may contain toxic heavy metals that can interact within the aquatic ecosystem and have a capacity to disturb the metabolic activities, histological profile, and genetic structure and functions in aquatic species inhabiting the environment. The present study observed the karyological and histological alterations in gills of the freshwater fish, Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus in two different sublethal concentrations (1% and 3%) of heavy metals in 7, 15, and 30 days of experimental periods. The heavy metals induced various structural damages such as ring chromosome, sister chromatid exchange, acrocentric association region, condensed chromosomal morphology, heterochromatin region, and nucleolar organizer region in the chromosomes of O. mossambicus treated with 1% and 3% sublethal concentrations of water sample collected from Pallikaranai wetland ecosystem. Gills exposed to 1% and 3% effluent exhibited several variations in the respiratory surfaces of gill arches or lamellae in the light and scanning microscopical study. The gills exposed to 1% concentration for 30 days showed marked necrosis, and the secondary lamellae showed the lamellar membrane's dissolution. Exposure of gills to raw effluent in the field condition was observed in the presence of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn. Thus, this present study shows the environmental deterioration by heavy metal pollution on the structure of the gills in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Punitha
- Department of Advanced Zoology & Biotechnology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600035, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajamanickkam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Advanced Zoology & Biotechnology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600035, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppusamy Elumalai
- Department of Advanced Zoology & Biotechnology, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600035, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Al-Ghanim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Mycology and Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India; Unit of Natural Products and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Effects of Contamination by Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Chromosomes, Serum Biochemistry and Histopathology of the Bonylip Barb Fish Near Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249492. [PMID: 33352927 PMCID: PMC7766976 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in water, sediment and Osteochilus vittatus fish, and to assess chromosome aberrations, serum biochemical changes and histopathological alterations in O. vittatus from the Nam Kok river near the Sepon gold-copper mine, Lao People’s Democratic Republic compared with the reference area. The results showed that Fe, Mn and Ni in water, As and Cd in sediment as well as As, Cd, Cr, Mn and Ni in O. vittatus muscle samples near the gold-copper mine exceeded standard values. Furthermore, the chromosome assessment in O. vittatus revealed seven types of chromosome aberrations, and the highest total number of chromosome aberrations was a centromere gap. The total number of chromosome aberrations, cell number with chromosome aberrations and percentage of chromosome aberrations in O. vittatus as well as serum liver enzymes between the studied areas were significantly different (p < 0.05). The liver histopathological alterations of the fish near the gold-copper mine revealed atypical cellular structures as nuclear membrane degeneration, rough endoplasmic reticulum disintegration and abnormal cytoplasmic mitochondria. The results of this study suggested that heavy metal and metalloid contaminations from the Sepon gold-copper mine area negatively affect O. vittatus fish in terms of chromosomal defects, serum biochemical changes and liver histopathological appearances.
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